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GLU298ASP and 4G/5G Polymorphisms and the Risk of Ischemic Stroke in Young Individuals. Can J Neurol Sci 2015; 42:310-6. [PMID: 26036781 DOI: 10.1017/cjn.2015.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polymorphisms in the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and in the plasminogen activator inhibitor -1 (PAI-1) genes have been implicated in stroke pathogenesis but results are still controversial. The aim of this study was to examine the possible contribution of Glu298Asp in the eNOS and 4G/5G in the PAI-1polymorphisms with ischemic stroke in a young Mexican population. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a case-control study, conducted between January 2006 and June 2010, 204 patients ≤45 years of age with ischemic stroke and 204 controls matched by age and gender, were recruited. The Glu298Asp and 4G/5G polymorphisms were determined in all participants by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS There was a significant difference in the Glu298Asp genotype distribution (P=0.001) and allele frequency between the two groups (P=0.001). The 4G/5G genotype distribution (P=0.40) and the allele frequency was similar between groups; (P=0.13). There were independent factors for ischemic stroke: Asp carriage (GluAsp+AspAsp) (P=0.02); smoking (P=0.01); hypertension (P=0.03), and familial history of atherothrombotic disease (P=0.04). CONCLUSIONS The Asp allele from the Gu298Asp gene represents an independent risk factor for ischemic stroke in a young Mexican population. In contrast, the 4G/5G was not associated with an increased risk for this disease in the same group of patients, as previously has been demonstrated in other populations.
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Biomarkers of subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with autoimmune disorders. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:503942. [PMID: 22529523 PMCID: PMC3317012 DOI: 10.1155/2012/503942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is accelerated in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA). We investigated a possible association of oxidized low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDLs), nitric oxide (NO), 3-nitrotyrosine, vitamin A, vitamin E, and β-carotene serum levels with subclinical atherosclerosis in RA and PsA. By the use of ELISA, we observed higher ox-LDL levels in patients with intima-media thickness (IMT) > 1 than in patients with IMT ≤ 1 and a negative correlation between NO levels and IMT values.
By the use of high-performance liquid chromatography, we determined higher levels of vitamin A in patients with PsA and IMT ≤ 1 than in controls and lower levels of β-carotene in patients with RA and PsA than in controls. β-carotene concentrations were negatively correlated to the duration of disease in RA. Our study confirms that ox-LDLs and NO may be markers of accelerated atherosclerosis in RA and PsA whereas vitamins seem to be associated only to the presence of the autoimmune disorders.
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Kassan M, Galan M, Partyka M, Trebak M, Matrougui K. Interleukin-10 released by CD4(+)CD25(+) natural regulatory T cells improves microvascular endothelial function through inhibition of NADPH oxidase activity in hypertensive mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 31:2534-42. [PMID: 21817097 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.233262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We previously demonstrated that a reduced number of CD(4+)CD(25+)-regulatory T cells (Tregs) was associated with microvascular dysfunction in hypertension. However, the underlying mechanism by which Tregs regulate vascular endothelial function remains unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS Control and interleukin (IL)-10(-/-) knockout mice were infused with angiotensin II (400 ng/kg/min) for 2 weeks (hypertensive [HT] and HT-IL-10(-/-)). Endothelium-dependent relaxation (EDR) in response to acetylcholine was significantly reduced in mesenteric resistance artery (MRA) from HT and HT-IL-10(-/-) compared with control and IL-10(-/-) mice. Importantly, the incubation of MRA from HT mice with the conditioned media of cultured Tregs, isolated from control mice, reduced NADPH oxidase activity and improved EDR, whereas no effect was observed in MRA from control mice incubated with the same media. These effects were reversed when MRAs were preincubated with IL-10 antibody or IL-10 receptor antagonist, whereas incubation with transforming growth factor-β receptor antagonist had no effect. The transfer of cultured Tregs, isolated from control mice, into HT-IL-10(-/-) mice reduced systolic blood pressure (SBP) and NADPH oxidase activity and improved EDR in MRA compared with untreated HT-IL-10(-/-) mice. In vivo treatment of HT mice with IL-10 (1000 ng/mouse) significantly reduced SBP and NADPH oxidase activity and improved EDR in MRA compared with untreated HT mice. The transfer of cultured Tregs, isolated from IL-10(-/-) mice, into HT mice did not reduce SBP or NADPH oxidase activity or improve EDR. The incubation of MRA from HT mice with apocynin improved EDR, whereas NADPH oxidase substrate attenuated EDR in MRA from control mice, which was reversed with exogenous IL-10. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that IL-10 released from Tregs attenuates NADPH oxidase activity, which is a critical process in the improvement of microvascular endothelial function in hypertension, suggesting that Tregs/IL-10 could be a therapeutic target for treatment of vasculopathy in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Modar Kassan
- Department of Physiology, Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Natural regulatory T cells control coronary arteriolar endothelial dysfunction in hypertensive mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 178:434-41. [PMID: 21224080 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease in patients with hypertension is increasing worldwide and leads to severe cardiovascular complications. The cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie this pathologic condition are not well understood. Experimental and clinical research indicates that immune cells and inflammation play a central role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Recently, it has been reported that CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) regulate heart fibrosis in hypertension. In this study, we determined the role of Tregs in coronary arteriolar endothelial dysfunction in angiotensin II-dependent hypertensive mice. Mice infused with angiotensin II had significantly increased blood pressure, as determined using telemetry, and apoptotic Treg numbers, as measured using flow cytometry. The mice displayed inflammation, assessed by macrophage activation/infiltration into coronary arterioles and the heart, and increased local tumor necrosis factor-α release, which participates in reduced coronary arteriolar endothelial-dependent relaxation in response to acetylcholine using an arteriograph. Hypertensive mice injected with Tregs isolated from control mice had significantly reduced macrophage activation and infiltration, reduced tumor necrosis factor-α release, and improved coronary arteriolar endothelium-dependent relaxation. Our novel data indicate that Tregs are important in the development of coronary arteriolar endothelial dysfunction in hypertension. These results suggest a new direction in the investigation of vascular disease in hypertension and could lead to a therapeutic strategy that involves immune system modulation using Tregs.
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Bauer L, Dick D, Bierut L, Bucholz K, Edenberg H, Kuperman S, Kramer J, Nurnberger J, O'Connor S, Rice J, Rohrbaugh J, Schuckit M, Tischfield J, Porjesz B, Hesselbrock V. Obesity, smoking, and frontal brain dysfunction. Am J Addict 2010; 19:391-400. [PMID: 20716301 DOI: 10.1111/j.1521-0391.2010.00069.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, smoking, and conduct problems have all been associated with decrements in brain function. However, their additive and interactive effects have rarely been examined. To address the deficiency, we studied P300a and P300b electroencephalographic potentials in 218 women grouped by the presence versus absence of: (1) a BMI > or = 30 kg/m(2); (2) recent smoking; and (3) > or = 2 childhood conduct problems. Analyses revealed smaller P300a and P300b amplitudes over the posterior scalp among recent smokers versus nonsmokers. No corresponding group differences were found in P300 latencies or frontal scalp amplitudes. The most interesting analysis result was an interaction between conduct problems and obesity limited to the frontally generated P300a component: its latency was significantly greater in women with both attributes than in those with either or neither attribute. An exploratory ANOVA, substituting the genotype of a GABRA2 SNP for conduct problems, also demonstrated an interaction with obesity affecting P300a latency. It is hypothesized that conduct problems, and a conduct-problem-associated GABRA2 genotype, decrease the age-of-onset and/or increase the lifetime duration of obesity. As a result, they may potentiate the adverse effects of obesity on frontal white matter and thereby increase P300a latency. Smoking may affect brain function by a different mechanism to reduce posterior scalp P300a and P300b amplitudes while preserving frontal scalp P300a latency and amplitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance Bauer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-2103, USA.
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Qu Y, Shi X, Zhang H, Sun W, Han S, Yu C, Li J. VCAM-1 siRNA reduces neointimal formation after surgical mechanical injury of the rat carotid artery. J Vasc Surg 2009; 50:1452-8. [PMID: 19958991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2009.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2009] [Revised: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Restenosis is one of several complications following carotid endarterectomy (CEA). The pathogenesis of restenosis may be related to postsurgery inflammation and leukocyte recruitment mediated by cellular adhesion molecules. In this study, we examine the role of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in carotid neointimal hyperplasia following carotid surgical mechanical de-endothelialization (CSMDE) in a rat model of CEA. METHODS The inhibition of siRNA on VCAM-1 protein expression was determined by using the methods of immunostaining and Western blot. Ultrasound imaging and morphometric analysis were applied to measure the degree of CSMDE-induced carotid artery neointimal hyperplasia of rats. RESULTS We found that a lentivirus-based construct expressing a small interfering RNA (siRNA) against VCAM-1 could effectively (P < .05, n = 10 per group) reduce VCAM-1 protein expression in the carotid arteries of rats undergoing CSMDE (CSMDE+RNAi: 135.0 +/- 27.6%) when compared that of CSMDE with scrambled siRNA (CSMDE+CON: 182.7 +/- 36.4%). Doppler ultrasonography revealed that CSMDE+RNAi was accompanied by a significant reduction in the extent of stenosis demonstrated by increased blood velocity (665.85 +/- 48.37 mm/s) and linear diameter (0.59 +/- 0.77 mm) compared to CSMDE+CON (46.72 +/- 28.67 mm/s with undetectable linear diameter, P < .05, n = 10 per group). In addition, morphometric analysis of hematoxylin and eosin (HE)-stained sections indicated that the intima (innermost layer of media at lesion site)/media area ratio (I/M) was significantly increased (P < .05, n = 10 per group) both in the CSMDE (3.99 +/- 0.65) and CSMDE+CON (4.33 +/- 0.59) groups compared with the SHAM group (0.35 +/- 0.13). However, CSMDE+RNAi resulted in a significant (P < .05, n = 10 per group) decrease in the I/M ratio (1.79 +/- 0.43) compared to CSMDE+CON, whereas there were no significant differences in the total arterial area and medial areas among the groups. CONCLUSION These results suggest that perivascular events mediated by VCAM-1 are likely to play an important role in the pathogenesis of carotid artery neointimal hyperplasia in rats after CSMDE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanming Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Capital Medical University Affiliated Fu Xing Hospital, Beijing PR China
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Wolinsky FD, Bentler SE, Cook EA, Chrischilles EA, Liu L, Wright KB, Geweke JF, Obrizan M, Pavlik CE, Ohsfeldt RL, Jones MP, Wallace RB, Rosenthal GE. A 12-year prospective study of stroke risk in older Medicare beneficiaries. BMC Geriatr 2009; 9:17. [PMID: 19426528 PMCID: PMC2683849 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2318-9-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 05/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 5.8 M living Americans have experienced a stroke at some time in their lives, 780K had either their first or a recurrent stroke this year, and 150K died from strokes this year. Stroke costs about $66B annually in the US, and also results in serious, long-term disability. Therefore, it is prudent to identify all possible risk factors and their effects so that appropriate intervention points may be targeted. METHODS Baseline (1993-1994) interview data from the nationally representative Survey on Assets and Health Dynamics among the Oldest Old (AHEAD) were linked to 1993-2005 Medicare claims. Participants were 5,511 self-respondents >or= 70 years old. Two ICD9-CM case-identification approaches were used. Two approaches to stroke case-identification based on ICD9-CM codes were used, one emphasized sensitivity and the other emphasized specificity. Participants were censored at death or enrollment into managed Medicare. Baseline risk factors included sociodemographic, socioeconomic, place of residence, health behavior, disease history, and functional and cognitive status measures. A time-dependent marker reflecting post-baseline non-stroke hospitalizations was included to reflect health shocks, and sensitivity analyses were conducted to identify its peak effect. Competing risk, proportional hazards regression was used. RESULTS Post-baseline strokes occurred for 545 (9.9%; high sensitivity approach) and 374 (6.8%; high specificity approach) participants. The greatest static risks involved increased age, being widowed or never married, living in multi-story buildings, reporting a baseline history of diabetes, hypertension, or stroke, and reporting difficulty picking up a dime, refusing to answer the delayed word recall test, or having poor cognition. Risks were similar for both case-identification approaches and for recurrent and first-ever vs. only first-ever strokes. The time-dependent health shock (recent hospitalization) marker did not alter the static model effect estimates, but increased stroke risk by 200% or more. CONCLUSION The effect of our health shock marker (a time-dependent recent hospitalization indicator) was large and did not mediate the effects of the traditional risk factors. This suggests an especially vulnerable post-hospital transition period from adverse effects associated with both their underlying health shock (the reasons for the recent hospital admission) and the consequences of their treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredric D Wolinsky
- Center for Research on the Implementation of Innovative Strategies into Practice, Iowa City Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Health Management and Policy, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Suzanne E Bentler
- Department of Health Management and Policy, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Cook
- Department of Health Management and Policy, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | | | - Li Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Kara B Wright
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - John F Geweke
- Department of Economics, Tippie College of Business, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Maksym Obrizan
- Department of Economics, Tippie College of Business, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Claire E Pavlik
- Department of Geography, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Robert L Ohsfeldt
- Department of Health Management and Policy, School of Rural Public Health, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Michael P Jones
- Center for Research on the Implementation of Innovative Strategies into Practice, Iowa City Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Robert B Wallace
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Gary E Rosenthal
- Center for Research on the Implementation of Innovative Strategies into Practice, Iowa City Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Health Management and Policy, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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