Cannabis-Induced Koro-Like Syndrome

Koro Syndrome: Epidemiology, Psychiatric and Physical Risk Factors, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options

Koro syndrome is a multi-tiered disease presenting as an overwhelming belief that one's sex organs are shrinking into their body. Moderate to severe anxiety attacks are associated with the condition, along with a fear of imminent death. Koro is often culturally related and is most seen as an epidemic form in East and Southeast Asia, although it can present anywhere worldwide in its sporadic form. The condition typically affects young males who believe in sex-related myths, and many individuals can co-present with anxiety, depression, or even psychosis. Although most presentations of Koro are self-limiting, the condition is harmful for one's self-esteem and quality of life, and some individuals may go through extreme, physically injurious measures to prevent genital retraction. Treatments include the use of psychotherapy that has a sex education component, especially if the patient believes in culturally rooted myths. In sporadic Koro, it is believed that if the primary psychiatric disorder is treated with anxiolytics, antidepressants, sedatives, or psychotics, the secondary Koro-like symptoms will also fade. Additional investigation on the prevalence, pathogenesis, factors that correlate with treatment efficacy are needed to fully understand Koro syndrome.

Classical Koro and Koro-Like Symptoms: Illustration from Canada

Koro syndrome has been colorfully described as a pathological distortion of one’s body image of the genital organ. In Koro, body image dysphoria is characterized by severe anxiety related to the delusional idea that one’s genitals will shrink and retract into one’s abdomen, eventually leading to death. This syndrome was first reported in South East Asia, where endemics have been described, but it has also sporadically occurred globally. We present a systematic literature review on Koro syndrome and report 7 cases from Canada. A search review with PubMed and Google Scholar resulted in 504 entries. Sixty-seven manuscripts were eventually selected following a thorough elimination process. The resultant literature underscored the cultural diversity that underlay the reported cases. Various aspects of Koro have been examined (eg, etiological, clinical, diagnostic, and cultural aspects). It has stimulated substantial scholarly debate, discussions, correspondences, and arguments from anthropological, psychiatric, psychological, and biological perspectives. In our series, it seems that Koro could have been misattributed here. The primary concern was not with penile retraction of the cases. To our knowledge, this is the first time that a series of cases is documented from North America where the syndrome is often ignored. We highlight the potential differences between the classical Koro syndrome and a collection of beliefs related to the perception or delusion of penile retraction in other codable psychiatric disorders, Koro-like syndrome. Understanding Koro syndrome beyond geographic boundaries is in line with our collected case reports of Koro from outside Asia.

Introduction: Pow Meng Yap and the culture-bound syndromes

PM Yap's most significant intellectual achievement was his development of the concept of the culture-bound syndrome, which synthesized years of research into transcultural psychiatry, and situated this work within this field by drawing on elaborated nosological schema that challenged some of the ethnocentric assumptions made by previous psychiatrists who had tried to understand mental illnesses that presented in non-western cultures. This introduction to Yap's 1951 paper emphasizes that Yap needs to be understood as working within the western tradition of transcultural psychiatry, and argues that his English training and his continual engagement with western psychiatric and philosophical frameworks is the best way to conceive of his contributions to this field. Yap's paper, republished below as the Classic Text, was his first foray into comparative transcultural psychiatry.

Síndrome de koro associado a transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo: caso clínico e breve revisão

RESUMO A síndrome de koro é uma síndrome psiquiátrica ligada à cultura, que se caracteriza por um episódio de ansiedade súbito e intenso relacionado com a crença de que o pênis (nas mulheres, mamilos e grandes lábios) estar a retrair-se para o interior do organismo, podendo conduzir à impotência, esterilidade e, eventualmente, morte. É mais frequente nos países do Sudoeste Asiático e no sexo masculino. No Ocidente é rara, embora existam descrições de koro-like secundárias a perturbações neurológicas, psiquiátricas ou orgânicas. No Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 é classificada como um “Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo e transtornos relacionados com outra especificação”. Este artigo descreve um caso raro de um doente com síndrome de koro secundária a um transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo. Neste artigo, apresenta-se a descrição de um caso clínico e revisão bibliográfica, com base na pesquisa de artigos publicados, desde 2000, no PubMed, com as palavras-chave: “koro syndrome”, “obsessive-compulsive disorder” e “koro-like symptoms”. Analisaram-se alguns artigos anteriores ao ano 2000 para contextualização histórica. Doente com síndrome de koro secundária a transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo, com boa resposta à terapia farmacológica associada à terapia cognitivo-comportamental. O conhecimento desse diagnóstico e da sua gestão clínica é importante para identificar as condições subjacentes e otimizar o tratamento.

Ramadan fasting triggering koro-like symptoms during acute alcohol withdrawal: a case report from Oman

This article describes a case of koro-like symptoms from Oman associated with alcohol withdrawal and illustrates how the socio-cultural practices of Ramadan-fasting affected the patterning and timing of presentation of severe alcohol withdrawal symptoms. The patient was severely distressed by the delusion that his penis had been amputated. The acute anxiety involving this delusion appears to be conceptually and phenomenologically similar to koro.