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Cilmiaty R, Nurhapsari A, Prayitno A, Rahma AA, Ilyas MF. Asiatic acid reduces lipopolysaccharides-induced pulp inflammation through activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 in rats. PeerJ 2024; 12:e18004. [PMID: 39253601 PMCID: PMC11382647 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Dental pulp inflammation, often initiated by Gram-negative microorganisms and lipopolysaccharides (LPS), can lead to pulpitis and, subsequently, dental pulp necrosis, compromising tooth structure and increasing susceptibility to fracture. Asiatic acid, derived from Centella asiatica, has demonstrated pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, making it a potential candidate for mitigating LPS-induced pulp inflammation. This in vivo study aims to investigate the impact of Asiatic acid on the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway in Rattus norvegicus with LPS-induced pulp inflammation. Methods This quasi-laboratory experimental in vivo study employed a post-test-only control group design to investigate the effects of Asiatic acid on LPS-induced pulp inflammation in Wistar rats. Thirty rats were randomly divided into six groups subjected to various interventions. LPS was administered to all groups for 6 h except the standard control group (CG, n = 5). The negative control group (NCG, n = 5) received only glass ionomer cement. The positive control group (PCG, n = 5) received Eugenol with glass ionomer cement. Intervention groups 1, 2, and 3 (IG1, IG2, IG3; n = 5 each) received Asiatic acid at concentrations of 0.5%, 1%, and 2%, respectively, with glass ionomer cement. Dental pulp inflammation was confirmed through immunological (tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels), histopathological (inflammatory parameters), and physiological (pain assessment using the rat grimace scale) analyses. Additionally, Nrf2 levels were examined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Asiatic acid administration significantly influenced Nrf2 levels in rats with LPS-induced pulp inflammation. Nrf2 levels were significantly higher in groups treated with 0.5% (IG1) (8.810 ± 1.092 ng/mL; p = 0.047), 1.0% (IG2) (9.132 ± 1.285 ng/mL; p = 0.020), and 2.0% (IG3) (11.972 ± 1.888 ng/mL; p = 0.000) Asiatic acid compared to NCG (7.146 ± 0.706). Notably, Nrf2 levels were also significantly higher in the 2.0% Asiatic acid group (IG3) compared to the PCG treated with Eugenol (8.846 ± 0.888 ng/mL; p = 0.001), as well as IG1 (p = 0.001) and IG2 (p = 0.002). However, no significant difference was observed between administering 0.5% Asiatic acid (IG1), 1.0% Asiatic acid (IG2), and Eugenol (PCG). Conclusion This research showed that Asiatic acid significantly impacted the Nrf2 levels in rats with LPS-induced pulp inflammation. This suggests that it has the potential to be used as a therapeutic agent for reducing dental pulp inflammation. These findings support the need to further explore Asiatic acid as a promising intervention for maintaining dental pulp health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risya Cilmiaty
- Doctoral Program of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia
- Department of Oral Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia
| | - Arlina Nurhapsari
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Islamic University of Sultan Agung, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia
| | - Adi Prayitno
- Department of Oral Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia
| | - Annisa Aghnia Rahma
- Medical Profession Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia
| | - Muhana Fawwazy Ilyas
- Medical Profession Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia
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Sun Y, Ma Y, Sun F, Feng W, Ye H, Tian T, Lei M. Astragaloside IV attenuates lipopolysaccharide induced liver injury by modulating Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress and NLRP3-mediated inflammation. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15436. [PMID: 37113780 PMCID: PMC10126932 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims and objectives Sepsis-associated liver injury is a common public health problem in intensive care units. Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) is an active component extracted from the Chinese herb Astragalus membranaceus, and has been shown to have anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and anti-apoptosis properties. The research aimed to investigate the protective effect of AS-IV in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury. Methods Male C57BL/6 wild-type mice (6-8 week-old) were intraperitoneally injected with 10 mg/kg LPS for 24 h and AS-IV (80 mg/kg) 2 h before the LPS injection. Biochemical and histopathological analyses were carried out to assess liver injury. The RT-qPCR analyzed the mRNA expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6. The mRNA and protein expression of SIRT1, nuclear Nrf2, Nrf2, and HO-1 were measured by Western blotting. Results Serum alanine/aspartate aminotransferases (ALT/AST) analysis, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) were showed that AS-IV protected against LPS-induced hepatotoxicity. The protection afforded by AS-IV was confirmed by pathological examination of the liver. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin- 1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin 6 (IL-6), were observed to be reversed by AS-IV after exposure to LPS. Western blot analysis demonstrated that AS-IV enhanced the expression levels of Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1). Conclusions AS-IV protects against LPS-induced Liver Injury and Inflammation by modulating Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress and NLRP3-mediated inflammation.
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Gasthuys E, Schauvliege S, van Bergen T, Millecam J, Cerasoli I, Martens A, Gasthuys F, Vandecasteele T, Cornillie P, Van den Broeck W, Boyen F, Croubels S, Devreese M. Repetitive urine and blood sampling in neonatal and weaned piglets for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modelling in drug discovery: a pilot study. Lab Anim 2017; 51:498-508. [PMID: 28178895 DOI: 10.1177/0023677217692372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Piglets are considered to be suitable animal models for predicting the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) of test drugs for potential use in the paediatric population. Such PK/PD studies require multiple blood and urine samplings. The goal of the present study was to determine a suitable blood collection strategy applicable in the youngest age categories of six days, four weeks and eight weeks of age, as well as a urine collection technique for male piglets in the same age categories. Blood was collected either by a surgically-placed jugular vein catheter (six days old [ n = 4] and four weeks old [ n = 2] piglets) or by direct venepuncture of the jugular vein (four weeks old [ n = 2] and eight weeks old [ n = 4] piglets). A non-invasive method for total volume urine collection in male piglets was also developed using a urine pouch. No specific complications were encountered during anaesthesia or surgery for jugular catheter placement. After a 24 h recovery period, urine and blood were easily collected without technical complications. One piglet was humanely killed at week 2 because of septicaemia. Histological analysis of both veins in all four piglets revealed negligible damage to the blood vessel wall. In conclusion, the presented techniques for blood (jugular catheter and direct venepuncture) and urine collection (pouches) are suitable for PK/PD studies in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Gasthuys
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Stijn Schauvliege
- 2 Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Thomas van Bergen
- 2 Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Joske Millecam
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ilaria Cerasoli
- 2 Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ann Martens
- 2 Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Frank Gasthuys
- 2 Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Tim Vandecasteele
- 3 Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Pieter Cornillie
- 3 Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Wim Van den Broeck
- 3 Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Filip Boyen
- 4 Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Siska Croubels
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Mathias Devreese
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Periasamy S, Chu PY, Li YH, Hsu DZ, Liu MY. Sesamol ameliorates hypotension by modulating cytokines and PPAR-gamma in systemic inflammatory response. EXCLI JOURNAL 2016; 14:948-57. [PMID: 26839527 PMCID: PMC4732502 DOI: 10.17179/excli2015-367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is one of the major causes of death reported in intensive care units. Acute kidney injury (AKI) and hypotension are important in the pathogenesis and mortality of systemic inflammatory response (SIR). Sesamol delays mortality in sepsis; however, its effects on AKI and hypotension and the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-ɣ (PPAR-γ) activation have not been established. We investigated the effect of sesamol on SIR in cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced acute kidney injury and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hypotension in rats. Sesamol was subcutaneously injected 1 h after SIR. Renal function (BUN and CRE) and proinflammatory mediators interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 were increased after CLP. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-1β, IL-10, and nitrite production were significantly increased 6 h after LPS-induced hypotension (mean arterial pressure was significantly decreased). Sesamol significantly inhibited BUN, CRE, IL-1β, IL-6, and nitrite after CLP-induced acute renal injury. In addition, sesamol increased mean arterial pressure and IL-10, inhibited TNF-α and IL-1β, but did not affect nitrite production in LPS-induced hypotension. Sesamol increased PPAR-γ in the leucocytes and peritoneal macrophages in LPS-induced SIR. We conclude that sesamol regulates leucocyte and macrophage PPAR-γ-associated systemic cytokines expression, thereby ameliorates acute kidney injury and hypotension in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasan Periasamy
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yi Chu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hui Li
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Dur-Zong Hsu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yie Liu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Wyns H, Meyer E, Plessers E, Watteyn A, van Bergen T, Schauvliege S, De Baere S, Devreese M, De Backer P, Croubels S. Modulation by gamithromycin and ketoprofen of in vitro and in vivo porcine lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 168:211-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Wang SG, Xu Y, Xie H, Wang W, Chen XH. Astragaloside IV prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced injury in H9C2 cardiomyocytes. Chin J Nat Med 2015; 13:127-32. [PMID: 25769895 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(15)60016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of astragaloside IV (AS IV) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced injury in H9C2 cardiomyocytes. H9C2 Cardiomyocytes were cultured with LPS (10 μg·mL(-1)) for 4 h and treated with AS IV at 50, 100, and 150 μmol·L(-1) for various durations. Cell viability was determined by MTT. The content of released TNF-α and IL-6 from cardiomyocytes were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The levels of superoxidase dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatine phosphate kinase (CK) were measured by using commercial available kits. The mRNA and protein expression levels of NF-κB p65 were measured by RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. And the NF-κB p65 activity was measured by ELISA. Our results demonstrated that AS IV at 50, 100, and 150 μmol·L(-1) markedly inhibited the release of TNF-α and IL-6 and decreased NF-κB expression, compared with the model group. Moreover, the improved SOD activity and decreased MDA, LDH and CK levels were detected after AS IV treatment. In summary, AS IV could increase the activities of antioxidant enzymes, inhibite lipid peroxidation, and down-regulate the inflammatory mediators involved in the inflammatory responses. These results demonstrated that AS IV could prevent LPS-induced injury in cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Guang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, China; First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yan Xu
- College of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hao Xie
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Life Science, Hefei Normal University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Xiao-Hu Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China.
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Wyns H, Plessers E, De Backer P, Meyer E, Croubels S. In vivo porcine lipopolysaccharide inflammation models to study immunomodulation of drugs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 166:58-69. [PMID: 26099806 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a structural part of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, is one of the most effective stimulators of the immune system and has been widely applied in pigs as an experimental model for bacterial infection. For this purpose, a variety of Escherichia coli serotypes, LPS doses, routes and duration of administration have been used. LPS administration induces the acute phase response (APR) and is associated with dramatic hemodynamic, clinical and behavioral changes in pigs. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6 are involved in the induction of the eicosanoid pathway and the hepatic production of acute phase proteins, including C-reactive protein (CRP), haptoglobin (Hp) and pig major acute phase protein (pig-MAP). Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and thromboxane A2 (TXA2) play a major role in the development of fever and pulmonary hypertension in LPS-challenged pigs, respectively. The LPS-induced APR can be modulated by drugs. Steroidal and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ((N)SAIDs) possess anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic properties through (non)-selective central and peripheral cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition. Antimicrobial drugs, especially macrolide antibiotics, which are commonly used in veterinary medicine for the treatment of bacterial respiratory diseases, have been recurrently reported to exert clinically important immunomodulatory effects in human and murine research. To investigate the influence of these drugs on the clinical response, production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, acute phase proteins (APP) and the course of the febrile response in pigs, in vivo LPS inflammation models can be applied. Yet, to date, in vivo research on the immunomodulatory properties of antimicrobial drugs in these models in pigs is largely lacking. This review provides acritical overview of the use of in vivo porcine E. coli LPS inflammation models for the study of the APR, as well as the potential immunomodulatory properties of anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial drugs in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wyns
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - E Plessers
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - P De Backer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - E Meyer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Protective Effect of Naringenin Against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Injury in Normal Human Bronchial Epithelium via Suppression of MAPK Signaling. Inflammation 2014; 38:195-204. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-0022-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Araujo M, Doi SQ, Palant CE, Nylen ES, Becker KL. Procalcitonin induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in mesangial cells: implications for septic renal injury. Inflamm Res 2013; 62:887-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-013-0646-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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LPS induces cardiomyocyte injury through calcium-sensing receptor. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 379:153-9. [PMID: 23564188 PMCID: PMC3666124 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1637-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) belongs to the family C of G-protein coupled receptors. We have previously demonstrated that CaSR could induce apoptosis of cultured neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes in simulated ischemia/reperfusion. It remains unknown whether the CaSR has function in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced myocardial injure. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the CaSR plays a role in LPS-induced myocardial injury. Cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were treated with LPS, with or without pretreatment with the CaSR-specific agonist gadolinium chloride (GdCl3) or the CaSR-specific antagonist NPS2390. Release of TNF-α and IL-6 from cardiomyocytes was observed. Levels of malonaldehyde (MDA), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured. In addition, apoptosis of the cardiomyocytes, [Ca(2+)]i and level of CaSR expression were determined. The results showed that LPS increased cardiomyocytes apoptosis, [Ca(2+)]i, MDA, LDH, TNF-α, IL-6 release, and CaSR protein expression. Compared with LPS treatment alone, pretreatment with GdCl3 further increased apoptosis of cardiomyocytes, MDA, LDH, TNF-α, IL-6 release, [Ca(2+)]i, and the expression of the CaSR protein. Conversely, pretreatment with NPS2390 decreased apoptosis of cardiomyocytes, MDA, LDH, TNF-α, IL-6 release, [Ca(2+)]i and the expression of the CaSR protein. These results demonstrate that LPS could induce cardiomyocyte injury. Moreover, LPS-induced cardiomyocyte injury was related to CaSR-mediated cardiomyocytes apoptosis, TNF-α, IL-6 release, and increase of intracellular calcium.
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Smith FG, Fewell JE, Qi W. Indomethacin abolishes core temperature, but not cardiovascular or renal, responses to lipopolysaccharide in conscious lambs. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2012; 38:494-500. [PMID: 21585420 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2011.05536.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
1. Core temperature (Tc), cardiovascular and renal responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), as well as the role of endogenously produced prostaglandins (PG) in influencing these responses, were investigated in the present study in conscious, chronically instrumented lambs. 2. Core temperature, mean arterial pressure, heart rate (HR), renal blood flow (RBF) and several parameters of renal function were measured for 30 min before and for 5 h after intravenous injection of 0.03 μg/kg of the LPS Salmonella abortus equi (n = 9) or saline vehicle (n = 9). 3. After injection of LPS, Tc increased with a latency of 40 min, duration of 130 min and magnitude of 1.5°C. Mean arterial pressure increased within 110 min of LPS injection and then decreased below baseline within 5 h, concomitant with an increase in HR. There was a sustained increase in RBF after LPS injection and a significant increase in urinary flow rate, as well as Na(+) and Cl(-) excretion. 4. To determine the role of PGs in the responses to LPS observed, additional experiments were performed in another group of conscious lambs that had been pretreated with the non-selective cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor indomethacin (10 mg/kg; n = 6). 5. Although indomethacin abolished the Tc response to LPS, it had no significant effect on the cardiovascular and renal responses to LPS. There were no effects of saline vehicle on any of the variables measured. 6. These data provide evidence that, in conscious young lambs, cardiovascular and renal responses to LPS do not appear to be mediated by endogenously produced PGs and that they are independent of pyrogen-induced changes in Tc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine G Smith
- The Alberta Children's Hospital Institute for Child and Maternal Health, Department of Paediatrics, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Bennet L, Cowie RV, Stone PR, Barrett R, Naylor AS, Blood AB, Gunn AJ. The neural and vascular effects of killed Su-Streptococcus pyogenes (OK-432) in preterm fetal sheep. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 299:R664-72. [PMID: 20484698 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00116.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fetal exposure to inflammatory mediators is associated with a greater risk of brain injury and may cause endothelial dysfunction; however, nearly all the evidence is derived from gram-negative bacteria. Intrapleural injections of OK-432, a killed Su-strain of Streptococcus pyogenes, has been used to treat fetal chylothorax. In this study, we evaluated the neural and cardiovascular effects of OK-432 in preterm fetal sheep (104 +/- 1 days, term 147 days). OK-432 (0.1 mg, n = 6) or saline vehicle (n = 7) was infused in the fetal pleura, and fetuses were monitored for 7 days. Blood samples were taken routinely for plasma nitrite measurement. Fetal brains were taken for histological assessment at the end of the experiment. Between 3 and 7 h postinjection, OK-432 administration was associated with transient suppression of fetal body and breathing movements and electtroencephalogram activity (P < 0.05), increased carotid and femoral vascular resistance (P < 0.05), but no change in blood pressure. Brain activity and behavior then returned to normal except in one fetus that developed seizures. OK-432 fetuses showed progressive, sustained vasodilatation (P < 0.05), with lower blood pressure after 4 days (P < 0.05), but normal heart rate. There were no changes in plasma nitrite levels. Histological studies showed bilateral infarction in the dorsal limb of the hippocampus of the fetus that developed seizures, but no injury in other fetuses. We conclude that a single low-dose injection of OK-432 can be associated with risk of focal cerebral injury in the preterm fetus and chronic central and peripheral vasodilatation that does not appear to be mediated by nitric oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bennet
- Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, New Zealand.
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