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Gilbert R, Peto T, Lengyel I, Emri E. Zinc Nutrition and Inflammation in the Aging Retina. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1801049. [PMID: 31148351 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201801049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is an essential nutrient for human health. It plays key roles in maintaining protein structure and stability, serves as catalytic factor for many enzymes, and regulates diverse fundamental cellular processes. Zinc is important in affecting signal transduction and, in particular, in the development and integrity of the immune system, where it affects both innate and adaptive immune responses. The eye, especially the retina-choroid complex, has an unusually high concentration of zinc compared to other tissues. The highest amount of zinc is concentrated in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) (RPE-choroid, 292 ± 98.5 µg g-1 dry tissue), followed by the retina (123 ± 62.2 µg g-1 dry tissue). The interplay between zinc and inflammation has been explored in other parts of the body but, so far, has not been extensively researched in the eye. Several lines of evidence suggest that ocular zinc concentration decreases with age, especially in the context of age-related disease. Thus, a hypothesis that retinal function could be modulated by zinc nutrition is proposed, and subsequently trialled clinically. In this review, the distribution and the potential role of zinc in the retina-choroid complex is outlined, especially in relation to inflammation and immunity, and the clinical studies to date are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosie Gilbert
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, City Road, London, EC1V 2PD, UK.,UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, Bath Street, London, EC1V 2EL, UK
| | - Tunde Peto
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Ireland
| | - Imre Lengyel
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, Bath Street, London, EC1V 2EL, UK.,School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Ireland
| | - Eszter Emri
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Ireland
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Cascio C, Deidda I, Russo D, Guarneri P. The estrogenic retina: The potential contribution to healthy aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases of the retina. Steroids 2015; 103:31-41. [PMID: 26265586 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
These last two decades have seen an explosion of clinical and epidemiological research, and basic research devoted to envisage the influence of gender and hormonal fluctuations in the retina/ocular diseases. Particular attention has been paid to age-related disorders because of the overlap of endocrine and neuronal dysfunction with aging. Hormonal withdrawal has been considered among risk factors for diseases such as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular disease (AMD), as well as, for Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, or other neurodegenerative disorders. Sex hormones and aging have been also suggested to drive the incidence of ocular surface diseases such as dry eye and cataract. Hormone therapy has been approached in several clinical trials. The discovery that the retina is another CNS tissue synthesizing neurosteroids, among which neuroactive steroids, has favored these studies. However, the puzzling data emerged from clinical, epidemiological and experimental studies have added several dimensions of complexity; the current landscape is inherently limited to the weak information on the influence and interdependence of endocrine, paracrine and autocrine regulation in the retina, but also in the brain. Focusing on the estrogenic retina, we here review our knowledge on local 17β-oestradiol (E2) synthesis from cholesterol-based neurosteroidogenic path and testosterone aromatization, and presence of estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ). The first cholesterol-limiting step and the final aromatase-limiting step are discussed as possible check-points of retinal functional/dysfunctional E2. Possible E2 neuroprotection is commented as a group of experimental evidence on excitotoxic and oxidative retinal paradigms, and models of retinal neurodegenerative diseases, such as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and AMD. These findings may provide a framework to support clinical studies, although further basic research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Cascio
- CNR Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, Neuroscience Unit, Palermo, Italy
| | - Irene Deidda
- CNR Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, Neuroscience Unit, Palermo, Italy
| | - Domenica Russo
- CNR Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, Neuroscience Unit, Palermo, Italy
| | - Patrizia Guarneri
- CNR Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, Neuroscience Unit, Palermo, Italy.
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Ranibizumab versus bevacizumab for the treatment of idiopathic choroidal neovascularization: 2-Year results. Eur J Ophthalmol 2015; 26:262-7. [PMID: 26480947 DOI: 10.5301/ejo.5000691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the efficacy and safety of bevacizumab vs ranibizumab for the treatment of idiopathic choroidal neovascularization (ICNV). METHODS This retrospective study included 60 eyes of 60 patients with ICNV who underwent intravitreal injection of bevacizumab (1.25 mg/0.05 mL, n = 30 eyes) or ranibizumab (0.5 mg/0.05 mL, n = 30 eyes). Multiple treatments were based on complete ophthalmologic investigation including slit-lamp biomicroscopy, fundus examination, fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA). The BCVA, central retinal thickness (CRT), intraocular pressure (IOP), FFA results, and complications were compared between the 2 groups during the 2-year follow-up. RESULTS Visual acuity was significantly better at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after treatment (p<0.01), with no significant difference in visual acuity between the bevacizumab and ranibizumab groups. In both groups of patients, the CRT after treatment was significantly less than before. At 12 and 24 months, the CRT in the ranibizumab group was significantly less than in the bevacizumab group (p<0.05). The FFA examination showed that CNV was reduced after intravitreal injection of either drug, with no significant difference in IOP between the 2 groups. No ophthalmologic or systemic complications occurred. CONCLUSIONS Bevacizumab and ranibizumab are effective and safe in the treatment of ICNV, with similar effects in improving visual acuity and reducing retinal edema. The long-term efficacy of ranibizumab is superior to bevacizumab in reducing CRT.
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Drapala PW, Jiang B, Chiu YC, Mieler WF, Brey EM, Kang-Mieler JJ, Pérez-Luna VH. The effect of glutathione as chain transfer agent in PNIPAAm-based thermo-responsive hydrogels for controlled release of proteins. Pharm Res 2014; 31:742-53. [PMID: 24022682 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1195-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To control degradation and protein release using thermo-responsive hydrogels for localized delivery of anti-angiogenic proteins. METHODS Thermo-responsive hydrogels derived from N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) and crosslinked with poly(ethylene glycol)-co-(L-lactic acid) diacrylate (Acry-PLLA-b-PEG-b-PLLA-Acry) were synthesized via free radical polymerization in the presence of glutathione, a chain transfer agent (CTA) added to modulate their degradation and release properties. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and the recombinant proteins Avastin® and Lucentis® were encapsulated in these hydrogels and their release was studied. RESULTS The encapsulation efficiency of IgG was high (75-87%) and decreased with CTA concentration. The transition temperature of these hydrogels was below physiological temperature, which is important for minimally invasive therapies involving these materials. The toxicity from unreacted monomers and free radical initiators was eliminated with a minimum of three buffer extractions. Addition of CTA accelerated degradation and resulted in complete protein release. Glutathione caused the degradation products to become solubilized even at 37°C. Hydrogels prepared without glutathione did not disintegrate nor released protein completely after 3 weeks at 37°C. PEGylation of IgG postponed the burst release effect. Avastin® and Lucentis® released from degraded hydrogels retained their biological activity. CONCLUSIONS These systems offer a promising platform for the localized delivery of proteins.
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Epigenetic modifications as potential therapeutic targets in age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:1387-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Lengyel I, Peto T. Cure or cause: opposing roles for zinc in age-related macular degeneration. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/17469899.3.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Drapala PW, Brey EM, Mieler WF, Venerus DC, Kang Derwent JJ, Pérez-Luna VH. Role of Thermo-responsiveness and Poly(ethylene glycol) Diacrylate Cross-link Density on Protein Release from Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Hydrogels. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 22:59-75. [DOI: 10.1163/092050609x12578498952315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pawel W. Drapala
- a Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, 10 W. 33rd Street, Chicago, IL 60616-3793, USA
| | - Eric M. Brey
- b Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3255 South Dearborn Street WH-314, Chicago, IL 60616-3793, USA; Department of Research, Hines V.A. Hospital, 5000 S. Fifth Avenue, Hines, IL 60141, USA
| | - William F. Mieler
- c Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
| | - David C. Venerus
- d Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, 10 W. 33rd Street, Chicago, IL 60616-3793, USA
| | - Jennifer J. Kang Derwent
- e Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3255 South Dearborn Street WH-314, Chicago, IL 60616-3793, USA
| | - Victor H. Pérez-Luna
- f Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, 10 W. 33rd Street, Chicago, IL 60616-3793, USA
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Schweingruber N, Haine A, Tiede K, Karabinskaya A, van den Brandt J, Wüst S, Metselaar JM, Gold R, Tuckermann JP, Reichardt HM, Lühder F. Liposomal Encapsulation of Glucocorticoids Alters Their Mode of Action in the Treatment of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:4310-8. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Balachandran RK, Roychowdhury J, Dorfman KD, Barocas VH. Telescopic time-scale bridging for modeling dispersion in rapidly oscillating flows. AIChE J 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.12721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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PPARgamma Agonists: Potential as Therapeutics for Neovascular Retinopathies. PPAR Res 2011; 2008:164273. [PMID: 18509499 PMCID: PMC2396446 DOI: 10.1155/2008/164273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2007] [Revised: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 04/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The angiogenic, neovascular proliferative retinopathies, proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), and age-dependent macular degeneration (AMD) complicated by choroidal neovascularization (CNV), also termed exudative or “wet” AMD, are common causes of blindness. The antidiabetic thiazolidinediones (TZDs), rosiglitazone, and troglitazone are PPARγ agonists with demonstrable antiproliferative, and anti-inflammatory effects, in vivo, were shown to ameliorate PDR and CNV in rodent models, implying the potential efficacy of TZDs for treating proliferative retinopathies in humans. Activation of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1-R) propagates proinflammatory and proliferative pathogenic determinants underlying PDR and CNV. The antihypertensive dual AT1-R blocker (ARB), telmisartan, recently was shown to activate PPARγ and improve glucose and lipid metabolism and to clinically improve PDR and CNV in rodent models. Therefore, the TZDs and telmisartan, clinically approved antidiabetic and antihypertensive drugs, respectively, may be efficacious for treating and attenuating PDR and CNV humans. Clinical trials are needed to test these possibilities.
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Baid R, Tyagi P, Durazo SA, Kompella UB. Protein Drug Delivery and Formulation Development. DRUG PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT FOR THE BACK OF THE EYE 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9920-7_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Machalińska A, Baumert B, Kuprjanowicz L, Wiszniewska B, Karczewicz D, Machaliński B. Potential application of adult stem cells in retinal repair--challenge for regenerative medicine. Curr Eye Res 2009; 34:748-60. [PMID: 19839868 DOI: 10.1080/02713680903050592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells (SCs) maintain the balance among somatic cell populations in various tissues and are responsible for organ regeneration. The remarkable progress of regenerative medicine in the last few years indicates promise for the use of SCs in ophthalmic disorder treatment. This review describes the current view on hierarchy in the SC compartment and presents the latest attempts to use adult SCs in the regeneration of the retina. Research performed primarily in animal models gives hope for using similar strategies in humans. However, the search for the optimal source of SCs for cell therapy continues. We briefly discuss various potential sources of adult SCs that could be employed in regenerative medicine, particularly focusing on recently identified, very small embryonic-like SCs (VSEL-SCs). These cells are even present in the bone marrow and adult tissues of older patients and could be harvested from cord blood. We believe that VSEL-SCs, after the establishment of ex vivo expansion and differentiation protocols, could be harnessed for retina regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Machalińska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
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Safety and efficacy of intravitreal anti-VEGF injections for age-related macular degeneration. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2009; 20:223-5. [PMID: 19367163 DOI: 10.1097/icu.0b013e328329b656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To report the safety and efficacy of intravitreal injections for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). RECENT FINDINGS Injecting antivascular endothelial growth factor drugs into the vitreal cavity brings new hope to many AMD patients. Currently, several antivascular endothelial growth factor drugs such as pegaptanib, ranibizumab, and bevacizumab are used via the intravitreal route for neovascular AMD. However, these injections are not without ocular or systemic complications. SUMMARY Review of current literature suggests that intravitreal antivascular endothelial growth factor agents are generally a safe and effective treatment for neovascular AMD for up to 2-3 years. Presently, there is level I evidence to substantiate this conclusion for pegaptanib and ranibizumab, but not bevacizumab.
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