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Pritz MB. Interconnections between the dorsal thalamus and the basal nuclei in a reptile. Neurosci Lett 2024; 836:137894. [PMID: 38997083 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2024.137894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Reciprocal connections between the thalamus and the cortex are one of the most characteristic features of forebrain organization in mammals. To date, this circuit has been documented only in turtles. However, reptiles, including turtles, have an additional path from the dorsal thalamus to the telencephalon. This terminates in a pallial structure known as the dorsal ventricular ridge. Yet, no reciprocal connection from the dorsal ventricular ridge to thalamic nuclei has been uncovered. Since axons from the thalamus pass through the basal nuclei on route to the dorsal ventricular ridge, the basal nuclei might be a source of reciprocal connections. Accordingly, the location and distribution of neurons after retrograde tracer placement into the dorsal thalamus were examined. Retrogradely labeled neurons in the basal nuclei were indeed found. One possibility to explain this observation is that connections with the dorsal ventricular ridge are present during development but later pruned during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Pritz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; DENLABS, Draper, UT, USA.
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2
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Atoji Y, Sarkar S. Prox1 mRNA expression in the medial cortex of the turtle (Pseudemys scripta elegans). Neurosci Lett 2018; 687:285-289. [PMID: 30218766 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The medial cortex of the cerebrum in reptiles is thought to be homologous to the mammalian dentate gyrus, based on cytoarchitectures, fiber connections, and neurochemical profiles. To support this hypothesis, we examined the mRNA expression of vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (vGluT1), a glutamatergic gene marker, and Prox1, a selective gene marker for granule cells of the dentate gyrus, in the turtle medial cortex (zone 2). Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction revealed the presence of both mRNAs in the turtle cerebrum. In situ hybridization of zone 2, which is a layer of densely packed neurons in Nissl stains, intensely expressed vGluT1 and Prox1. In zone 3, which is a loosely packed layer, vGluT1 was intensely expressed, whereas Prox1 signals gradated from strong to negative toward zone 4. These findings demonstrate that zone 2 contains glutamatergic neurons and expresses Prox1 mRNA and suggest that zone 2 in the turtle cerebrum is homologous to the mammalian dentate gyrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuro Atoji
- Laboratory of Veterinary anatomy, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Sonjoy Sarkar
- Laboratory of Veterinary anatomy, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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3
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Abstract
Reptiles have the anatomic and physiologic structures needed to detect and perceive pain. Reptiles are capable of demonstrating painful behaviors. Most of the available literature indicates pure μ-opioid receptor agonists are best to provide analgesia in reptiles. Multimodal analgesia should be practiced with every reptile patient when pain is anticipated. Further research is needed using different pain models to evaluate analgesic efficacy across reptile orders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Perry
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| | - Javier G Nevarez
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Fournier J, Müller CM, Schneider I, Laurent G. Spatial Information in a Non-retinotopic Visual Cortex. Neuron 2018; 97:164-180.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Keifer J, Summers CH. Putting the "Biology" Back into "Neurobiology": The Strength of Diversity in Animal Model Systems for Neuroscience Research. Front Syst Neurosci 2016; 10:69. [PMID: 27597819 PMCID: PMC4992696 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2016.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Current trends in neuroscience research have moved toward a reliance on rodent animal models to study most aspects of brain function. Such laboratory-reared animals are highly inbred, have been disengaged from their natural environments for generations and appear to be of limited predictive value for successful clinical outcomes. In this Perspective article, we argue that research on a rich diversity of animal model systems is fundamental to new discoveries in evolutionarily conserved core physiological and molecular mechanisms that are the foundation of human brain function. Analysis of neural circuits across phyla will reveal general computational solutions that form the basis for adaptive behavioral responses. Further, we stress that development of ethoexperimental approaches to improve our understanding of behavioral nuance will help to realign our research strategies with therapeutic goals and improve the translational validity of specific animal models. Finally, we suggest that neuroscience has a role in environmental conservation of habitat and fauna that will preserve and protect the ecological settings that drive species-specific behavioral adaptations. A rich biodiversity will enhance our understanding of human brain function and lead in unpredicted directions for development of therapeutic treatments for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Keifer
- Neuroscience Group, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Cliff H Summers
- Neuroscience Group, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South DakotaVermillion, SD, USA; Department of Biology, University of South DakotaVermillion, SD, USA
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6
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Belekhova MG, Chudinova TV, Rio JP, Tostivint H, Vesselkin NP, Kenigfest NB. Distribution of calcium-binding proteins in the pigeon visual thalamic centers and related pretectal and mesencephalic nuclei. Phylogenetic and functional determinants. Brain Res 2016; 1631:165-93. [PMID: 26638835 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Multichannel processing of environmental information constitutes a fundamental basis of functioning of sensory systems in the vertebrate brain. Two distinct parallel visual systems - the tectofugal and thalamofugal exist in all amniotes. The vertebrate central nervous system contains high concentrations of intracellular calcium-binding proteins (CaBPrs) and each of them has a restricted expression pattern in different brain regions and specific neuronal subpopulations. This study aimed at describing the patterns of distribution of parvalbumin (PV) and calbindin (CB) in the visual thalamic and mesencephalic centers of the pigeon (Columba livia). We used a combination of immunohistochemistry and double labeling immunofluorescent technique. Structures studied included the thalamic relay centers involved in the tectofugal (nucleus rotundus, Rot) and thalamofugal (nucleus geniculatus lateralis, pars dorsalis, GLd) visual pathways as well as pretectal, mesencephalic, isthmic and thalamic structures inducing the driver and/or modulatory action to the visual processing. We showed that neither of these proteins was unique to the Rot or GLd. The Rot contained i) numerous PV-immunoreactive (ir) neurons and a dense neuropil, and ii) a few CB-ir neurons mostly located in the anterior dorsal part and associated with a light neuropil. These latter neurons partially overlapped with the former and some of them colocalized both proteins. The distinct subnuclei of the GLd were also characterized by different patterns of distribution of CaBPrs. Some (nucleus dorsolateralis anterior, pars magnocellularis, DLAmc; pars lateralis, DLL; pars rostrolateralis, DLAlr; nucleus lateralis anterior thalami, LA) contained both CB- and PV-ir neurons in different proportions with a predominance of the former in the DLAmc and DLL. The nucleus lateralis dorsalis of nuclei optici principalis thalami only contained PV-ir neurons and a neuropil similar to the interstitial pretectal/thalamic nuclei of the tectothalamic tract, nucleus pretectalis and thalamic reticular nucleus. The overlapping distribution of PV and CB immunoreactivity was typical for the pretectal nucleus lentiformis mesencephali and the nucleus ectomamillaris as well as for the visual isthmic nuclei. The findings are discussed in the light of the contributive role of the phylogenetic and functional factors determining the circuits׳ specificity of the different CaBPr types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita G Belekhova
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neuronal Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 44, Thorez Avenue, 194223 Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Tatiana V Chudinova
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neuronal Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 44, Thorez Avenue, 194223 Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Jean-Paul Rio
- CRICM UPMC/INSERM UMR_S975/CNRS UMR 7225, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47, Bd de l׳Hôpital, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France.
| | - Hérve Tostivint
- CNRS UMR 7221, MNHN USM 0501, Département Régulations, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 7, rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Nikolai P Vesselkin
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neuronal Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 44, Thorez Avenue, 194223 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; Department of Medicine, The State University of Saint-Petersburg, 7-9, Universitetskaya nab., 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Natalia B Kenigfest
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neuronal Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 44, Thorez Avenue, 194223 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; CNRS UMR 7221, MNHN USM 0501, Département Régulations, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 7, rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France.
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The Conservative Evolution of the Vertebrate Basal Ganglia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-802206-1.00004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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8
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Striedter GF. Evolution of the hippocampus in reptiles and birds. J Comp Neurol 2015; 524:496-517. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Georg F. Striedter
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior and Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory; University of California; Irvine Irvine California 92697-4550
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Tosa Y, Hirao A, Matsubara I, Kawaguchi M, Fukui M, Kuratani S, Murakami Y. Development of the thalamo-dorsal ventricular ridge tract in the Chinese soft-shelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis. Dev Growth Differ 2014; 57:40-57. [PMID: 25494924 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
With the exception of that from the olfactory system, the vertebrate sensory information is relayed by the dorsal thalamus (dTh) to be carried to the telencephalon via the thalamo-telencephalic tract. Although the trajectory of the tract from the dTh to the basal telencephalon seems to be highly conserved among amniotes, the axonal terminals vary in each group. In mammals, thalamic axons project onto the neocortex, whereas they project onto the dorsal pallium and the dorsal ventricular ridge (DVR) in reptiles and birds. To ascertain the evolutionary development of the thalamo-telencephalic connection in amniotes, we focused on reptiles. Using the Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis), we studied the developmental course of the thalamic axons projecting onto the DVR. We found, during the developmental period when the thalamo-DVR connection forms, that transcripts of axon guidance molecules, including EphA4 and Slit2, were expressed in the diencephalon, similar to the mouse embryo. These results suggest that the basic mechanisms responsible for the formation of the thalamo-telencephalic tract are shared across amniote lineages. Conversely, there was a characteristic difference in the expression patterns of Slit2, Netrin1, and EphrinA5 in the telencephalon between synapsid (mammalian) and diapsid (reptilian and avian) lineages. This indicates that changes in the expression domains of axon guidance molecules may modify the thalamic axon projection and lead to the diversity of neuronal circuits in amniotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Tosa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
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Rutishauser U, Kotowicz A, Laurent G. A method for closed-loop presentation of sensory stimuli conditional on the internal brain-state of awake animals. J Neurosci Methods 2013; 215:139-55. [PMID: 23473800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2013.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Brain activity often consists of interactions between internal-or on-going-and external-or sensory-activity streams, resulting in complex, distributed patterns of neural activity. Investigation of such interactions could benefit from closed-loop experimental protocols in which one stream can be controlled depending on the state of the other. We describe here methods to present rapid and precisely timed visual stimuli to awake animals, conditional on features of the animal's on-going brain state; those features are the presence, power and phase of oscillations in local field potentials (LFP). The system can process up to 64 channels in real time. We quantified its performance using simulations, synthetic data and animal experiments (chronic recordings in the dorsal cortex of awake turtles). The delay from detection of an oscillation to the onset of a visual stimulus on an LCD screen was 47.5ms and visual-stimulus onset could be locked to the phase of ongoing oscillations at any frequency ≤40Hz. Our software's architecture is flexible, allowing on-the-fly modifications by experimenters and the addition of new closed-loop control and analysis components through plugins. The source code of our system "StimOMatic" is available freely as open-source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ueli Rutishauser
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Max-von-Laue-Str. 4, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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11
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Reiner A. The Conservative Evolution of the Vertebrate Basal Ganglia. HANDBOOK OF BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374767-9.00002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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12
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Laberge F, Mühlenbrock-Lenter S, Dicke U, Roth G. Thalamo-telencephalic pathways in the fire-bellied toad Bombina orientalis. J Comp Neurol 2008; 508:806-23. [PMID: 18395828 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
It was suggested that among extant vertebrates, anuran amphibians display a brain organization closest to the ancestral tetrapod condition, and recent research suggests that anuran brains share important similarities with the brains of amniotes. The thalamus is the major source of sensory input to the telencephalon in both amphibians and amniote vertebrates, and this sensory input is critical for higher brain functions. The present study investigated the thalamo-telencephalic pathways in the fire-bellied toad Bombina orientalis, a basal anuran, by using a combination of retrograde tract tracing and intracellular injections with the tracer biocytin. Intracellular labeling revealed that the majority of neurons in the anterior and central thalamic nuclei project to multiple brain targets involved in behavioral modulation either through axon collaterals or en passant varicosities. Single anterior thalamic neurons target multiple regions in the forebrain and midbrain. Of note, these neurons display abundant projections to the medial amygdala and a variety of pallial areas, predominantly the anterior medial pallium. In Bombina, telencephalic projections of central thalamic neurons are restricted to the dorsal striato-pallidum. The bed nucleus of the pallial commissure/thalamic eminence similarly targets multiple brain regions including the ventral medial pallium, but this is accomplished through a higher variety of distinct neuron types. We propose that the amphibian diencephalon exerts widespread influence in brain regions involved in behavioral modulation and that a single dorsal thalamic neuron is in a position to integrate different sensory channels and distribute the resulting information to multiple brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Laberge
- Brain Research Institute, University of Bremen, D-28334 Bremen, Germany.
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Rattenborg NC. Response to commentary on evolution of slow-wave sleep and palliopallial connectivity in mammals and birds: a hypothesis. Brain Res Bull 2007; 72:187-93. [PMID: 17452280 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2007] [Accepted: 02/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mammals and birds are the only animals that exhibit high-amplitude slow-waves (SWs) in the electroencephalogram during sleep. The SWs that characterize slow-wave sleep (SWS) in mammals and birds reflect the large-scale synchronization of slow neuronal activity. In mammals, this synchronization is dependent upon the high degree of interconnectivity within the neocortex, a cytoarchitectonic trait also found in the avian hyperpallium, but not the reptilian dorsal cortex. Consequently, I recently proposed that the presence of SWs in sleeping mammals and birds, and their absence in sleeping reptiles, is attributable to the greater degree of interconnectivity within the neocortex and hyperpallium when compared to the dorsal cortex [N.C. Rattenborg, Evolution of slow-wave sleep and palliopallial connectivity in mammals and birds: A hypothesis, Brain Res. Bull. 69 (2006) 20-29]. Rial et al. (this issue) challenge this hypothesis by noting that high-amplitude SWs occur in awake reptiles. Based largely on this observation, they suggest that SWS in homeotherms evolved from reptilian wakefulness. SWs in awake reptiles do not seem to reflect neural processes comparable to those that generate sleep-related SWs in homeotherms, however. Moreover, the proposed conversion of reptilian wakefulness into SWS is untenable from behavioral, mechanistic and functional perspectives. A more parsimonious explanation is that the precursor state to SWS in homeotherms was a state comparable to reptilian sleep, rather than wakefulness, with the primary difference being that the reptilian dorsal cortex lacks the interconnectivity necessary to generate sleep-related SWs in the electroencephalogram.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels C Rattenborg
- Sleep & Flight Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Postfach 1564, D-82305 Starnberg, Germany.
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Wang W, Luo S, Ghosh BK, Ulinski PS. Generation of the receptive fields of subpial cells in turtle visual cortex. J Integr Neurosci 2007; 5:561-93. [PMID: 17245823 DOI: 10.1142/s0219635206001288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2006] [Accepted: 11/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The visual cortex of turtles contains cells with at least two different receptive field properties. Superficial units are located immediately below the pial surface. They fire in response to moving bars located anywhere in binocular visual space and to two spots of light presented with different spatiotemporal separations. Their location in the cortex suggests that superficial units correspond to a distinct class of inhibitory interneurons, the subpial cells, that are embedded in geniculocortical axons as they cross the visual cortex of turtles. This study used a detailed compartmental model of a subpial cell and a large-scale model of visual cortex to examine the cellular mechanisms that underlie the formation of superficial units on the assumption that they are subpial cells. Simulations with the detailed model indicated that the biophysical properties of subpial cells allow them to respond strongly to activation by geniculate inputs, but the presence of dendritic beads on the subpial cells decreases their sensitivity and allows them to integrate the inputs from many geniculate afferents. Simulations with the large-scale model indicated that the responses of subpial cells to simulated visual stimuli consist of two phases. A fast phase is mediated by direct geniculate inputs. A slow phase is mediated by recurrent excitation from pyramidal cells. It appears that subpial cells play a major role in controlling the information content of visual responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxue Wang
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, Washington University, Campus Box 1127, Bryan Hall 201, One Brookings Dr., Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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Butler AB, Cotterill RMJ. Mammalian and avian neuroanatomy and the question of consciousness in birds. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2006; 211:106-27. [PMID: 17062871 DOI: 10.2307/4134586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Some birds display behavior reminiscent of the sophisticated cognition and higher levels of consciousness usually associated with mammals, including the ability to fashion tools and to learn vocal sequences. It is thus important to ask what neuroanatomical attributes these taxonomic classes have in common and whether there are nevertheless significant differences. While the underlying brain structures of birds and mammals are remarkably similar in many respects, including high brain-body ratios and many aspects of brain circuitry, the architectural arrangements of neurons, particularly in the pallium, show marked dissimilarity. The neural substrate for complex cognitive functions that are associated with higher-level consciousness in mammals and birds alike may thus be based on patterns of circuitry rather than on local architectural constraints. In contrast, the corresponding circuits in reptiles are substantially less elaborated, with some components actually lacking, and in amphibian brains, the major thalamopallial circuits involving sensory relay nuclei are conspicuously absent. On the basis of these criteria, the potential for higher-level consciousness in these taxa appears to be lower than in birds and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann B Butler
- The Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study and Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, USA.
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