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Dugo E, Piva F, Giulietti M, Giannella L, Ciavattini A. Copy number variations in endometrial cancer: from biological significance to clinical utility. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2024; 34:1089-1097. [PMID: 38677776 DOI: 10.1136/ijgc-2024-005295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The molecular basis of endometrial cancer, which is the most common malignancy of the female reproductive organs, relies not only on onset of mutations but also on copy number variations, the latter consisting of gene gains or losses. In this review, we introduce copy number variations and discuss their involvement in endometrial cancer to determine the perspectives of clinical applicability. We performed a literature analysis on PubMed of publications over the past 30 years and annotated clinical information, including histological and molecular subtypes, adopted molecular techniques for identification of copy number variations, their locations, and the genes involved. We highlight correlations between the presence of some specific copy number variations and myometrial invasion, lymph node metastasis, advanced International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage, high grade, drug response, and cancer progression. In particular, type I endometrial cancer cells have few copy number variations and are mainly located in 8q and 1q, while type II, high grade, and advanced FIGO stage endometrial cancer cells are aneuploid and have a greater number of copy number variations. As expected, the higher the number of copy number variations the worse the prognosis, especially if they amplify CCNE1, ERBB2, KRAS, MYC, and PIK3CA oncogenes. Great variability in copy number and location among patients with the same endometrial cancer histological or molecular subtype emerged, making them interesting candidates to be explored for the improvement of patient stratification. Copy number variations have a role in endometrial cancer progression, and therefore their detection may be useful for more accurate prediction of prognosis. Unfortunately, only a few studies have been carried out on the role of copy number variations according to the molecular classification of endometrial cancer, and even fewer have explored the correlation with drugs. For these reasons, further studies, also using single cell RNA sequencing, are needed before reaching a clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Dugo
- Department of Specialistic Clinical and Odontostomatological Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Piva
- Department of Specialistic Clinical and Odontostomatological Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Matteo Giulietti
- Department of Specialistic Clinical and Odontostomatological Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Luca Giannella
- Woman's Health Sciences Department, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Ciavattini
- Woman's Health Sciences Department, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Suga Y, Sugai T, Uesugi N, Kawasaki T, Fukagawa T, Yamamoto E, Ishida K, Suzuki H, Sugiyama T. Molecular analysis of isolated tumor glands from endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinomas. Pathol Int 2015; 65:240-9. [PMID: 25824640 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We studied the extensive molecular alterations of endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinoma (EEA) using a crypt isolation method. We analyzed copy number variation (CNV) using a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array, genetic mutations (KRAS, BRAF, p53, PIK3CA), DNA methylation and microsatellite instability (MSI) status. In addition, loss of PTEN protein expression was examined. Increased chromosome copy numbers of 1q21.2-44 (22%) and 10q11.21-23.31 (28%) were seen relatively frequently in EEA, and copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity (LOH) was also observed in 10q22.1-26.3 (22%). The CNV patterns of EEA were classified into four groups through hierarchical cluster analysis. Cluster 1 had many CNVs of 10q, and cluster 2 was characterized by MSI status. In cluster 3, increased CNVs of 1q were often seen. In cluster 4, p53 mutations were detected. KRAS and PIK3CA mutations and reduced PTEN protein expression were common to all groups. On the other hand, CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) was rare in all groups. The data indicated an association with chromosomal gain of 1q and 10q or 10q copy-neutral LOH in some cases. We suggest that EEA consists of four groups that are characterized with molecular alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Suga
- Department of Molecular Diagnostic Pathology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
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3
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Sever E, Doğer E, Çakıroğlu Y, Sünnetçi D, Çine N, Savlı H, Yücesoy İ. The effect of first chromosome long arm duplication on survival of endometrial carcinoma. Turk J Obstet Gynecol 2014; 11:207-210. [PMID: 28913021 PMCID: PMC5558362 DOI: 10.4274/tjod.05617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of first chromosome long arm duplication (dup(1q)) in cases with endometrial carcinoma detected with array based comperative genomic hybridization (aCGH) on survival from the cancer. Materials and Methods: A total of 53 patients with the diagnosis of endometrial carcinom due to endometrial biopsy and who have been operated for this reason have been allocated in the study. Frozen section biopsy and staging surgery have been performed for all the cases. Samples obtained from the tumoral mass have been investigated for chromosomal aberrations with aCGH method. Kaplan-Meier and Cox-regression analysis have been performed for survival analysis. Results: Among 53 cases with endometrial carcinomas, dup(1q) was diagnosed in 14 (26.4%) of the cases. For the patient group that has been followed-up for 24 months (3-33 months), dup(1q) (p=.01), optimal cytoreduction (p<.001), lymph node positivity (p=.006), tumor stage >1 (p=.006) and presence of high risk tumor were the factors that were associated with survival. Cox-regression analysis has revealed that optimal cytoreduction was the most important prognostic factor (p=.02). Conclusion: Presence of 1q duplication can be used as a prognostic factor in the preoperative period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erman Sever
- Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Emek Doğer
- Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Yiğit Çakıroğlu
- Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Deniz Sünnetçi
- Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Naci Çine
- Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Hakan Savlı
- Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - İzzet Yücesoy
- Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kocaeli, Turkey
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Molecular characterization of endometrial cancer: a correlative study assessing microsatellite instability, MLH1 hypermethylation, DNA mismatch repair protein expression, and PTEN, PIK3CA, KRAS, and BRAF mutation analysis. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2012; 31:195-205. [PMID: 22498935 DOI: 10.1097/pgp.0b013e318231fc51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Endometrial cancer is associated with numeric and structural chromosomal abnormalities, microsatellite instability (MSI), and alterations that activate oncogenes and inactivate tumor suppressor genes. The aim of this study was to characterize a set of endometrial cancers using multiple molecular genetic and immunohistochemical techniques. Ninety-six cases were examined for genomic alterations by MSI, MLH1 promoter hypermethylation, p53 and mismatch repair protein expression (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2), and PTEN, PIK3CA, KRAS, and BRAF mutation analysis. At least 1 alteration was identified in 48 of 87 (55%) specimens tested for PTEN, making it the most common abnormality in this study. A PIK3CA alteration was observed in 16 (17%) specimens. Twenty-nine of 94 (31%) MSI tested tumors exhibited an MSI-H phenotype. Of the 29 MSI-H cases, 24 (83%) were positive for methylation of the MLH1 promoter region. Twenty-three (82%) of the 28 MSI-H cases with immunohistochemistry results showed loss of expression of MLH1/PMS2 (n=19), MSH2/MSH6 (n=2), or MSH6 only (n=2). Of the 19 MSI-H cases with loss of MLH1/PMS2 on immunohistochemistry, 18 were positive, and 1 was equivocal for MLH1 promoter hypermethylation. Twelve of 94 cases (13%) analyzed for KRAS mutations were found to have a mutation. No BRAF V600E mutations were indentified. This study provides a comprehensive molecular genetic analysis of commonly analyzed targets in a large cohort of endometrial cancers.
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Hu Q, Yu L, Chen R, Zhang Y, Xie Y, Liao Q. Characterization of LHY-821, a novel moderately differentiated endometrial carcinoma cell line. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2012; 48:441-8. [PMID: 22806968 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-012-9518-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Endometrial cancer is a major problem for women but only a small number of comprehensively characterized cell models are available for studies. Here, we established a new cell line derived from a Stage IIIc(1) Grade 2 endometrial adenocarcinoma. The cell line, designated LHY-821, was characterized using growth curve, karyotyping, immunohistochemical staining, immunoblotting, drug sensitivity assay, invasion assay, and xenografting in nude mice. LHY-821 has a doubling time of about 46 h and a colony-forming efficiency of approximately 71 %. These cells expresse high levels of progesterone receptor but not estrogen receptor and are sensitive to medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA). LHY-821 also expresses pan-cytokeratin, PTEN, p53, β-catenin, IGF-1, and IGF-2. In addition, karyotype analysis revealed that LHY-821 possessed a near diploid karyotype including 6q-, 10p-, Xq-, 13q+, 17p+, and Triplo-12. LHY-821 showed highly tumorigenicity in nude mice (100 %) and weak invasiveness. Chemosensitivity tests showed that LHY-821 was sensitive to both carboplatin and paclitaxel. LHY-821 is an immortalized cell line which had survived more than 80 serial passages; it may provide a novel tool to study the molecular mechanism and potential treatment for endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Peking University, West District, Beijing, China
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Abstract
Background: Genomic stability is one of the crucial prognostic factors for patients with endometrioid endometrial cancer (EEC). The impact of genomic stability on the tumour tissue proteome of EEC is not yet well established. Methods: Tissue lysates of EEC, squamous cervical cancer (SCC), normal endometrium and squamous cervical epithelium were subjected to two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis and identification of proteins by MALDI TOF MS. Expression of selected proteins was analysed in independent samples by immunohistochemistry. Results: Diploid and aneuploid genomically unstable EEC displayed similar patterns of protein expression. This was in contrast to diploid stable EEC, which displayed a protein expression profile similar to normal endometrium. Approximately 10% of the differentially expressed proteins in EEC were specific for this type of cancer with differential expression of other proteins observed in other types of malignancy (e.g., SCC). Selected proteins differentially expressed in 2D gels of EEC were further analysed in an EEC precursor lesion, that is, atypical hyperplasia of endometrium, and showed increased expression of CLIC1, EIF4A1 and PRDX6 and decreased expression of ENO1, ANXA4, EMD and Ku70. Conclusion: Protein expression in diploid and aneuploid genomically unstable EEC is different from the expression profile of proteins in diploid genomically stable EEC. We showed that changes in expression of proteins typical for EEC could already be detected in precursor lesions, that is, atypical hyperplasia of endometrium, highlighting their clinical potential for improving early diagnostics of EEC.
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Falck E, Behboudi A, Klinga-Levan K. The impact of the genetic background on the genome make-up of tumor cells. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2012; 51:438-46. [PMID: 22250046 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.21929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometrial adenocarcinoma (EAC) is the most common form of malignancy in the female genital tract, ranking as the fourth leading form of invasive tumors that affect women. The BDII inbred rat strain has been used as a powerful tumor model in studies of the genetic background of EAC. Females from the BDII strain are prone to develop tumors with an incidence of more than 90%. Development of EAC in BDII female rats has similarities in pathogenesis, histopathological, and molecular properties to that of human, and thus represents a unique model for analysis of EAC tumorigenesis and for comparative studies in human EACs. In a previous study, a set of rat EAC cell lines derived from tumors developed in female crossprogenies between BDII and nonsusceptible rat strains were analyzed by spectral karyotyping (SKY). Here we present an analysis with specific focus on the impact of different genetic backgrounds on the rate and occurrence of genetic aberrations in experimental tumors using data presented in the previous report. We could reveal that the ploidy state, and the abundance and type of structural as well as numerical change differed between the two genetic setups. We have also identified chromosomes harboring aberrations independent of genetic input from the nonsusceptible strains, which provide valuable information for the identification of the genes involved in the development of EAC in the BDII model as well as in human endometrial tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Falck
- Systems Biology Research Centre-Tumor Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
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Thériault BL, Pajovic S, Bernardini MQ, Shaw PA, Gallie BL. Kinesin family member 14: an independent prognostic marker and potential therapeutic target for ovarian cancer. Int J Cancer 2011; 130:1844-54. [PMID: 21618518 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The novel oncogene KIF14 (kinesin family member 14) shows genomic gain and overexpression in many cancers including OvCa (ovarian cancer). We discovered that expression of the mitotic kinesin KIF14 is predictive of poor outcome in breast and lung cancers. We now determine the prognostic significance of KIF14 expression in primary OvCa tumors, and evaluate KIF14 action on OvCa cell tumorigenicity in vitro. Gene-specific multiplex PCR and real-time QPCR were used to measure KIF14 genomic (109 samples) and mRNA levels (122 samples) in OvCa tumors. Association of KIF14 with clinical variables was studied using Kaplan-Meier survival and Cox regression analyses. Cellular effects of KIF14 overexpression (stable transfection) and inhibition (stable shRNA knockdown) were studied by proliferation (cell counts), survival (Annexin V immunocytochemistry) and colony formation (soft-agar growth). KIF14 genomic gain (>2.6 copies) was present in 30% of serous OvCas, and KIF14 mRNA was elevated in 91% of tumors versus normal epithelium. High KIF14 in tumors independently predicted for worse outcome (p = 0.03) with loss of correlation with proliferation marker expression and increased rates of recurrence. Overexpression of KIF14 in OvCa cell lines increased proliferation and colony formation (p < 0.01), whereas KIF14 knockdown induced apoptosis and dramatically reduced colony formation (p < 0.05). Our findings indicate that KIF14 mRNA is an independent prognostic marker in serous OvCa. Dependence of OvCa cells on KIF14 for maintenance of in vitro colony formation suggests a role of KIF14 in promoting a tumorigenic phenotype, beyond its known role in proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte L Thériault
- Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Wang Y, Yang D, Cogdell D, Hu L, Xue F, Broaddus R, Zhang W. Genomic characterization of gene copy-number aberrations in endometrial carcinoma cell lines derived from endometrioid-type endometrial adenocarcinoma. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2010; 9:179-89. [PMID: 20218740 DOI: 10.1177/153303461000900207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometrial carcinoma is one of the most common cancers in women. A limited number of endometrial carcinoma cell lines are available for studies of signal transduction pathways and experimental therapeutics in vitro. However, these cell lines have not been comprehensively characterized. In this study, we used genome-wide microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) technology to characterize five of the more commonly used endometrial cancer cell lines. We detected DNA copy-number gains in chromosomal regions 2q, 3p, 3q, 5q, 7p, 17q, and 19q in all five cell lines. Other common sites of copy-number gains, which were detected in four of five cell lines, included segments of chromosomes 1, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, and 16. In all five cell lines, we found DNA copy-number losses in regions 3p, 10p, 10q, 11q, 11p, 14q, 15q, 18p, and 21q. Other common sites of genetic aberrations included segments of chromosomes 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 16, 20, and 22. The genes involved in the copy-number alterations included the oncogenes PIK3CA (3q26.3), K-ras (12p12.1), R-ras (19q13.3-qter), Raf-1 (3p25), EGFR (7p12), Akt1 (14q32.32), and Akt2 (19q13.1-q13.2). A pathway analysis showed that genes in the PI3K and Wnt pathways are commonly affected. Our characterization of genomic alterations in these five commonly used endometrial cancer cell lines provides valuable genomic information for research that focuses on these key oncogenic pathways in endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingmei Wang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston Texas, USA
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Qian J, Weber D, Cochran R, Hossain D, Bostwick DG. Detection of chromosomal anomalies in endometrial atypical hyperplasia and carcinoma by using fluorescence in situ hybridization. Cancer Cytopathol 2010; 118:97-104. [PMID: 20225199 DOI: 10.1002/cncy.20072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometrial cancer is the most common pelvic gynecological malignancy. The diagnosis of well-differentiated endometrial adenocarcinoma, atypical hyperplasia, and hyperplasia is often challenging. The authors sought to investigate the utility of chromosomal anomalies for the detection of endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma using multitarget fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). METHODS Samples were collected by endometrial Tao brush and processed by liquid-based cytological preparation protocol from consecutive cases to include 50 benign, 50 hyperplasia without atypia, 47 atypical hyperplasia, and 53 endometrial cancers. Each was hybridized using fluorescence-labeled DNA probes to chromosomes 1, 8, and 10. The FISH signals were enumerated in 100 cells per case, and the chromosomal anomalies were correlated with pathologic findings, including histologic diagnoses on matched endometrial tissue samples. RESULTS Numeric chromosomal anomalies were found in 0% (0 of 50) of benign, 20% (10 of 50) of hyperplasia, 74% (35 of 47) of atypical hyperplasia, and 87% (46 of 53) of carcinoma specimens. The mean percentage of cells with chromosomal changes was 55% in cancer specimens, which was significantly higher than that in hyperplasia without atypia (13%, P < .0001) and atypical hyperplasia (32%, P = .003). The most frequent chromosomal anomaly was gain of chromosome 1. FISH anomalies had an overall sensitivity of 81% and specificity of 90% for the detection of atypical hyperplasia and/or endometrial carcinoma. There was no association with grade of endometrial carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS Multitarget FISH appears to be useful for the differential diagnosis of hyperplasia, atypical hyperplasia, and endometrial adenocarcinoma, with a high level of sensitivity and specificity. It is also a potential tool for the early detection of neoplastic cells in endometrial cytology specimens. Endometrial hyperplasia with FISH-detected chromosomal anomalies may represent a clinically significant subset of cases that warrant close clinical follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqi Qian
- Bostwick Laboratories, 4355 Innslake Drive, Glen Allen, VA 23060, USA.
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Murayama-Hosokawa S, Oda K, Nakagawa S, Ishikawa S, Yamamoto S, Shoji K, Ikeda Y, Uehara Y, Fukayama M, McCormick F, Yano T, Taketani Y, Aburatani H. Genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays in endometrial carcinomas associate extensive chromosomal instability with poor prognosis and unveil frequent chromosomal imbalances involved in the PI3-kinase pathway. Oncogene 2010; 29:1897-908. [PMID: 20062086 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Endometrial cancer is one of the tumor types in which either chromosomal instability (CIN) or microsatellite instability (MSI) may occur. It is known to possess mutations frequently in the Ras-PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase) pathway. We performed a comprehensive genomic survey in 31 endometrial carcinomas with paired DNA for chromosomal imbalances (25 by the 50K and 6 by the 250K single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array), and screened 25 of the 31 samples for MSI status and mutational status in the Ras-PI3K pathway genes. We detected five or more copy number changes (classified as CIN-extensive) in 9 (29%), 1 to 4 changes (CIN-intermediate) in 17 (55%) and no changes (CIN-negative) in 5 (16%) tumors. Positive MSI was less common in CIN-extensive tumors (14%), compared with CIN-intermediate/negative tumors (50%), and multivariate analysis showed that CIN-extensive is an independent poor prognostic factor. SNP array analysis unveiled copy number neutral LOH at 54 loci in 13 tumors (42%), including four at the locus of PTEN. In addition to eight (26%) tumors with PTEN deletions, we detected chromosomal imbalances of NF1, K-Ras and PIK3CA in four (13%), four (13%) and six (19%) tumors, respectively. In all, 7 of the 9 CIN-extensive tumors harbor deletions in the loci of PTEN and/or NF1, whereas all the 10 MSI-positive tumors possess PTEN, PIK3CA and/or K-Ras mutations. Our results showed that genomic alterations in the Ras-PI3K pathway are remarkably widespread in endometrial carcinomas, regardless of the type of genomic instability, and suggest that the degree of CIN is a useful biomarker for prognosis in endometrial carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Murayama-Hosokawa
- Genome Science Division, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Levan K, Partheen K, Osterberg L, Olsson B, Delle U, Eklind S, Horvath G. Identification of a gene expression signature for survival prediction in type I endometrial carcinoma. Gene Expr 2010; 14:361-70. [PMID: 20635577 PMCID: PMC6042025 DOI: 10.3727/105221610x12735213181242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Endometrial cancer is the most common malignancy of the female reproductive tract. In many cases the prognosis is favorable, but 22% of affected women die from the disease. We aimed to study potential differences in gene expression between endometrioid adenocarcinomas from survivors (5-year survival) and nonsurvivors. Forty-five patients were included in the investigation, of which 21 were survivors and 24 were nonsurvivors. The tumors were analyzed with genome-wide expression array analysis, represented by 13,526 genes. Distinct differences in gene expression were found between the groups. A t-test established that 218 genes were significantly differentially expressed (p < 0.001) between the two survival groups, and in a cross-validation test 40 of the 45 (89%) tumors were classified correctly. The 218 differentially expressed genes were subjected to hierachical clustering analysis, which yielded two clusters both exhibiting over 80% homogeneity with respect to survival. When the additional constraint of fold change (FC > 2) was added the hierachical clustering yielded similar results. Stage I tumors are expected to have a favorable prognosis. However, in our tumor material there were six nonsurvivors with stage I tumors. Five out of six stage I nonsurvivors clustered in the nonsurvival fraction. Our findings suggest that a subgroup of early stage endometroid adenocarcinomas can be correctly classified as potentially aggressive by using molecular biology in combination with conventional markers, thereby providing a tool for a more accurate classification and risk evaluation of the individual patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Levan
- Department of Oncology, Sahlgrenska Hospital, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Huang YW, Liu JC, Deatherage DE, Luo J, Mutch DG, Goodfellow PJ, Miller DS, Huang THM. Epigenetic repression of microRNA-129-2 leads to overexpression of SOX4 oncogene in endometrial cancer. Cancer Res 2009; 69:9038-46. [PMID: 19887623 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-1499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Genetic amplification, mutation, and translocation are known to play a causal role in the upregulation of an oncogene in cancer cells. Here, we report an emerging role of microRNA, the epigenetic deregulation of which may also lead to this oncogenic activation. SOX4, an oncogene belonging to the SRY-related high mobility group box family, was found to be overexpressed (P < 0.005) in endometrial tumors (n = 74) compared with uninvolved controls (n = 20). This gene is computationally predicted to be the target of a microRNA, miR-129-2. When compared with the matched endometria, the expression of miR-129-2 was lost in 27 of 31 primary endometrial tumors that also showed a concomitant gain of SOX4 expression (P < 0.001). This inverse relationship is associated with hypermethylation of the miR-129-2 CpG island, which was observed in endometrial cancer cell lines (n = 6) and 68% of 117 endometrioid endometrial tumors analyzed. Reactivation of miR-129-2 in cancer cells by pharmacologic induction of histone acetylation and DNA demethylation resulted in decreased SOX4 expression. In addition, restoration of miR-129-2 by cell transfection led to decreased SOX4 expression and reduced proliferation of cancer cells. Further analysis found a significant correlation of hypermethylated miR-129-2 with microsatellite instability and MLH1 methylation status (P < 0.001) and poor overall survival (P < 0.039) in patients. Therefore, these results imply that the aberrant expression of SOX4 is, in part, caused by epigenetic repression of miR-129-2 in endometrial cancer. Unlike the notion that promoter hypomethylation may upregulate an oncogene, we present a new paradigm in which hypermethylation-mediated silencing of a microRNA derepresses its oncogenic target in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wen Huang
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Salvesen HB, Carter SL, Mannelqvist M, Dutt A, Getz G, Stefansson IM, Raeder MB, Sos ML, Engelsen IB, Trovik J, Wik E, Greulich H, Bø TH, Jonassen I, Thomas RK, Zander T, Garraway LA, Øyan AM, Sellers WR, Kalland KH, Meyerson M, Akslen LA, Beroukhim R. Integrated genomic profiling of endometrial carcinoma associates aggressive tumors with indicators of PI3 kinase activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:4834-9. [PMID: 19261849 PMCID: PMC2660768 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0806514106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although 75% of endometrial cancers are treated at an early stage, 15% to 20% of these recur. We performed an integrated analysis of genome-wide expression and copy-number data for primary endometrial carcinomas with extensive clinical and histopathological data to detect features predictive of recurrent disease. Unsupervised analysis of the expression data distinguished 2 major clusters with strikingly different phenotypes, including significant differences in disease-free survival. To identify possible mechanisms for these differences, we performed a global genomic survey of amplifications, deletions, and loss of heterozygosity, which identified 11 significantly amplified and 13 significantly deleted regions. Amplifications of 3q26.32 harboring the oncogene PIK3CA were associated with poor prognosis and segregated with the aggressive transcriptional cluster. Moreover, samples with PIK3CA amplification carried signatures associated with in vitro activation of PI3 kinase (PI3K), a signature that was shared by aggressive tumors without PIK3CA amplification. Tumors with loss of PTEN expression or PIK3CA overexpression that did not have PIK3CA amplification also shared the PI3K activation signature, high protein expression of the PI3K pathway member STMN1, and an aggressive phenotype in test and validation datasets. However, mutations of PTEN or PIK3CA were not associated with the same expression profile or aggressive phenotype. STMN1 expression had independent prognostic value. The results affirm the utility of systematic characterization of the cancer genome in clinically annotated specimens and suggest the particular importance of the PI3K pathway in patients who have aggressive endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. B. Salvesen
- aDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway;
- bDepartment of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway;
- 1To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: , , or
| | - S. L. Carter
- cThe Harvard and MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142;
- dThe Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142;
| | - M. Mannelqvist
- eThe Gade Institute, Section for Pathology, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway;
| | - A. Dutt
- dThe Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142;
- fDepartment of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115;
| | - G. Getz
- dThe Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142;
| | - I. M. Stefansson
- eThe Gade Institute, Section for Pathology, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway;
- gDepartment of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5020 Bergen, Norway;
| | - M. B. Raeder
- aDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway;
- bDepartment of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway;
| | - M. L. Sos
- hMax Planck-Institute for Neurological Research, and Klaus-Joachim-Zülch Laboratories of the Max Planck Society and the Medical Faculty of the University of Cologne, 509315 Cologne, Germany;
| | - I. B. Engelsen
- aDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway;
| | - J. Trovik
- aDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway;
- bDepartment of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway;
| | - E. Wik
- aDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway;
- bDepartment of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway;
| | - H. Greulich
- dThe Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142;
- fDepartment of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115;
- iDepartment of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115;
- jDepartment of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
| | - T. H. Bø
- kDepartment for Informatics and Computational Biology Unit, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway;
| | - I. Jonassen
- kDepartment for Informatics and Computational Biology Unit, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway;
| | - R. K. Thomas
- hMax Planck-Institute for Neurological Research, and Klaus-Joachim-Zülch Laboratories of the Max Planck Society and the Medical Faculty of the University of Cologne, 509315 Cologne, Germany;
- lChemical Genomics Center of the Max Planck Society, 44227 Dortmund, Germany;
- mDepartment of Internal Medicine and Center of Integrated Oncology, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany;
| | - T. Zander
- hMax Planck-Institute for Neurological Research, and Klaus-Joachim-Zülch Laboratories of the Max Planck Society and the Medical Faculty of the University of Cologne, 509315 Cologne, Germany;
| | - L. A. Garraway
- dThe Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142;
- fDepartment of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115;
- iDepartment of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115;
- jDepartment of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
- nCenter for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115;
| | - A. M. Øyan
- eThe Gade Institute, Section for Pathology, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway;
| | - W. R. Sellers
- oNovartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - K. H. Kalland
- eThe Gade Institute, Section for Pathology, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway;
- oNovartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - M. Meyerson
- dThe Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142;
- fDepartment of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115;
- qDepartment of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - L. A. Akslen
- eThe Gade Institute, Section for Pathology, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway;
- gDepartment of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5020 Bergen, Norway;
- 1To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: , , or
| | - R. Beroukhim
- dThe Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142;
- fDepartment of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115;
- iDepartment of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115;
- jDepartment of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
- 1To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: , , or
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Tan DSP, Lambros MBK, Marchiò C, Reis-Filho JS. ESR1 amplification in endometrial carcinomas: hope or hyperbole? J Pathol 2008; 216:271-4. [PMID: 18788074 DOI: 10.1002/path.2432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The ESR1 gene maps 6q25 and encodes for oestrogen receptor alpha, which has been shown to play a pivotal role in the development of breast and endometrial cancer. It has recently been reported that oestrogen receptor alpha expression may be driven in some cases by ESR1 gene amplification and that this phenomenon may be an early event in breast and endometrial carcinogenesis. Although copy number gains of 6q have been reported by several groups, their prevalence, association with oestrogen receptor alpha expression, and clinical implications have been a matter of controversy. Here we discuss the key issues regarding the methods employed in the identification of ESR1 amplification, and briefly review the current literature and recent controversies on the subject of ESR1 amplification in endometrial and breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S P Tan
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
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16
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Array-Comparative Genomic Hybridization Analysis of Primary Endometrial and Ovarian High-grade Neuroendocrine Carcinoma Associated With Adenocarcinoma: Mystery Resolved? Int J Gynecol Pathol 2008; 27:539-46. [DOI: 10.1097/pgp.0b013e31816bcda4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Mhawech-Fauceglia P, Rai H, Nowak N, Cheney RT, Rodabaugh K, Lele S, Odunsi K. The use of array-based comparative genomic hybridization (a-CGH) to distinguish metastatic from primary synchronous carcinomas of the ovary and the uterus. Histopathology 2008; 53:490-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2008.03107.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Caserta D, Benkhalifa M, Baldi M, Fiorentino F, Qumsiyeh M, Moscarini M. Genome profiling of ovarian adenocarcinomas using pangenomic BACs microarray comparative genomic hybridization. Mol Cytogenet 2008; 1:10. [PMID: 18492273 PMCID: PMC2435107 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8166-1-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2008] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Routine cytogenetic investigations for ovarian cancers are limited by culture failure and poor growth of cancer cells compared to normal cells. Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) application or classical comparative genome hybridization techniques are also have their own limitations in detecting genome imbalance especially for small changes that are not known ahead of time and for which FISH probes could not be thus designed. Methods We applied microarray comparative genomic hybridization (A-CGH) using one mega base BAC arrays to investigate chromosomal disorders in ovarian adenocarcinoma in patients with familial history. Results Our data on 10 cases of ovarian cancer revealed losses of 6q (4 cases mainly mosaic loss), 9p (4 cases), 10q (3 cases), 21q (3 cases), 22q (4 cases) with association to a monosomy X and gains of 8q and 9q (occurring together in 8 cases) and gain of 12p. There were other abnormalities such as loss of 17p that were noted in two profiles of the studied cases. Total or mosaic segmental gain of 2p, 3q, 4q, 7q and 13q were also observed. Seven of 10 patients were investigated by FISH to control array CGH results. The FISH data showed a concordance between the 2 methods. Conclusion The data suggest that A-CGH detects unique and common abnormalities with certain exceptions such as tetraploidy and balanced translocation, which may lead to understanding progression of genetic changes as well as aid in early diagnosis and have an impact on therapy and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Caserta
- Oby/Gyn Dept, Saint Andrea Hospital, University of Roma La Sapienza, Rome, italy.
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20
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Samuelson E, Levan K, Adamovic T, Levan G, Horvath G. Recurrent gene amplifications in human type I endometrial adenocarcinoma detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 181:25-30. [PMID: 18262049 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2007.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Revised: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Determining what genes are actively involved in tumor development is important, because they may provide targets for directed therapy. Human tumors are greatly heterogeneous with respect to etiology and genetic background, which complicates the identification of common genetic aberrations. In contrast, genetic and environmental variation can be in part controlled in experimental animals, which facilitates identification of the important changes. In inbred BDII rats, which are genetically predisposed to endometrial adenocarcinomas (EAC), certain chromosome regions exhibit recurrent amplification in the tumors. Previous CGH analysis had shown that a subset of human EAC tumors exhibited increased copy numbers in the homologous chromosomal regions, located in human 2p21 approximately p25 and 7q21 approximately q31. Using fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis on imprints from 13 human EAC tumors, we determined the average copy numbers of each of 15 probes derived from cancer-related genes situated in these chromosome regions. Among the genes analyzed, those most often targeted by amplification were SDC1 and CYP1B1 in 2p21 approximately p25 and CDK6 and MET in 7q21 approximately q31, but all of the 15 genes tested were found to be amplified in at least two tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Samuelson
- CMB-Genetics, Lundberg Laboratory, Göteborg University, Box 462, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
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Baudis M. Genomic imbalances in 5918 malignant epithelial tumors: an explorative meta-analysis of chromosomal CGH data. BMC Cancer 2007; 7:226. [PMID: 18088415 PMCID: PMC2225423 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-7-226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromosomal abnormalities have been associated with most human malignancies, with gains and losses on some genomic regions associated with particular entities. METHODS Of the 15429 cases collected for the Progenetix molecular-cytogenetic database, 5918 malignant epithelial neoplasias analyzed by chromosomal Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH) were selected for further evaluation. For the 22 clinico-pathological entities with more than 50 cases, summary profiles for genomic imbalances were generated from case specific data and analyzed. RESULTS With large variation in overall genomic instability, recurring genomic gains and losses were prominent. Most entities showed frequent gains involving 8q2, while gains on 20q, 1q, 3q, 5p, 7q and 17q were frequent in different entities. Loss "hot spots" included 3p, 4q, 13q, 17p and 18q among others. Related average imbalance patterns were found for clinically distinct entities, e.g. hepatocellular carcinomas (ca.) and ductal breast ca., as well as for histologically related entities (squamous cell ca. of different sites). CONCLUSION Although considerable case-by-case variation of genomic profiles can be found by CGH in epithelial malignancies, a limited set of variously combined chromosomal imbalances may be typical for carcinogenesis. Focus on the respective regions should aid in target gene detection and pathway deduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Baudis
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Germany.
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