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Latitudinal Cline in Chromosome Numbers of Ice Cod A. glacialis (Gadidae) from Northeast Greenland. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11121515. [PMID: 33352937 PMCID: PMC7766978 DOI: 10.3390/genes11121515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ice cod Arctogadus glacialis (Peters, 1872) is one of the few fish species endemic to the Arctic. With a circumpolar distribution, the species is confined to the fjords and shelves of the Arctic seas. Biological information on A. glacialis is scarce, with genomic information restricted to microsatellites. Within the frame of the TUNU-Programme: Arctic Ocean Fishes-Diversity, Adaptation and Conservation, we studied A. glacialis at the chromosomal level to explore fish diversity and evolutionary aspects. The analysis of over 50 individuals from the Northeast Greenland fjords between latitudes 71°09' N and 76°42' N revealed a remarkable intraspecific diversity epitomized by chromosome numbers spanning from 28 to 33, the occurrence of putative B chromosomes, and diversified patterns of distribution of heterochromatin and rDNAs. The number of B chromosomes followed a latitudinal gradient from 0-2 in the north to 2-5 in the south. Considering the benthic and rather stationary life history of this species, the observed chromosomal differences might have arisen independently, possibly driven and/or fostered by the dynamics of repetitive sequences, and are being fixed in relatively isolated fjord populations. The resulting latitudinal cline we observe today might have repercussions on the fate of local populations facing the ongoing climate-driven environmental changes.
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Knytl M, Kalous L, Rylková K, Choleva L, Merilä J, Ráb P. Morphologically indistinguishable hybrid Carassius female with 156 chromosomes: A threat for the threatened crucian carp, C. carassius, L. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190924. [PMID: 29360831 PMCID: PMC5779652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The crucian carp Carassius carassius (Linnaeus, 1758), is native to many European freshwaters. Despite its wide distribution, the crucian carp is declining in both the number and sizes of populations across much of its range. Here we studied 30 individuals of a putative pure population from Helsinki, Finland. Despite clear external morphological features of C. carassius, an individual was of a higher ploidy level than the others. We therefore applied a set of molecular genetic (S7 nuclear and cytochrome b mitochondrial genes) and cytogenetic tools (sequential fluorescent 4’, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole [DAPI], Chromomycin A3 [CMA3], C-banding and in situ hybridization [FISH] with both 5S and 28S ribosomal DNA probes) to determine its origin. While all examined characteristics of a diploid representative male (CCAHe2Fi) clearly corresponded to those of C. carassius, a triploid individual (CCAHe1Fi) was more complex. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the nuclear genome of CCAHe1Fi contained three haploid sets: two C. gibelio and one C. carassius. However the mitochondrial DNA was that of C. gibelio, demonstrating its hybrid origin. The FISH revealed three strong (more intensive) 5S rDNA loci, confirming the triploid status, and an additional 24 weak (less intensive) signals were observed in the chromosome complement of CCAHe1Fi. On the other hand, only two strong and 16 weak 5S rDNA signals were visible on the chromosomes of the CCAHe2Fi male. 28S rDNA FISH revealed four strong signals in both CCAHe1Fi and CCAHe2Fi individuals. CMA3 staining revealed four to six CMA3-positive bands of CCAHe1Fi, while that of diploids contained only two to four. The fact that a polyploid hybrid Carassius female with a strong invasive potential may share morphological characters typical for endangered C. carassius highlights a need to combine genetic investigations of Carassius cryptic diversity with conservation measures of C. carassius in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Knytl
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Lukáš Kalous
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Rylková
- Department of Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Choleva
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Liběchov, Czech Republic
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Juha Merilä
- Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petr Ráb
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Liběchov, Czech Republic
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Araya-Jaime C, Lam N, Pinto IV, Méndez MA, Iturra P. Chromosomal organization of four classes of repetitive DNA sequences in killifish Orestias ascotanensis Parenti, 1984 (Cyprinodontiformes, Cyprinodontidae). COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2017; 11:463-475. [PMID: 29093798 PMCID: PMC5646654 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v11i3.11729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Orestias Valenciennes, 1839 is a genus of freshwater fish endemic to the South American Altiplano. Cytogenetic studies of these species have focused on conventional karyotyping. The aim of this study was to use classical and molecular cytogenetic methods to identify the constitutive heterochromatin distribution and chromosome organization of four classes of repetitive DNA sequences (histone H3 DNA, U2 snRNA, 18S rDNA and 5S rDNA) in the chromosomes of O. ascotanensis Parenti, 1984, an endemic species restricted to the Salar de Ascotán in the Chilean Altiplano. All individuals analyzed had a diploid number of 48 chromosomes. C-banding identified constitutive heterochromatin mainly in the pericentromeric region of most chromosomes, especially a GC-rich heterochromatic block of the short arm of pair 3. FISH assay with an 18S probe confirmed the location of the NOR in pair 3 and revealed that the minor rDNA cluster occurs interstitially on the long arm of pair 2. Dual FISH identified a single block of U2 snDNA sequences in the pericentromeric regions of a subtelocentric chromosome pair, while histone H3 sites were observed as small signals scattered in throughout the all chromosomes. This work represents the first effort to document the physical organization of the repetitive fraction of the Orestias genome. These data will improve our understanding of the chromosomal evolution of a genus facing serious conservation problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Araya-Jaime
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, ICBM, Programa de Genética Humana, Casilla 70061, Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia Lam
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile. Santa Rosa 11315, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Irma Vila Pinto
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, CP 780-0024, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marco A. Méndez
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, CP 780-0024, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricia Iturra
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, ICBM, Programa de Genética Humana, Casilla 70061, Santiago, Chile
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Kavalco KF, Pazza R, Brandão KDO, Garcia C, Bertollo LAC, de Almeida-Toledo LF. Chromosomal Diversification Higher Than Molecular Variation in Astyanax aff. fasciatus (Teleostei, Characidae). Zebrafish 2016; 13:345-53. [DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2016.1272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Karine Frehner Kavalco
- Laboratório de Genética Ecológica e Evolutiva, Campus de Rio Paranaíba, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Rio Parnaiba, Brazil
| | - Rubens Pazza
- Laboratório de Genética Ecológica e Evolutiva, Campus de Rio Paranaíba, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Rio Parnaiba, Brazil
| | - Karina de Oliveira Brandão
- Laboratório de Genética Ecológica e Evolutiva, Campus de Rio Paranaíba, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Rio Parnaiba, Brazil
| | - Caroline Garcia
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Campus Jequié, Universidade Estadual do Oeste da Bahia, Jequié, Brazil
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Sember A, Bohlen J, Šlechtová V, Altmanová M, Symonová R, Ráb P. Karyotype differentiation in 19 species of river loach fishes (Nemacheilidae, Teleostei): extensive variability associated with rDNA and heterochromatin distribution and its phylogenetic and ecological interpretation. BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:251. [PMID: 26573692 PMCID: PMC4647339 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0532-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loaches of the family Nemacheilidae are one of the most speciose elements of Palearctic freshwater ichthyofauna and have undergone rapid ecological adaptations and colonizations. Their cytotaxonomy is largely unexplored; with the impact of cytogenetical changes on this evolutionary diversification still unknown. An extensive cytogenetical survey was performed in 19 nemacheilid species using both conventional (Giemsa staining, C- banding, Ag- and Chromomycin A3/DAPI stainings) and molecular (fluorescence in situ hybridization with 5S rDNA, 45S rDNA, and telomeric (TTAGGG)n probes) methods. A phylogenetic tree of the analysed specimens was constructed based on one mitochondrial (cytochrome b) and two nuclear (RAG1, IRBP) genes. RESULTS Seventeen species showed karyotypes composed of 2n = 50 chromosomes but differentiated by fundamental chromosome number (NF = 68-90). Nemachilichthys ruppelli (2n = 38) and Schistura notostigma (2n = 44-48) displayed reduced 2n with an elevated number of large metacentric chromosomes. Only Schistura fasciolata showed morphologically differentiated sex chromosomes with a multiple system of the XY1Y2 type. Chromomycin A3 (CMA3)- fluorescence revealed interspecific heterogeneity in the distribution of GC-rich heterochromatin including its otherwise very rare association with 5S rDNA sites. The 45S rDNA sites were mostly located on a single chromosome pair contrasting markedly with a pattern of two (Barbatula barbatula, Nemacheilus binotatus, N. ruppelli) to 20 sites (Physoschistura sp.) of 5S rDNA. The cytogenetic changes did not follow the phylogenetic relationships between the samples. A high number of 5S rDNA sites was present in species with small effective population sizes. CONCLUSION Despite a prevailing conservatism of 2n, Nemacheilidae exhibited a remarkable cytogenetic variability on microstructural level. We suggest an important role for pericentric inversions, tandem and centric fusions in nemacheilid karyotype differentiation. Short repetitive sequences, genetic drift, founder effect, as well as the involvement of transposable elements in the dispersion of ribosomal DNA sites, might also have played a role in evolutionary processes such as reproductive isolation. These remarkable dynamics of their genomes qualify river loaches as a model for the study of the cytogenetic background of major evolutionary processes such as radiation, endemism and colonization of a wide range of habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandr Sember
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburská 89, Liběchov, 277 21, Czech Republic.
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 5, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Jörg Bohlen
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburská 89, Liběchov, 277 21, Czech Republic.
| | - Vendula Šlechtová
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburská 89, Liběchov, 277 21, Czech Republic.
| | - Marie Altmanová
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburská 89, Liběchov, 277 21, Czech Republic.
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Radka Symonová
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburská 89, Liběchov, 277 21, Czech Republic.
- Research Institute for Limnology, University of Innsbruck, Mondseestraße 9, A-5310, Mondsee, Austria.
| | - Petr Ráb
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburská 89, Liběchov, 277 21, Czech Republic.
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Karyotype patterns of Hypsolebias antenori (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae): an endangered killifish of the semiarid region of Brazil. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:862434. [PMID: 24693249 PMCID: PMC3944648 DOI: 10.1155/2014/862434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Annual fish which belong to the order Cyprinodontiformes constitute an excellent model for evolutionary studies. their short life cycle, distribution in ecologically dynamic environments, and low agility make them favorable for genetic analyses. The species Hypsolebias antenori (Rivulidae), encountered in seasonal pools located in the semiarid region of Northeastern Brazil, has been the object of surveys with a view to study its ecological and behavioral aspects. This study reports on the karyotype patterns of this species, which represents the first contribution to the cytogenetics of this genus. The karyotype of this species is composed of 2n = 48 chromosomes (6m + 4 sm + 36 st; NF = 96); the heterochromatic regions are located in centromeric or pericentromeric position and are more pronounced in the nucleolar organizer regions. Two sites Ag-NORs/CMA+/DAPI were identified in the short arms of pairs 2 (metacentric) and 21 (subtelocentric). Unlike the other species of this family which show an evolution modulated by events of centric fusions, H. antenori shows the maintenance of a basal diploid number and the large number of bibrachial elements indicates karyotypic diversification derived by pericentric inversions. Cytogenetic analyzes in this species will provide new taxonomic markers capable of being utilized in conservation issues and systematics.
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Lukhtanov VA, Dincă V, Talavera G, Vila R. Unprecedented within-species chromosome number cline in the Wood White butterfly Leptidea sinapis and its significance for karyotype evolution and speciation. BMC Evol Biol 2011; 11:109. [PMID: 21507222 PMCID: PMC3113740 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Species generally have a fixed number of chromosomes in the cell nuclei while between-species differences are common and often pronounced. These differences could have evolved through multiple speciation events, each involving the fixation of a single chromosomal rearrangement. Alternatively, marked changes in the karyotype may be the consequence of within-species accumulation of multiple chromosomal fissions/fusions, resulting in highly polymorphic systems with the subsequent extinction of intermediate karyomorphs. Although this mechanism of chromosome number evolution is possible in theory, it has not been well documented. Results We present the discovery of exceptional intraspecific variability in the karyotype of the widespread Eurasian butterfly Leptidea sinapis. We show that within this species the diploid chromosome number gradually decreases from 2n = 106 in Spain to 2n = 56 in eastern Kazakhstan, resulting in a 6000 km-wide cline that originated recently (8,500 to 31,000 years ago). Remarkably, intrapopulational chromosome number polymorphism exists, the chromosome number range overlaps between some populations separated by hundreds of kilometers, and chromosomal heterozygotes are abundant. We demonstrate that this karyotypic variability is intraspecific because in L. sinapis a broad geographical distribution is coupled with a homogenous morphological and genetic structure. Conclusions The discovered system represents the first clearly documented case of explosive chromosome number evolution through intraspecific and intrapopulation accumulation of multiple chromosomal changes. Leptidea sinapis may be used as a model system for studying speciation by means of chromosomally-based suppressed recombination mechanisms, as well as clinal speciation, a process that is theoretically possible but difficult to document. The discovered cline seems to represent a narrow time-window of the very first steps of species formation linked to multiple chromosomal changes that have occurred explosively. This case offers a rare opportunity to study this process before drift, dispersal, selection, extinction and speciation erase the traces of microevolutionary events and just leave the final picture of a pronounced interspecific chromosomal difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A Lukhtanov
- Department of Karyosystematics, Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Science, Petersburg, Russia.
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Kavalco K, Pazza R, Brandão K, Garcia C, Almeida-Toledo L. Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Phylogeography in the Group Astyanax altiparanae – Astyanax aff. bimaculatus (Teleostei, Characidae). Cytogenet Genome Res 2011; 134:108-19. [DOI: 10.1159/000325539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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VÖLKER MARTIN, RÁB PETR, KULLMANN HARALD. Karyotype differentiation in Chromaphyosemion killifishes (Cyprinodontiformes, Nothobranchiidae): patterns, mechanisms, and evolutionary implications. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.00967.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kullmann H, Klemme B. Female mating preference for own males on species and population level in Chromaphyosemion killifishes (Cyprinodontiformes, Nothobranchiidae). ZOOLOGY 2007; 110:377-86. [PMID: 17897816 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2007.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2007] [Revised: 07/27/2007] [Accepted: 08/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chromaphyosemion killifishes are a very promising taxon for the examination of general principles and mechanisms underlying speciation. The polygamous mating system and high degree of sexual dimorphism in this group suggest that sexual selection and female mating preferences play a crucial role in the current radiation process. Because the emergence of mating preferences for individuals of the own population during allopatry is a necessary precondition for speciation by sexual selection, either via diverging mate recognition traits or reinforcement, we examined whether females of different nominal species (Chromaphyosemion bivittatum vs. Chromaphyosemion volcanum) or populations (C. bivittatum "Toko" vs. C. bivittatum "Ilor") prefer their own males as mating partners. For this purpose, two different methods were used. First, we conducted simultaneous choice tests where females could choose between two different males, and second, we counted the eggs produced by females in consecutive matings with different males. Both approaches produced the same result: females of the populations under examination preferred to mate with their own males. Preference for own males was symmetrical in all tests. Males, on the other hand, do not discriminate between females, not even on the level of nominal species. Thus, our results are in accordance with the hypothesis that female choice is an important factor for speciation in Chromaphyosemion. Additionally, we present some preliminary data on post-zygotic isolation between the populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Kullmann
- Institute for Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 1-2, D-53121, Bonn, Germany.
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