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Janjic Rankovic M, Kapor S, Khazaei Y, Crispin A, Schüler I, Krause F, Ekstrand K, Michou S, Eggmann F, Lussi A, Huysmans MC, Neuhaus K, Kühnisch J. Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies of proximal surface caries. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 25:6069-6079. [PMID: 34480645 PMCID: PMC8531083 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-04113-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the diagnostic accuracy and reliability of commonly used caries detection methods for proximal caries diagnostics. Visual examination (VE), bitewing radiography (BWR), laser fluorescence (LF), and fibre-optic transillumination (FOTI) were considered in detail. MATERIAL AND METHODS PRISMA guidelines for the reporting of systematic reviews and meta-analyses were applied. The mnemonic PIRDS (problem, index test, reference test, diagnostic and study type) concept was used to guide the literature search. Next, studies that met the inclusion criteria were stepwise selected and evaluated for their quality with a risk of bias (RoB) assessment tool. Studies with low/moderate bias and sufficient reporting were considered for meta-analysis. The pooled sensitivity (SE), specificity (SP), diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and area under the ROC curve (AUC) were calculated. RESULTS From 129 studies meeting the selection criteria, 31 in vitro studies and five clinical studies were finally included in the meta-analysis. The AUC values for in vitro VE amounted to 0.84 (caries detection) and 0.85 (dentin caries detection). BWR ranged in vitro from 0.55 to 0.82 (caries detection) and 0.81-0.92 (dentin caries detection). LF showed higher AUC values for overall caries detection (0.91) and dentin caries detection (0.83) than did other methods. Clinical data are limited. CONCLUSION The number of diagnostic studies with low/moderate RoB was found to be low and indicates a need for high-quality, well-designed caries diagnostic studies. CLINICAL RELEVANCE BWR and LF showed good diagnostic performance on proximal surfaces. However, because of the low number of includable clinical studies, these data should be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mila Janjic Rankovic
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Svetlana Kapor
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yegane Khazaei
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Crispin
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ina Schüler
- Department of Orthodontics, Section of Preventive and Paediatric Dentistry, University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Felix Krause
- Clinic for Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kim Ekstrand
- Department of Odontology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stavroula Michou
- Department of Odontology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Florin Eggmann
- Clinic of Periodontology, Endodontology and Cariology, University Centre for Dental Medicine Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Lussi
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University Medical Centre, Freiburg, Germany
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Klaus Neuhaus
- Clinic of Periodontology, Endodontology and Cariology, University Centre for Dental Medicine Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital - Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jan Kühnisch
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Poliklinik für Zahnerhaltung und Parodontologie, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, Goethestraße 70, 80336, Munich, Germany.
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Wenzel A. Radiographic modalities for diagnosis of caries in a historical perspective: from film to machine-intelligence supported systems. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2021; 50:20210010. [PMID: 33661697 PMCID: PMC8231685 DOI: 10.1259/dmfr.20210010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiographic imaging for the diagnosis of caries lesions has been a supplement to clinical examination for approximately a century. Various methods, and particularly X-ray receptors, have been developed over the years, and computer systems have focused on aiding the dentist in the detection of lesions and in estimating lesion depth. The present historical review has sampled accuracy ex vivo studies and clinical studies on radiographic caries diagnosis that have compared two or more receptors for capturing the image. The epochs of film radiography, xeroradiography, digital intraoral radiography, panoramic radiography and other extraoral methods, TACT analysis, cone-beam CT and artificial intelligence systems aiding in decision-making are reviewed. The author of this review (43 years in academia) has been involved in caries research and contributed to the literature in all the mentioned epochs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Wenzel
- Oral Radiology, Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Rocha BDC, Rosa BSPA, Cerqueira TS, de-Azevedo-Vaz SL, Barbosa GLDR, Ferreira LM, Verner FS, Visconti MA. Evaluation of different teaching methods in the radiographic diagnosis of proximal carious lesions. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2020; 50:20200295. [PMID: 33141626 DOI: 10.1259/dmfr.20200295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate four different teaching methodologies in the radiographic diagnosis of proximal carious lesions and in the students' perception of these methodologies. METHODS 71 undergraduate dental students were subdivided into 4 groups according to the teaching methodologies used (traditional, hybrid, e-learning and problem-based learning). All methods were applied by two properly trained researchers. Initially, students completed a pre-methodology test (index test). After applying the teaching methodologies, the students were submitted to a post-methodology test containing periapical radiographs for evaluation of proximal carious lesions. Then, the students answered a questionnaire to verify their perception of the different teaching methodologies. Statistical analysis was done. RESULTS There were no relationship between the results of pre- and post-methodologies tests, irrespective of the teaching methodology employed (p > 0.05). No differences between the teaching methodologies studied (p > 0.05) were found regarding the amount of correct answers. However, the students who participated in the active (e-learning and problem-based learning) and hybrid teaching methodology reported a positive impact in relation to their diagnostic skills at the questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS All the tested methodologies had a similar performance; however, the traditional methodology showed less acceptance by the students when analyzed subjectively and comparatively. The results of the present study increase comprehension about teaching methodologies for radiographic diagnosis of proximal carious lesions, and there is a potential to build on the knowledge base and provide practical support for students and educators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz de Carvalho Rocha
- Department of Pathology and Oral Diagnosis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Thaís Santos Cerqueira
- Department of Pathology and Oral Diagnosis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Maria Augusta Visconti
- Department of Pathology and Oral Diagnosis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Geibel MA, Carstens S, Braisch U, Rahman A, Herz M, Jablonski-Momeni A. Radiographic diagnosis of proximal caries-influence of experience and gender of the dental staff. Clin Oral Investig 2017; 21:2761-2770. [PMID: 28233170 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-017-2078-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to examine the influence of experience and gender on the radiographic detection of proximal caries lesions and on therapeutic decisions. MATERIALS AND METHODS A survey of 220 examiners (students and employees at three universities and dentists in the field) was taken using a standardized written questionnaire concerning radiographic diagnosis and therapy planning. An expert opinion of four dentists was determined as radiographic reference. A mixed effect logistic regression model was used for statistical evaluation and the odds ratio and p values were calculated (α = 0.05). RESULTS Examiners with experience had an almost four times greater chance of a correct assessment, if proximal caries lesion was present or not, than examiners with low experience (OR 3.7 (95% CI 2.4-5.8)). No gender-specific differences were discovered (OR women vs. men 0.9 (95% CI 0.6-1.4)). There was a relationship between the severity of the burnout effect on the x-ray and false positive caries diagnosis. Overall, 43% of respondents would plan invasive treatment in the enamel on a patient at low risk of caries and 78% on a high-risk patient. The results showed that the more experienced practitioners would be more likely to postpone restorative therapy on proximal caries until the lesion reached a later stage. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that examiner's experience influences the radiographic diagnosis of proximal lesions. No gender-specific differences could be found. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Examiner's professional experience is an important factor when radiography is included for detection and treatment planning of proximal lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margrit-Ann Geibel
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Surgery, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
| | - S Carstens
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Surgery, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - U Braisch
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, University of Ulm, Schwabstraße 13, 89075, Ulm, Germany
| | - A Rahman
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - M Herz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Tuebingen University Hospital, Osianderstraße 2-8, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - A Jablonski-Momeni
- Department of Pediatric and Community Dentistry, Philipps University, Georg-Voigt-Straße 3, 35033, Marburg, Germany
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Winand C, Shetty A, Senior A, Ganatra S, De Luca Canto G, Alsufyani N, Flores-Mir C, Pachêco-Pereira C. Digital Imaging Capability for Caries Detection. JDR Clin Trans Res 2016; 1:112-121. [DOI: 10.1177/2380084416645291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify the diagnostic capability of photostimulable phosphor plates (PSPs) and direct digital sensors (DDSs) in the detection of interproximal caries. Studies were identified that evaluated the diagnostic capability of PSPs and DDSs in detecting interproximal caries in human teeth, in both dentin and enamel. Histologic sections were the gold standard. This systematic review searched several electronic databases. In addition, Google Scholar and reference lists of the finally included studies were screened. QUADAS-2 was applied to evaluate the risk of bias among included studies. Six studies were finally included; 4 of which were considered homogeneous enough to conduct a meta-analysis. The meta-analysis evaluated 668 interproximal human tooth surfaces. All studies used extracted human teeth ranging from no caries present to caries into dentin. Each tooth was radiographed by both PSP and DDS technologies and then submitted for histologic analysis as the gold standard. Meta-analysis showed that intraoral digital imaging is of high specificity but low sensitivity in the detection of interproximal caries. The sensitivity and specificity for different studies with PSPs varied substantially from 15% to 54% and from 84% to 100%, respectively. Direct sensor analysis sensitivity and specificity ranged from 16% to 56% and from 90% to 100%, respectively. Newer PSP and DDS technologies had statistically significant higher sensitivities, yet the differences in diagnostic capabilities between the older and newer technologies were clinically insignificant. Both digital systems were excellent in identifying surfaces without caries (specificity) but were not sensitive enough to reliably identify interproximal surfaces with caries. Clinicians must therefore remain vigilant in performing a careful clinical examination and other diagnostic tests rather than relying solely on radiographic imaging to diagnose interproximal caries. Knowledge Transfer Statement: This study will help clinicians make an evidence-based decision when deciding which digital radiography system to use when evaluating interproximal caries. Time, patient radiation safety, cost, and image quality are factors to be considered. The performance of the different available digital imaging systems was compared with the current gold standard—a histologic analysis—via meta-analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Winand
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - A. Shetty
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - A. Senior
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - S. Ganatra
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - G. De Luca Canto
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - N. Alsufyani
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - C. Flores-Mir
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - C. Pachêco-Pereira
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Movahhedian N, Adibi S, Tavakoli HS, Baseri H. How does triangular-shaped radiolucency affect caries diagnosis? Oral Radiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11282-016-0243-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Diagnostic accuracy of conventional and digital radiography for detecting misfit between the tooth and restoration in metal-restored teeth. J Prosthet Dent 2015; 113:39-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Dental Caries. Oral Radiol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-09633-1.00018-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Khayam E, Daneshkazemi A, Hozhabri H, Moeini M, Namiranian N, Razavi Ratki SK, Razavi SH. Evaluation of the relative frequency of non-carious triangular-shaped radiolucencies in the first and second permanent molars – Bitewing radiography. Indian J Dent 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijd.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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10
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Belém MDF, Tabchoury CPM, Ferreira-Santos RI, Groppo FC, Haiter-Neto F. Performance of a photostimulable storage phosphor digital system with or without the sharpen filter and cone beam CT for detecting approximal enamel subsurface demineralization. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2013; 42:20120313. [PMID: 23412461 DOI: 10.1259/dmfr.20120313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess the performance of photostimulable storage phosphor (PSP) radiographs with or without using the sharpen filter and cone beam CT (CBCT) for detecting enamel subsurface demineralization. METHODS Enamel subsurface demineralization was induced on one of the approximal surfaces of 120 sound human teeth. Standardized images of all teeth were acquired after the demineralization phase using the Digora(®) Optime (Orion Corp./Soredex, Helsinki, Finland) (PSP) and the i-CAT™ (Imaging Sciences International, Hatfield, PA) (CBCT) systems. Three calibrated observers interpreted the images using a five-point scale (1, demineralization definitely absent; 2, demineralization probably absent; 3, unsure; 4, demineralization probably present; and 5, demineralization definitely present). Diagnoses were validated by cross-sectional microhardness profiling in the test areas of the approximal surfaces. Interobserver agreement was analysed using kappa statistics. Accuracy was estimated by the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (Az), which were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test (α = 5%). RESULTS Interobserver agreement was higher for CBCT (κ = 0.7-0.8), followed by sharpen-filtered (κ = 0.6-0.7) and original (κ = 0.5-0.6) images. CBCT presented the highest accuracy value (Az = 0.897) compared with the original (Az = 0.792) and sharpen-filtered (Az = 0.712) images. However, no statistical differences were observed between the imaging modalities (p = 0.0794). CONCLUSIONS It can be concluded that PSP radiographs with or without using the sharpen filter and the CBCT images may be useful adjuncts for detecting subtle approximal enamel demineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D F Belém
- Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP 13416-020, Brazil.
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Dias da Silva PR, Martins Marques M, Steagall W, Medeiros Mendes F, Lascala CA. Accuracy of direct digital radiography for detecting occlusal caries in primary teeth compared with conventional radiography and visual inspection: an in vitro study. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2011; 39:362-7. [PMID: 20729186 DOI: 10.1259/dmfr/22865872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES the diagnosis of caries lesions is still a matter of concern in dentistry. The diagnosis of dental caries by digital radiography has a number of advantages over conventional radiography; however, this method has not been explored fully in the field of paediatric dentistry. This in vitro research evaluated the accuracy of direct digital radiography compared with visual inspection and conventional radiography in the diagnosis of occlusal caries lesions in primary molars. METHODS 50 molars were selected and evaluated under standardized conditions by 2 previously calibrated examiners according to 3 diagnostic methods (visual inspection, conventional radiography and direct digital radiography). Direct digital radiographs were obtained with the Dixi3 system (Planmeca, Helsinki, Finland) and the conventional radiographs with InSight film (Kodak Eastman Co., Rochester, NY). The images were scored and a reference standard was obtained histologically. The interexaminer reliability was calculated using Cohen's kappa test and the specificity, sensitivity and accuracy of the methods were calculated. RESULTS examiner reliability was good. For lesions limited to the enamel, visual inspection showed significantly higher sensitivity and accuracy than both radiographic methods, but no significant difference was found in specificity. For teeth with dentinal caries, no significant differences were found for any parameter when comparing visual and radiographic evaluation. CONCLUSIONS although less accurate than the visual method for detecting caries lesions confined to the enamel, the direct digital radiographic method is as effective as conventional radiographic examination and visual inspection of primary teeth with occlusal caries when the dentine is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Dias da Silva
- Department of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Diagnostic performance of the visual caries classification system ICDAS II versus radiography and micro-computed tomography for proximal caries detection: an in vitro study. J Dent 2010; 38:859-67. [PMID: 20654681 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2010.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was: (a) to compare the visual caries classification system ICDAS II with conventional (CR) and digital radiography (DR) for diagnosis of non-cavitated caries on free proximal surfaces, (b) to examine the potential of micro-computed tomography (MCT) to substitute histological examination for the in vitro caries assessment. METHODS Both proximal surfaces of 20 teeth received classification separately by two examiners by means of the diagnostic modalities examined. The teeth were sectioned and assessed for depth of the lesion. The modalities were compared in terms of degree of inter-examiner agreement, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive and negative predictive value and validity. Two diagnostic thresholds were applied: no caries versus all caries scores (D1), and no dentin caries versus dentin caries (D3). RESULTS The weighted kappa values for inter-examiner reproducibility for all diagnostic modalities were 0.51-0.81. Visual examination (ICDAS II) reached significant higher sensitivity (0.92-0.96) and negative predictive value (0.9-1) than radiography. Likewise, the radiographic modalities presented significantly higher specificity (0.93-1) and positive predictive values (0.92-1) than the ICDAS II criteria. The overall accuracy performance of radiographic modalities was related to the diagnostic threshold. MCT did not agree with histological validation at each disease severity scale. CONCLUSIONS The ICDAS II criteria are a promising tool for caries diagnosis on free proximal surfaces. DR and CR radiography present comparable performance. Furthermore, MCT is not capable of constituting a reliable alternative to histological examination for caries research.
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Araki K, Matsuda Y, Seki K, Okano T. Effect of computer assistance on observer performance of approximal caries diagnosis using intraoral digital radiography. Clin Oral Investig 2009; 14:319-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-009-0307-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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