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Ahmed ME, Selvakumar GP, Kempuraj D, Raikwar SP, Thangavel R, Bazley K, Wu K, Khan O, Kukulka K, Bussinger B, Dubova I, Zaheer S, Govindarajan R, Iyer S, Burton C, James D, Zaheer A. Neuroinflammation Mediated by Glia Maturation Factor Exacerbates Neuronal Injury in an in vitro Model of Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:1645-1655. [PMID: 32200671 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the primary cause of death and disability affecting over 10 million people in the industrialized world. TBI causes a wide spectrum of secondary molecular and cellular complications in the brain. However, the pathological events are still not yet fully understood. Previously, we have shown that the glia maturation factor (GMF) is a mediator of neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. To identify the potential molecular pathways accompanying TBI, we used an in vitro cell culture model of TBI. A standardized injury was induced by scalpel cut through a mixed primary cell culture of astrocytes, microglia and neurons obtained from both wild type (WT) and GMF-deficient (GMF-KO) mice. Cell culture medium and whole-cell lysates were collected at 24, 48, and 72 h after the scalpel cuts injury and probed for oxidative stress using immunofluorescence analysis. Results showed that oxidative stress markers such as glutathione and glutathione peroxidase were significantly reduced, while release of cytosolic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase along with nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 were significantly increased in injured WT cells compared with injured GMF-KO cells. In addition, injured WT cells showed increased levels of oxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal and 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine compared with injured GMF-KO cells. Further, we found that injured WT cells showed a significantly increased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein, ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1, and phosphorylated ezrin/radixin/moesin proteins, and reduced microtubule associated protein expression compared with injured GMF-KO cells after injury. Collectively, our results demonstrate that GMF exacerbates the oxidative stress-mediated neuroinflammation that could be brought about by TBI-induced astroglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ejaz Ahmed
- Department of Neurology and School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Govindhasamy Pushpavathi Selvakumar
- Department of Neurology and School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Department of Neurology and School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Sudhanshu P Raikwar
- Department of Neurology and School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Department of Neurology and School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Kieran Bazley
- Department of Neurology and School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Kristopher Wu
- Department of Neurology and School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Osaid Khan
- Department of Neurology and School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Klaudia Kukulka
- Department of Neurology and School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Bret Bussinger
- Department of Neurology and School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Iuliia Dubova
- Department of Neurology and School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Smita Zaheer
- Department of Neurology and School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Raghav Govindarajan
- Department of Neurology and School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Shankar Iyer
- Department of Neurology and School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | | | | | - Asgar Zaheer
- Department of Neurology and School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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