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Liu Q, Mao H, Nie J, Chen W, Yang Q, Dong X, Yu X. Transforming Growth Factor β1 Induces Epithelial–mesenchymal Transition by Activating the Jnk–SMAD3 Pathway in Rat Peritoneal Mesothelial Cells. Perit Dial Int 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/089686080802803s18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
⋄ Background Peritoneal fibrosis is a serious complication in long-term peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays an important role in peritoneal fibrosis, and TGFβ1 is the crucial inducer of EMT. Phosphorylation of Smad proteins is required for TGFβ1-induced EMT. It was reported that C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) was involved in the TGFβ1/Smad signaling pathway and might regulate the activation of Smad proteins. However, whether JNK is activated by TGFβ1 in rat peritoneal mesothelial cells (RPMCs) and the role taken by JNK signaling in EMT induced by TGFβ1 remains undetermined. In the present study, we investigated the role of JNK-Smad pathway in EMT induced by TGFβ1 in RPMCs. ⋄ Methods We harvested RPMCs from the peritoneum of male Sprague-Dawley rats and then cultured the cells in Dulbecco modified Eagle medium / F12 medium with 15% (volume:volume) fetal bovine serum. The cells were pretreated with SP600125, a specific inhibitor of JNK, for 4 hours before incubation with TGFβ1. The protein expression levels of phosphorylated JNK, Smad2, and Smad3 were detected by Western blotting. The messenger RNA levels and protein expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), E-cadherin, and collagen I were determined with reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting respectively. ⋄ Results Expression of α-SMA and collagen I were significantly increased and expression of E-cadherin decreased with TGFβ1 in RPMCs. Transforming growth factor β1 can stimulate phosphorylated JNK expression from 5 minutes, with the peak at 10 minutes, and phosphorylated Smad2 and Smad3 expression from 10 minutes, with the peak at 30 minutes. The addition of SP600125, which blocked activation of JNK, effectively inhibited TGFβ1-induced phosphorylation of Smad3, but not Smad2. Also, our results showed that SP600125 effectively suppressed TGFβ1-induced high expression of α-SMA and collagen I, and prevented TGFβ1-induced downregulation of E-cadherin expression in RPMCs. ⋄ Conclusions This study demonstrated that JNK signaling may play an important role in EMT induced by TGFβ1 in RPMCs through activation of Smad3, suggesting that JNK inhibitor may prove to be a novel therapeutic agent for peritoneal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Haiping Mao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jing Nie
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Qiongqiong Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xiuqing Dong
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xueqing Yu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
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Jagirdar RM, Bozikas A, Zarogiannis SG, Bartosova M, Schmitt CP, Liakopoulos V. Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis: Pathophysiology and Current Treatment Options. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225765. [PMID: 31744097 PMCID: PMC6887950 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) is a life-threatening complication of long-term peritoneal dialysis (PD), which may even occur after patients have switched to hemodialysis (HD) or undergone kidney transplantation. The incidence of EPS varies across the globe and increases with PD vintage. Causative factors are the chronic exposure to bioincompatible PD solutions, which cause long-term modifications of the peritoneum, a high peritoneal transporter status involving high glucose concentrations, peritonitis episodes, and smoldering peritoneal inflammation. Additional potential causes are predisposing genetic factors and some medications. Clinical symptoms comprise signs of intestinal obstruction and a high peritoneal transporter status with incipient ultrafiltration failure. In radiological, macro-, and microscopic studies, a massively fibrotic and calcified peritoneum enclosed the intestine and parietal wall in such cases. Empirical treatments commonly used are corticosteroids and tamoxifen, which has fibrinolytic properties. Immunosuppressants like azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, or mTOR inhibitors may also help with reducing inflammation, fibrin deposition, and collagen synthesis and maturation. In animal studies, N-acetylcysteine, colchicine, rosiglitazone, thalidomide, and renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors yielded promising results. Surgical treatment has mainly been performed in severe cases of intestinal obstruction, with varying results. Mortality rates are still 25–55% in adults and about 14% in children. To reduce the incidence of EPS and improve the outcome of this devastating complication of chronic PD, vigorous consideration of the risk factors, early diagnosis, and timely discontinuation of PD and therapeutic interventions are mandatory, even though these are merely based on empirical evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh M. Jagirdar
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (R.M.J.); (A.B.)
| | - Andreas Bozikas
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (R.M.J.); (A.B.)
| | - Sotirios G. Zarogiannis
- Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.G.Z.); (M.B.); (C.P.S.)
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Maria Bartosova
- Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.G.Z.); (M.B.); (C.P.S.)
| | - Claus Peter Schmitt
- Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.G.Z.); (M.B.); (C.P.S.)
| | - Vassilios Liakopoulos
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (R.M.J.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2310-994694
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Rosiglitazone, a Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR)-γ Agonist, Attenuates Inflammation Via NF-κB Inhibition in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Peritonitis. Inflammation 2016; 38:2105-15. [PMID: 26047949 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-015-0193-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the anti-inflammatory effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ agonist, rosiglitazone, in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced peritonitis rat model. LPS was intraperitoneally injected into rats to establish peritonitis model. Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were assigned to normal saline (the solvent of LPS), LPS, rosiglitazone plus LPS, and rosiglitazone alone. A simple peritoneal equilibrium test was performed with 20 ml 4.25 % peritoneal dialysis fluid. We measured the leukocyte count in dialysate and ultrafiltration volume. Peritoneal membrane histochemical staining was performed, and peritoneal thickness was assessed. CD40 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 messenger RNA (ICAM-1 mRNA) levels in rat visceral peritoneum were detected by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. IL-6 in rat peritoneal dialysis effluent was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The phosphorylation of NF-κB-p65 and IκBα was analyzed by Western blot. LPS administration resulted in increased peritoneal thickness and decreased ultrafiltration volume. Rosiglitazone pretreatment significantly decreased peritoneal thickness. In addition to CD40 and ICAM-1 mRNA expression, the IL-6, p-p65, and p-IκBα protein expressions were enhanced in LPS-administered animals. Rosiglitazone pretreatment significantly decreased ICAM-1 mRNA upregulation, secretion of IL-6 protein, and phosphorylation of NF-κB-p65 and IκBα without decreasing CD40 mRNA expression. Rosiglitazone has a protective effect in peritonitis, simultaneously decreasing NF-κB phosphorylation, suggesting that NF-κB signaling pathway mediated peritoneal inflammation induced by LPS. PPAR-γ might be considered a potential therapeutic target against peritonitis.
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Barlow JD, Morrey ME, Hartzler RU, Arsoy D, Riester S, van Wijnen AJ, Morrey BF, Sanchez-Sotelo J, Abdel MP. Effectiveness of rosiglitazone in reducing flexion contracture in a rabbit model of arthrofibrosis with surgical capsular release: A biomechanical, histological, and genetic analysis. Bone Joint Res 2016; 5:11-7. [PMID: 26813567 PMCID: PMC5009236 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.51.2000593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Animal models have been developed that allow simulation of post-traumatic joint contracture. One such model involves contracture-forming surgery followed by surgical capsular release. This model allows testing of antifibrotic agents, such as rosiglitazone. METHODS A total of 20 rabbits underwent contracture-forming surgery. Eight weeks later, the animals underwent a surgical capsular release. Ten animals received rosiglitazone (intramuscular initially, then orally). The animals were sacrificed following 16 weeks of free cage mobilisation. The joints were tested biomechanically, and the posterior capsule was assessed histologically and via genetic microarray analysis. RESULTS There was no significant difference in post-traumatic contracture between the rosiglitazone and control groups (33° (standard deviation (sd) 11) vs 37° (sd14), respectively; p = 0.4). There was no difference in number or percentage of myofibroblasts. Importantly, there were ten genes and 17 pathways that were significantly modulated by rosiglitazone in the posterior capsule. DISCUSSION Rosiglitazone significantly altered the genetic expression of the posterior capsular tissue in a rabbit model, with ten genes and 17 pathways demonstrating significant modulation. However, there was no significant effect on biomechanical or histological properties.Cite this article: M. P. Abdel. Effectiveness of rosiglitazone in reducing flexion contracture in a rabbit model of arthrofibrosis with surgical capsular release: A biomechanical, histological, and genetic analysis. Bone Joint Res 2016;5:11-17. doi: 10.1302/2046-3758.51.2000593.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Barlow
- Ohio State Orthopedic Surgery, 915 Olentangy River Rd, Suite 3200 Columbus, OH 43212, USA
| | - M E Morrey
- Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55901, USA
| | - R U Hartzler
- San Antonio Orthopaedic Group and Burkhart Research Institute for Orthopaedics, 150 E. Sonterra Blvd. Suite 300 San Antonio, Texas 78258, USA
| | - D Arsoy
- Stanford University School of Medicine, 450 Broadway St. MC: 6342, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - S Riester
- Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55901, USA
| | - A J van Wijnen
- Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55901, USA
| | - B F Morrey
- Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55901, USA
| | | | - M P Abdel
- Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55901, USA
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Su X, Yu R, Yang X, Zhou G, Wang Y, Li L, Li D. Telmisartan attenuates peritoneal fibrosis via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γactivation in rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 42:671-9. [PMID: 25867712 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Su
- Department of Nephrology; Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Rui Yu
- Department of Nephrology; Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Xu Yang
- Department of Nephrology; Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Guangyu Zhou
- Department of Nephrology; Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Yanqiu Wang
- Department of Nephrology; Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Nephrology; Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Detian Li
- Department of Nephrology; Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University; Shenyang China
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Yu X, Yang X, Huang N. Management of a rapidly growing peritoneal dialysis population at the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University. Perit Dial Int 2015; 34 Suppl 2:S31-4. [PMID: 24962960 DOI: 10.3747/pdi.2013.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Managing a rapidly growing peritoneal dialysis program with more than 1000 patients involves multiple challenges, labor constraints, logistics, and excessive geographic distance. This paper describes how Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China, manages those issues, while simultaneously improving quality of the care and, subsequently, clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Yu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, and Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, PR ChinaDepartment of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, and Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, and Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, PR ChinaDepartment of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, and Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Naya Huang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, and Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, PR ChinaDepartment of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, and Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, PR China
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Zou XL, Pei DA, Yan JZ, Xu G, Wu P. A20 overexpression inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced NF-κB activation, TRAF6 and CD40 expression in rat peritoneal mesothelial cells. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:6592-608. [PMID: 24747594 PMCID: PMC4013649 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15046592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc finger protein A20 is a key negative regulator of inflammation. However, whether A20 may affect inflammation during peritoneal dialysis (PD)-associated peritonitis is still unclear. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of A20 overexpression on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response in rat peritoneal mesothelial cells (RPMCs). Isolated and cultured RPMCs in vitro. Plasmid pGEM-T easy-A20 was transfected into RPMCs by Lipofectamine™2000. The protein expression of A20, phospho-IκBα, IκBα, TNF receptor-associated factor (TRAF) 6 and CD40 were analyzed by Western blot. The mRNA expression of TRAF6, CD40, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were determined by real time-PCR. NF-κB p65 DNA binding activity, IL-6 and TNF-α levels in cells culture supernatant were determined by ELISA. Our results revealed that RPMCs overexpression of A20 lead to significant decrease of LPS-induced IκBα phosphorylation and NF-κB DNA binding activity (all p<0.01). In addition, A20 also attenuated the expression of TRAF6, CD40, IL-6 and TNF-α as well as levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in cells culture supernatant (all p<0.05). However, A20 only partly inhibited CD40 expression. Our study indicated that A20 overexpression may depress the inflammatory response induced by LPS in cultured RPMCs through negatively regulated the relevant function of adaptors in LPS signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun-Liang Zou
- Department of Nephrology, the Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310015, Zhejiang, China.
| | - De-An Pei
- Division of Cardiology, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Ju-Zhen Yan
- Department of Nephrology, the Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310015, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Gang Xu
- Department of Nephrology, the Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310015, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Nephrology, the Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310015, Zhejiang, China.
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8
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Zhang J, Bi M, Zhong F, Jiao X, Zhang D, Dong Q. Role of CIP4 in high glucose induced epithelial--mesenchymal transition of rat peritoneal mesothelial cells. Ren Fail 2013; 35:989-95. [PMID: 23819628 DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2013.808957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peritoneal mesothelial cell (PMC) plays a key role in the process of peritoneal fibrosis. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of PMCs is an important mechanism of peritoneal fibrosis. Prolonged exposure to peritoneal dialysis fluid containing a high concentration of glucose may lead to EMT of PMCs. Cdc42-interacting protein-4 (CIP4) is a critical regulator of cell skeleton and downstream effector of Cdc42 and participates in EMT of tubular epithelial cells. In the present study, we investigate the possible role of CIP4 in EMT of PMC under high glucose (HG) condition in vitro and further explore the potential therapeutic point for peritoneal fibrosis. METHODS Rat peritoneal mesothelial cells (RPMCs) were isolated from the peritonea of rats by enzymatic digestion. Under HG conditions (1.5%, 2.5% and 4.25%), E-cadherin, α-SMA and CIP4 expression were assessed by Western blot. Effect of CIP4-siRNA and pcDNA3.1-CIP4 transfection on E-cadherin, α-SMA and CIP4 expression were also assessed respectively under 2.5% HG concentration. Cells were pretreated for 24 h with PI3K/Akt signaling inhibitor perifosine and effect of perifosine on CIP4 expression were detected by Western blot. RESULTS EMT induction by HG was confirmed by the prevalence of morphological changes, loss of E-cadherin, increase in α-SMA expression. CIP4-siRNA transfection can reverse EMT of RPMCs. Over-expression of CIP4 promoted characteristics similar to those commonly observed in EMT. Furthermore, the increased CIP4 in response to HG was efficiently inhibited by perifosine. CONCLUSION This study shows that CIP4 promotes high glucose-induced EMT through PI3K-Akt signaling pathway in RPMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Medical College Qingdao University, 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, P.R. China
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Zhou G, Su X, Ma J, Wang L, Li D. Pioglitazone inhibits high glucose-induced synthesis of extracellular matrix by NF-κB and AP-1 pathways in rat peritoneal mesothelial cells. Mol Med Rep 2013; 7:1336-42. [PMID: 23404530 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
High glucose (HG) in peritoneal dialysates has been demonstrated to induce extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis by peritoneal mesothelial cells (PMCs) and to contribute to peritoneal fibrosis during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). In the present study, we investigated the effects of pioglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonist, on HG-induced ECM accumulation and the underlying mechanism in rat PMCs (RPMCs). In cultured RPMCs, HG treatment increased the expression of fibronectin (FN), collagen I and plasminogen activation inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) at the mRNA and protein levels, while it downregulated the expression of PPARγ in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Pretreatment with pioglitazone not only decreased the expression of PAI-1 and matrix proteins (FN and collagen I), but prevented the downregulation of PPARγ in RPMCs under HG conditions. HG treatment activated the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) pathways. In addition, the NF-κB inhibitor, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), and the AP-1 inhibitor, SP600125, decreased the protein levels of FN, collagen I and PAI-1, suggesting a role for the NF-κB and AP-1 pathways in the regulation of ECM accumulation induced by HG in RPMCs. Notably, we demonstrated that pretreatment with pioglitazone significantly inhibited HG-induced NF-κB and AP-1 activation. Collectively, these results suggest that pioglitazone inhibits HG-induced ECM accumulation in RPMCs by increasing PPARγ expression, and by inhibiting the NF-κB and AP-1 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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10
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Molecular targets related to inflammation and insulin resistance and potential interventions. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:379024. [PMID: 23049242 PMCID: PMC3463198 DOI: 10.1155/2012/379024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and insulin resistance are common in several chronic diseases, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. Various studies show a relationship between these two factors, although the mechanisms involved are not completely understood yet. Here, we discuss the molecular basis of insulin resistance and inflammation and the molecular aspects on inflammatory pathways interfering in insulin action. Moreover, we explore interventions based on molecular targets for preventing or treating correlated disorders, advances for a better characterization, and understanding of the mechanisms and mediators involved in the different inflammatory and insulin resistance conditions. Finally, we address biotechnological studies for the development of new potential therapies and interventions.
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Saglam F, Cavdar Z, Sarioglu S, Kolatan E, Oktay G, Yilmaz O, Camsari T. Pioglitazone reduces peritoneal fibrosis via inhibition of TGF-β, MMP-2, and MMP-9 in a model of encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis. Ren Fail 2011; 34:95-102. [PMID: 22136281 DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2011.623498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) were increased in peritoneal dialysis patients with encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) and in chlorhexidine gluconate (CG)-induced peritoneal sclerosing animal models. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are the major regulators of key metabolic pathways of various inflammatory responses in fibrosing processes in most tissues. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of pioglitazone (Pio), a synthetic PPAR-γ ligand, on the development of peritoneal fibrosis in CG-induced EPS rats. METHODS Thirty-two Wistar albino rats were intraperitoneally injected with saline (C group n = 8) or with CG (1.5 mL/100 g; CG group, n = 8). Pio (30 mg/kg/day) was administered orally to another group of CG injected rats (the CG + Pio group, n = 8) and to another control group (Pio group, n = 8) from initiation to the end of this study. After 14 days of Pio administration, the rats were killed and the parietal and visceral peritoneum were harvested. TGF-β, MMP-2, MMP-9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1, and TIMP-2 activity assays and a morphological examination of the peritoneal tissues were performed. RESULTS Pio significantly inhibited thickening of the submesothelial layer, fibrosis, and inflammation in the peritoneum. It also prevented increases in pro-MMP-2, pro-MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TGF-β activities. CONCLUSION Pio, via MMP and TGF-β inhibition, may lessen accumulation of peritoneal extracellular matrix and fibrosis to some extent in an EPS model and might be a new approach to the amelioration of EPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Funda Saglam
- Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Balcova, Turkey.
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Cornelis T, Oreopoulos DG. Update on potential medical treatments for encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis; human and experimental data. Int Urol Nephrol 2011; 43:147-56. [PMID: 20449655 PMCID: PMC3061214 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-010-9744-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) is an infrequent but serious complication of peritoneal dialysis (PD). The pathogenesis is unknown but speculation is ongoing. The current management of EPS focuses on prevention and treatment of the inflammatory and fibrotic changes at the level of the peritoneal membrane with immunosuppressive and antifibrotic agents, respectively. This article reviews the currently available human and animal data on potential agents to prevent and/or treat EPS. We propose a strategy for early diagnose EPS in an attempt to avoid the development of the full-blown and potentially life-threatening clinical syndrome of EPS. Future research should focus on studying potential prophylactic and therapeutic agents in humans in large, multicenter, randomized trials but also on early detection of EPS in the inflammatory phase by means of biomarkers and the establishment of a composite EPS score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Cornelis
- Division of Nephrology, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Haufe D, Dahmen KG, Tiebel O, Hübler M, Koch T. Effect of perfluorohexane on the expression of cellular adhesion molecules and surfactant protein A in human mesothelial cells in vitro. ARTIFICIAL CELLS, BLOOD SUBSTITUTES, AND IMMOBILIZATION BIOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 39:239-46. [PMID: 21261566 DOI: 10.3109/10731199.2010.550264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The intraperitoneal instillation of perfluorocarbons augmented systemic oxygenation and was protective in mesenteric ischemia-reperfusion and experimental lung injury. To study biocompatibility and potential anti-inflammatory effects of intraperitoneal perfluorocarbons, we evaluated the influence of perfluorohexane and/or inflammatory stimuli on human mesothelial cells in vitro. Perfluorohexane exposure neither impaired cell viability nor induced cellular activation. TNFα enhanced ICAM-1 expression, which was not attenuated by simultaneous perfluorohexane treatment. Concentration of intracellular surfactant protein A tended to be higher in perfluorohexane treated cells compared to controls. Our in vitro data add further evidence that intraperitoneal perfluorocarbon application is feasible without adverse local effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Haufe
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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Song SH, Kwak IS, Yang BY, Lee DW, Lee SB, Lee MY. Role of rosiglitazone in lipopolysaccharide-induced peritonitis: a rat peritoneal dialysis model. Nephrology (Carlton) 2009; 14:155-63. [PMID: 19207869 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1797.2008.01037.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to demonstrate the efficacy of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma agonist, rosiglitazone, in the amelioration or prevention of inflammation including peritoneal fibrosis secondary to the peritonitis in a peritoneal dialysis (PD) model of non-uraemic rats. METHODS Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to six groups according to treatment. A 90 min peritoneal equilibrium test, dialysate cellular components, peritoneal thickness and cellularity were assessed on day 21. Additionally, immunohistochemical stains of peritoneal membrane, such as PPAR-gamma, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, collagen-1 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 were performed. RESULTS The dialysate neutrophil count and peritoneal thickness in the high-dose rosiglitazone group was significantly decreased compared to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-only group. The peritoneal membrane from the LPS-only group showed marked cellular proliferation in the area of the submesothelial compact zone compared with the PD-only group, the rosiglitazone-only group, and the high-dose rosiglitazone group. The 90 min peritoneal equilibrium test (PET) results showed no statistical difference among the six groups excluding dialysate-to-plasma urea ratio. The number of PPAR-gamma expressing cells and the expression of TGF-beta1 were decreased in the high-dose rosiglitazone group compared to the LPS-only group. There were no differences in the expression of VEGF and collagen-1 among the six groups. Interestingly, the number of PPAR-gamma-positive cells was correlated with expression of VEGF, TGF-beta1, collagen-1 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 irrespective of the study group. CONCLUSION The results of this study showed that rosiglitazone ameliorated peritoneal inflammation induced by LPS and reduced the TGF-beta1 expression in the peritoneal membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Heon Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Ami-dong, Seo-gu, Busan, Korea.
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15
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Szeto CC, Chow KM. Thiazolidinediones in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients. ARCH ESP UROL 2009. [DOI: 10.1177/089686080902900303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheuk-Chun Szeto
- Departments of Medicine&Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kai-Ming Chow
- Departments of Medicine&Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
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Angiotensin II upregulates Toll-like receptor 4 and enhances lipopolysaccharide-induced CD40 expression in rat peritoneal mesothelial cells. Inflamm Res 2009; 58:473-82. [PMID: 19271152 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-009-0012-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2008] [Revised: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Activation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in peritoneal mesothelial cells by endotoxin contributes to peritoneal inflammation and fibrosis. Here we investigated TLR4 expression induced by angiotensin II (Ang II) and functional consequences of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation and CD40 expression in rat peritoneal mesothelial cells (RPMCs). METHODS TLR4, CD40, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and TLR4, IkappaBalpha, phospho-IkappaBalpha, NF-kappaB p65, and phospho-NF-kappaB p65 were analyzed by Western blot. The intracellular distribution of NF-kappaB p65 was detected by immunofluorescence. RESULTS Treatment of RPMCs with Ang II resulted in an increase in the expression of TLR4 mRNA and protein levels. Preincubation of RPMCs with Ang II significantly increased lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced phospho-IkappaBalpha and phospho-NF-kappaB p65 protein (P < 0.05 vs. LPS alone) and CD40, TNF-alpha, and IL-6 mRNA levels (P < 0.05 vs. LPS alone). A significantly increased nuclear staining of NF-kappaB p65 in cells treated with Ang II plus LPS was also observed. CONCLUSIONS Ang II upregulates the expression of TLR4 by RPMCs, resulting in enhanced NF-kappaB signaling and induction of CD40, TNF-alpha, and IL-6 expression. Locally produced Ang II in the peritoneum may have an amplified role in LPS-induced peritoneal inflammation.
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Sun H, Huang Y, Yu X, Li Y, Yang J, Li R, Deng Y, Zhao G. Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma agonist, rosiglitazone, suppresses CD40 expression and attenuates inflammatory responses after lithium pilocarpine‐induced status epilepticus in rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2008; 26:505-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2008.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Revised: 01/30/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Sun
- Research Center of EpilepsyDepartment of NeurologyXijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medicine University of Chinese PLAXi'an710032Shaanxi ProvinceChina
| | - Yuangui Huang
- Research Center of EpilepsyDepartment of NeurologyXijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medicine University of Chinese PLAXi'an710032Shaanxi ProvinceChina
| | - Xin Yu
- Research Center of EpilepsyDepartment of NeurologyXijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medicine University of Chinese PLAXi'an710032Shaanxi ProvinceChina
- Department of NeurologyPeople's Liberation Army 401 HospitalQingdaoShandong266071China
| | - Yongnan Li
- Research Center of EpilepsyDepartment of NeurologyXijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medicine University of Chinese PLAXi'an710032Shaanxi ProvinceChina
| | - Jun Yang
- Research Center of EpilepsyDepartment of NeurologyXijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medicine University of Chinese PLAXi'an710032Shaanxi ProvinceChina
| | - Rui Li
- Department of NeurologyShaanxi Provincial People's HospitalChina
| | - Yanchun Deng
- Research Center of EpilepsyDepartment of NeurologyXijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medicine University of Chinese PLAXi'an710032Shaanxi ProvinceChina
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of NeurologyXijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medicine University of Chinese PLAXi'an710032Shaanxi ProvinceChina
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