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Molecular Mechanisms and Pathophysiological Significance of Eryptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065079. [PMID: 36982153 PMCID: PMC10049269 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite lacking the central apoptotic machinery, senescent or damaged RBCs can undergo an unusual apoptosis-like cell death, termed eryptosis. This premature death can be caused by, or a symptom of, a wide range of diseases. However, various adverse conditions, xenobiotics, and endogenous mediators have also been recognized as triggers and inhibitors of eryptosis. Eukaryotic RBCs are unique among their cell membrane distribution of phospholipids. The change in the RBC membrane composition of the outer leaflet occurs in a variety of diseases, including sickle cell disease, renal diseases, leukemia, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes. Eryptotic erythrocytes exhibit various morphological alterations such as shrinkage, swelling, and increased granulation. Biochemical changes include cytosolic Ca2+ increase, oxidative stress, stimulation of caspases, metabolic exhaustion, and ceramide accumulation. Eryptosis is an effective mechanism for the elimination of dysfunctional erythrocytes due to senescence, infection, or injury to prevent hemolysis. Nevertheless, excessive eryptosis is associated with multiple pathologies, most notably anemia, abnormal microcirculation, and prothrombotic risk; all of which contribute to the pathogenesis of several diseases. In this review, we provide an overview of the molecular mechanisms, physiological and pathophysiological relevance of eryptosis, as well as the potential role of natural and synthetic compounds in modulating RBC survival and death.
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Lucidi CA, Gerlach JA, Jutkowitz A, Scott MA. Immunoglobulin G and phosphatidylserine in regenerative and nonregenerative immune-mediated anemias of dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:2713-2721. [PMID: 34716708 PMCID: PMC8692184 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although precursor-targeted immune-mediated anemia (PIMA) is thought to be caused by immune targeting of erythroid precursors (nucleated RBCs, nRBCs), its pathogenesis is unknown. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) or phosphatidylserine (PS) may promote nRBC destruction in PIMA. HYPOTHESIS Dogs with PIMA have increased nRBC IgG and PS, and dogs with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) have increased RBC PS compared to healthy dogs. ANIMALS Blood from 20 healthy dogs and from dogs with IMHA (11) or other (non-IMHA) conditions (9), and marrow aspirates with or without blood from 10 healthy dogs and from dogs with PIMA (17) or other (non-IMHA, non-PIMA) conditions (7). METHODS Marrow nRBC stages were separated by density gradient. Flow cytometry was used to assess the percentage of RBCs or nRBCs with increased IgG or PS. RESULTS Red blood cell (RBC) IgG positivity was increased in 9/11 IMHA dogs and 0/9 non-IMHA dogs. Red blood cell PS positivity was increased in 10/11 IMHA dogs and 2/9 non-IMHA dogs. Five of 17 PIMA dogs had increased nRBC IgG positivity in mid- or late-stage fractions, whereas all 7 non-PIMA dogs were negative. Mid- and late-stage erythroid precursor PS was significantly higher in PIMA dogs compared to healthy dogs. Five of 14 PIMA dogs had increased RBC IgG positivity. CONCLUSIONS Immunoglobulin G and PS may promote destruction of nRBCs in PIMA dogs; PS may promote destruction of RBCs in IMHA dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A Lucidi
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - John A Gerlach
- Department of Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Ari Jutkowitz
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Michael A Scott
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Repsold L, Joubert AM. Eryptosis: An Erythrocyte's Suicidal Type of Cell Death. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:9405617. [PMID: 29516014 PMCID: PMC5817309 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9405617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Erythrocytes play an important role in oxygen and carbon dioxide transport. Although erythrocytes possess no nucleus or mitochondria, they fulfil several metabolic activities namely, the Embden-Meyerhof pathway, as well as the hexose monophosphate shunt. Metabolic processes within the erythrocyte contribute to the morphology/shape of the cell and important constituents are being kept in an active, reduced form. Erythrocytes undergo a form of suicidal cell death called eryptosis. Eryptosis results from a wide variety of contributors including hyperosmolarity, oxidative stress, and exposure to xenobiotics. Eryptosis occurs before the erythrocyte has had a chance to be naturally removed from the circulation after its 120-day lifespan and is characterised by the presence of membrane blebbing, cell shrinkage, and phosphatidylserine exposure that correspond to nucleated cell apoptotic characteristics. After eryptosis is triggered there is an increase in cytosolic calcium (Ca2+) ion levels. This increase causes activation of Ca2+-sensitive potassium (K+) channels which leads to a decrease in intracellular potassium chloride (KCl) and shrinkage of the erythrocyte. Ceramide, produced by sphingomyelinase from the cell membrane's sphingomyelin, contributes to the occurrence of eryptosis. Eryptosis ensures healthy erythrocyte quantity in circulation whereas excessive eryptosis may set an environment for the clinical presence of pathophysiological conditions including anaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Repsold
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Anna Margaretha Joubert
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Bartolmäs T, Mayer B, Balola AH, Salama A. Eryptosis in autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. Eur J Haematol 2017; 100:36-44. [PMID: 28960523 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.12976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Haemolysis and anaemia related to autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA) of warm type (wAIHA) and of cold type (cAIHA) are believed to be solely due to antibody and/or complement-mediated destruction and clearance of red blood cells (RBCs). There is evidence that RBCs of affected patients may also undergo eryptosis, the suicidal death of RBCs. METHOD RBCs from 24 patients with wAIHA, 7 patients with chronic cAIHA and one patient with AIHA of mixed type were analysed for exposed phosphatidylserine (PS) by treatment with phycoerythrin-labelled Annexin V, and cell-associated fluorescence was measured using a MACSQuant flow cytometer. RESULTS PS-exposing RBCs were detected in 7 of 13 patients with clinically significant wAIHA. Haemolysis was mostly related to IgM or IgA autoantibodies (aab) in those patients. In contrast, PS exposure in 11 patients with wAIHA in complete remission was comparable to that in healthy blood donors. All patients with chronic cAIHA and the patient with AIHA of mixed type showed haemolytic activity and high numbers of PS-exposing RBCs. Patients with decompensated AIHA appear to respond to treatment with erythropoietin, which is a known inhibitor of eryptosis. CONCLUSION Eryptosis may frequently occur in AIHA related to IgM or IgA aab. Inhibition of eryptosis with erythropoietin may represent a new therapeutic option in the treatment of AIHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilo Bartolmäs
- Institut für Transfusionsmedizin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Beate Mayer
- Institut für Transfusionsmedizin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Abdelwahab H Balola
- Institut für Transfusionsmedizin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Abdulgabar Salama
- Institut für Transfusionsmedizin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Pulvirenti F, Granata G, Girelli G, Quinti I. Immunoglobulin-induced hemolysis, splenomegaly and inflammation in patients with antibody deficiencies. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2016; 12:725-31. [PMID: 26854522 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2016.1151787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
IgG replacement for primary antibody deficiencies is a safe treatment administered to prevent recurrent infections and reduce mortality. Recently, several reports described acute hemolytic episodes following IgG administration due to a passive transfer of blood group alloantibodies, including anti-A, anti-B, as well as anti-Rh antibodies. Here, we reviewed and discussed the consequences of passively transferred RBCs antibodies. The chronic passive transfer of alloantibodies might also cause a subclinical condition due to a compensated extravascular chronic hemolysis with poorly understood consequences. This phenomenon might possibly represent an unrecognized cause of splenomegaly and might contribute to inflammation in patients with primary antibody deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Pulvirenti
- a Centre for Primary Immune Deficiencies, Department of Molecular Medicine , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Guido Granata
- a Centre for Primary Immune Deficiencies, Department of Molecular Medicine , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Gabriella Girelli
- b Unit of Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Isabella Quinti
- a Centre for Primary Immune Deficiencies, Department of Molecular Medicine , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
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Lyse or not to lyse: Clinical significance of red blood cell autoantibodies. Blood Rev 2015; 29:369-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Triggers, inhibitors, mechanisms, and significance of eryptosis: the suicidal erythrocyte death. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:513518. [PMID: 25821808 PMCID: PMC4364016 DOI: 10.1155/2015/513518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Suicidal erythrocyte death or eryptosis is characterized by erythrocyte shrinkage, cell membrane blebbing, and cell membrane scrambling with phosphatidylserine translocation to the erythrocyte surface. Triggers of eryptosis include Ca(2+) entry, ceramide formation, stimulation of caspases, calpain activation, energy depletion, oxidative stress, and dysregulation of several kinases. Eryptosis is triggered by a wide variety of xenobiotics. It is inhibited by several xenobiotics and endogenous molecules including NO and erythropoietin. The susceptibility of erythrocytes to eryptosis increases with erythrocyte age. Phosphatidylserine exposing erythrocytes adhere to the vascular wall by binding to endothelial CXC-Motiv-Chemokin-16/Scavenger-receptor for phosphatidylserine and oxidized low density lipoprotein (CXCL16). Phosphatidylserine exposing erythrocytes are further engulfed by phagocytosing cells and are thus rapidly cleared from circulating blood. Eryptosis eliminates infected or defective erythrocytes thus counteracting parasitemia in malaria and preventing detrimental hemolysis of defective cells. Excessive eryptosis, however, may lead to anemia and may interfere with microcirculation. Enhanced eryptosis contributes to the pathophysiology of several clinical disorders including metabolic syndrome and diabetes, malignancy, cardiac and renal insufficiency, hemolytic uremic syndrome, sepsis, mycoplasma infection, malaria, iron deficiency, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, and Wilson's disease. Facilitating or inhibiting eryptosis may be a therapeutic option in those disorders.
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Zimring JC, Spitalnik SL. Pathobiology of Transfusion Reactions. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2015; 10:83-110. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-012414-040318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James C. Zimring
- Puget Sound Blood Center Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98102;
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Steven L. Spitalnik
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032
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Totino PRR, Pinna RA, Oliveira ACAXD, Banic DM, Daniel-Ribeiro CT, Ferreira-da-Cruz MDF. Apoptosis of non-parasitised red blood cells in Plasmodium yoelii malaria. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 108:686-90. [PMID: 24037189 PMCID: PMC3970687 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276108062013003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, while studying erythrocytic apoptosis during Plasmodium
yoelii infection, we observed an increase in the levels of
non-parasitised red blood cell (nRBC) apoptosis, which could be related to
malarial anaemia. Therefore, in the present study, we attempted to investigate
whether nRBC apoptosis is associated with the peripheral RBC count, parasite
load or immune response. To this end, BALB/c mice were infected with P.
yoelii 17XL and nRBC apoptosis, number of peripheral RBCs,
parasitaemia and plasmatic levels of cytokines, nitric oxide and anti-RBC
antibodies were evaluated at the early and late stages of anaemia. The apoptosis
of nRBCs increased at the late stage and was associated with parasitaemia, but
not with the intensity of the immune response. The increased percentage of nRBC
apoptosis that was observed when anaemia was accentuated was not related to a
reduction in peripheral RBCs. We conclude that nRBC apoptosis in P.
yoelii malaria appears to be induced in response to a high parasite
load. Further studies on malaria models in which acute anaemia develops during
low parasitaemia are needed to identify the potential pathogenic role of nRBC
apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Renato Rivas Totino
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Malária, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Fiocruz, Rio de JaneiroRJ, Brasil
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Julien S, Biesemeier A, Taubitz T, Schraermeyer U. Different effects of intravitreally injected ranibizumab and aflibercept on retinal and choroidal tissues of monkey eyes. Br J Ophthalmol 2014; 98:813-25. [PMID: 24457369 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-304019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since there is evidence that the Fc domain of antivascular endothelial growth factor drugs may cause unexpected consequences in retinal and choroidal vessels, the effects of intravitreal ranibizumab and aflibercept on monkey eyes were investigated. METHODS Four cynomolgus monkeys were intravitreally injected with 0.5 mg of ranibizumab and another four with 2 mg of aflibercept. Two untreated monkeys served as controls. Funduscopy, fluorescein angiography (FA), spectral-domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and measurement of intraocular pressure (IOP) were performed. The eyes were inspected by light, fluorescence and electron microscopy. The diameter of the choriocapillaris (CC) was measured by morphometry, and the areas of the CC with free haemoglobin, CC fenestrations and endothelial thickness were quantified. RESULTS Analysis showed ranibizumab permeated the retina via intercellular clefts, whereas aflibercept was taken up by ganglion cells, cells of the inner and outer retinal layers and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Stasis and haemolysis in the choriocapillaris and choroidal vessels were more frequent after aflibercept treatment, which caused hypertrophy and death of individual RPE cells. The area of the CC was significantly reduced after both drugs compared with controls, but the reduction of the CC endothelium thickness, number of fenestrations and the areas with haemolysis were more pronounced after aflibercept. CONCLUSIONS Ranibizumab permeated the retina through intercellular spaces, whereas aflibercept was taken up by neuronal and RPE cells. Aflibercept induced protein complex formation and more haemolysis in the choriocapillaris, leading to individual RPE cell death. The clinical significance and relation of these findings to the Fc domain or to other characteristics of aflibercept remain to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Julien
- Section of Experimental Vitreoretinal Surgery, Centre for Ophthalmology, Tuebingen, Germany Preclinical Drug Assessment, STZ OcuTox, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Antje Biesemeier
- Section of Experimental Vitreoretinal Surgery, Centre for Ophthalmology, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Tatjana Taubitz
- Section of Experimental Vitreoretinal Surgery, Centre for Ophthalmology, Tuebingen, Germany Preclinical Drug Assessment, STZ OcuTox, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schraermeyer
- Section of Experimental Vitreoretinal Surgery, Centre for Ophthalmology, Tuebingen, Germany Preclinical Drug Assessment, STZ OcuTox, Tübingen, Germany
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Tsirkin VI, Nozdrachev AD, Volodchenko AI. Mechanism of increasing the rate of agglutination of human erythrocytes under the influence of adrenaline and its relation to eryptosis. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2013; 451:199-202. [PMID: 23975456 DOI: 10.1134/s001249661304011x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V I Tsirkin
- Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
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12
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Liepkalns JS, Hod EA, Stowell SR, Cadwell CM, Spitalnik SL, Zimring JC. Biphasic clearance of incompatible red blood cells through a novel mechanism requiring neither complement nor Fcγ receptors in a murine model. Transfusion 2012; 52:2631-45. [PMID: 22502635 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2012.03647.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibody binding to red blood cells (RBCs) can induce potentially fatal outcomes, including hemolytic transfusion reactions (HTRs), hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn, and autoimmune hemolytic anemia. The mechanism(s) of RBC destruction following antibody binding is typically thought to require complement activation and/or the involvement of Fcγ receptors (FcγRs). In the current report, we analyzed mechanisms of HTRs during incompatible transfusions of murine RBCs expressing human glycophorin A (hGPA) into mice with anti-hGPA. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS C3 and Fcγ receptor knockout, splenectomized, Fcγ receptor blocking antibody-treated, and clodronate-treated mice were passively immunized with anti-hGPA (10F7 or 6A7) and transfused with RBCs expressing the hGPA antigen. Posttransfusion blood and serum were collected and analyzed via flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. RESULTS This HTR model results in both rapid clearance and cytokine storm. Neither complement nor FcγRs were required for RBC clearance; in contrast, FcγRs were required for cytokine storm. Circulating aggregates of hGPA RBCs were visible during the HTR. Splenectomy and phagocyte depletion by clodronate had no effect on acute RBC clearance; however, incompatible RBCs reentered over 24 hours in clodronate-treated mice. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate a biphasic HTR, the first phase involving sequestration of incompatible hGPA RBCs and the second phase involving phagocytosis of sequestered RBCs. However, the mechanism(s) of phagocytosis in the second phase required neither C3 nor FcγRs. These findings demonstrate novel mechanistic biology of HTRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine S Liepkalns
- Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Brahimi K, Martins YC, Zanini GM, Ferreira-da-Cruz MDF, Daniel-Ribeiro CT. Monoclonal auto-antibodies and sera of autoimmune patients react with Plasmodium falciparum and inhibit its in vitro growth. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2012; 106 Suppl 1:44-51. [PMID: 21881756 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762011000900006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between autoimmunity and malaria is not well understood. To determine whether autoimmune responses have a protective role during malaria, we studied the pattern of reactivity to plasmodial antigens of sera from 93 patients with 14 different autoimmune diseases (AID) who were not previously exposed to malaria. Sera from patients with 13 different AID reacted against Plasmodium falciparum by indirect fluorescent antibody test with frequencies varying from 33-100%. In addition, sera from 37 AID patients were tested for reactivity against Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL and the asexual blood stage forms of three different P. falciparum strains. In general, the frequency of reactive sera was higher against young trophozoites than schizonts (p < 0.05 for 2 strains), indicating that the antigenic determinants targeted by the tested AID sera might be more highly expressed by the former stage. The ability of monoclonal auto-antibodies (auto-Ab) to inhibit P. falciparum growth in vitro was also tested. Thirteen of the 18 monoclonal auto-Ab tested (72%), but none of the control monoclonal antibodies, inhibited parasite growth, in some cases by greater than 40%. We conclude that autoimmune responses mediated by auto-Ab may present anti-plasmodial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karima Brahimi
- Laboratorie de Parasitologie Biomédicale, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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IgA-mediated human autoimmune hemolytic anemia as a result of hemagglutination in the spleen, but independent of complement activation and FcαRI. Blood 2010; 116:4141-7. [PMID: 20644119 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-03-276162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) due to warm-acting IgA autoantibodies is rare. We explored the pathogenic mechanisms underlying destruction of red blood cells (RBCs) in a patient with severe AIHA mediated exclusively by polymeric immunoglobulin A (pIgA) anti-Band 3 autoantibodies. The follow-up period was 17 months. RBCs were not destroyed by complement activation as no deposition of complement was observed on the patient's RBCs. pIgA eluted from the patient's RBCs did not induce RBC destruction through phagocytosis by monocytes or antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity by natural killer cells. Induction of eryptosis (ie, RBC apoptosis) due to direct alteration of the RBC membrane by pIgA autoantibodies was also excluded. By contrast, upon incubation with pIgA-opsonized RBCs, substantial RBC membrane transfers (ie, trogocytosis) to monocytes were observed that might contribute to RBC immune destruction. This effect was poorly inhibited by blockers of Fc receptors, excluding a major contribution of FcαRI to this process. Histologic analysis revealed a massive accumulation of agglutinated RBCs with little sign of erythrophagocytosis in the spleen. These results, together with the efficacy of splenectomy 17 months after AIHA onset, suggest that the trapping and subsequent sequestration of agglutinated RBCs in the spleen are the principal pathogenic mechanisms of pIgA-mediated AIHA.
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15
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Inhibition of suicidal erythrocyte death by vitamin C. Nutrition 2010; 26:671-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2009.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Revised: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Eberhard M, Föller M, Lang F. Effect of phytic acid on suicidal erythrocyte death. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:2028-2033. [PMID: 20058927 DOI: 10.1021/jf903666b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Phytic acid, an anticarcinogenic food component, stimulates apoptosis of tumor cells. Similar to apoptosis, human erythrocytes may undergo suicidal death or eryptosis, characterized by cell membrane scrambling and cell shrinkage. Triggers of eryptosis include energy depletion. Phytate intake could cause anemia, an effect attributed to iron complexation. The present experiments explored whether phytic acid influences eryptosis. Supernatant hemoglobin concentration was determined to reveal hemolysis, annexin V-binding in FACS analysis was utilized to identify erythrocytes with scrambled cell membrane, forward scatter in FACS analysis was taken as a measure of cell volume, and a luciferin-luciferase assay was employed to determine erythrocyte ATP content. As a result, phytic acid (>or=1 mM) did not lead to significant hemolysis, but significantly increased the percentage of annexin V-binding erythrocytes, significantly decreased forward scatter, and significantly decreased cellular ATP content. In conclusion, phytic acid stimulates suicidal human erythrocyte death, an effect paralleling its proapoptotic effect on nucleated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Eberhard
- Department of Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tubingen, Gmelinstrasse 5, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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Sopjani M, Föller M, Haendeler J, Götz F, Lang F. Silver ion-induced suicidal erythrocyte death. J Appl Toxicol 2009; 29:531-6. [PMID: 19444854 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Owing to its antibiotic activity, silver is used for water purification, wound care and a wide variety of implants. Silver metal and silver compounds ionize in solution, and silver ions interfere with the function of a wide variety of proteins. In mammalian cells, silver ions may trigger apoptosis by stimulation of cytochrome c release from mitochondria. The present study explored the effect of AgNO3 on eryptosis, the suicidal death of erythrocytes, cells devoid of mitochondria. Similar to apoptosis of nucleated cells, eryptosis is characterized by cell shrinkage and cell membrane scrambling with phosphatidylserine exposure at the cell surface. Eryptosis is triggered by energy depletion, cellular depletion of nitric oxide (NO) and activation of protein kinase C (PKC). Phosphatidylserine exposure was determined by annexin V-binding, cell volume by forward scatter, cellular ATP by a luciferin-luciferase assay kit, and hemolysis by photometry. A 48 h exposure to AgNO3 (> or =100 nm) but not to NaNO3 significantly enhanced the percentage of annexin V-binding cells, slightly but significantly decreased forward scatter and significantly decreased cytosolic ATP. Furthermore, inhibition of PKC by staurosporine and donation of NO by sodium nitroprusside significantly blunted silver-induced eryptosis. In conclusion, AgNO3 triggers cell membrane scrambling, an effect attributed to ATP depletion, PKC activation and decrease of cellular NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mentor Sopjani
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstr. 5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Zimring JC, Spitalnik SL. To RBC or not to RBC: the role of suicidal death in hemolytic transfusion reactions. Transfusion 2009; 49:1776-8. [PMID: 19735500 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2009.02339.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Stimulation of ceramide formation and suicidal erythrocyte death by vitamin K(3) (menadione). Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 623:10-3. [PMID: 19766112 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Revised: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin K(3) is an essential micronutrient required for the activation of coagulation factors and thus hemostasis. Administration of vitamin K(3) analogues may cause anemia, which at least in theory could be due to stimulation of suicidal erythrocyte death or eryptosis characterized by cell shrinkage and phospholipid scrambling of the erythrocyte cell membrane leading to exposure of phosphatidylserine at the erythrocyte surface. Eryptosis is triggered by an increase in the cytosolic Ca(2+) activity, by ceramide and by energy depletion (decrease of cytosolic ATP). The present experiments explored, whether vitamin K(3) may influence eryptosis. Hemolysis was estimated from the supernatant hemoglobin concentration, phosphatidylserine-exposing erythrocytes from annexin V-binding in fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis, erythrocyte volume from forward scatter in FACS analysis, ceramide formation from binding of fluorescent antibodies, and erythrocyte ATP content from a luciferin-luciferase assay. As a result, vitamin K(3) (> or =1microM) caused lysis of an only small fraction of erythrocytes, but significantly increased ceramide formation, significantly increased the percentage of annexin V-binding erythrocytes, significantly decreased forward scatter and, at higher concentrations, significantly decreased the cellular ATP content. In conclusion, vitamin K(3) stimulates suicidal erythrocyte death, an effect at least partially due to ceramide formation and ATP depletion.
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Qadri SM, Föller M, Lang F. Inhibition of suicidal erythrocyte death by resveratrol. Life Sci 2009; 85:33-8. [PMID: 19409912 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2009.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Revised: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Pleiotropic effects of resveratrol include antioxidant activity and inhibition of cyclooxygenase with decrease of PGE(2) formation. In erythrocytes oxidation and PGE(2) activate Ca(2+)-permeable cation channels. The Ca(2+)-entry leads to activation of Ca(2+)-sensitive K(+) channels with subsequent cell shrinkage and cell membrane scrambling with phosphatidylserine exposure at the erythrocyte surface. Cell shrinkage and phosphatidylserine exposure are hallmarks of suicidal erythrocyte death or eryptosis. Eryptotic cells adhere to the vascular wall thus compromising microcirculation and are cleared from circulating blood thus leading to anemia. The present experiments explored whether resveratrol influences eryptosis. MAIN METHODS Erythrocyte phosphatidylserine exposure was identified by annexin V-binding, cell volume estimated from forward scatter and cytosolic Ca(2+) activity determined utilizing Fluo3 fluorescence in FACS analysis. KEY FINDINGS Energy depletion (48 h glucose removal) significantly increased Fluo3 fluorescence and annexin V-binding and decreased forward scatter, effects significantly blunted by resveratrol (>/=5 microM). Moreover, oxidative stress (30 min 0.3 mM tert-butylhydroperoxide) and isoosmotic cell shrinkage (48 h replacement of extracellular chloride by gluconate) similarly triggered eryptosis, effects again significantly blunted in the presence of resveratrol. SIGNIFICANCE Resveratrol is a potent inhibitor of suicidal erythrocyte death during energy depletion, oxidative stress and isoosmotic cell shrinkage. The nutrient could thus counteract anemia and impairment of microcirculation under conditions with excessive eryptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed M Qadri
- Department of Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Gmelinstrasse 5, Tübingen, Germany
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Thymoquinone-induced suicidal erythrocyte death. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:1545-9. [PMID: 19358869 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Revised: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Thymoquinone is a nutrient with anticarcinogenic activity by stimulating suicidal death of tumor cells. Similar to nucleated cells, erythrocytes may experience suicidal death or eryptosis, characterized by exposure of phosphatidylserine at the erythrocyte surface and by cell shrinkage. Triggers and signaling of eryptosis include increase in cytosolic Ca(2+)activity, ceramide formation, and stimulation of protein kinase C. The present experiments explored, whether thymoquinone influences eryptosis. According to annexin V-binding, thymoquinone (3 microM) increased the percentage of phosphatidylserine-exposing erythrocytes. According to forward scatter in FACS analysis, thymoquinone (10 microM) led to cell shrinkage. The effect of thymoquinone was not paralleled by appreciable ceramide formation (immunofluorescent antibody) or hemolysis (hemoglobin release). It was not significantly blunted in the nominal absence of extracellular Ca(2+) but was inhibited by staurosporine (500 nM). In conclusion, thymoquinone triggers suicidal erythrocyte death, an effect paralleling the apoptotic effect on nucleated cells.
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Föller M, Mahmud H, Gu S, Kucherenko Y, Gehring EM, Shumilina E, Floride E, Sprengel R, Lang F. Modulation of suicidal erythrocyte cation channels by an AMPA antagonist. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 13:3680-6. [PMID: 19320779 PMCID: PMC4516516 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00745.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In neurons alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors are heteromeric cation channels composed of different sub-units, including GluA1-GluA4. When expressed without GluA2, AMPA receptors function as Ca2+-permeable cation channels. In erythrocytes, activation of Ca2+-permeable cation channels triggers suicidal erythrocyte death or eryptosis, which is characterized by cell shrinkage and cell membrane scrambling with subsequent exposure of phosphatidylserine at the cell surface. Activators of the channels and thus eryptosis include removal of extracellular Cl− (replaced by gluconate) and energy depletion (removal of glucose). The present study explored whether GluA1 is expressed in human erythrocytes and whether pharmacological AMPA receptor inhibition modifies Ca2+ entry and suicidal death of human erythrocytes. GluA1 protein abundance was determined by confocal microscopy, phosphatidylserine exposure was estimated from annexin V binding, cell volume from forward scatter in FACS analysis, cytosolic Ca2+ concentration from Fluo3 fluorescence and channel activity by whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. As a result, GluA1 is indeed expressed in the erythrocyte cell membrane. The AMPA receptor antagonist NBQX (1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6-nitro-2,3-dioxo-benzo[f]quinoxaline-7-sulfonamide) inhibited the cation channels following Cl− removal and the eryptosis following Cl− removal or energy depletion. The present study reveals a novel action of AMPA receptor antagonists and raises the possibility that GluA1 or a pharmacologically related protein participates in the regulation of Ca2+ entry into and suicidal death of human erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Föller
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Germany
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Abstract
Eryptosis, the suicidal death of erythrocytes, is characterised by cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing and cell membrane phospholipid scrambling with phosphatidylserine exposure at the cell surface. Phosphatidylserine-exposing erythrocytes are recognised by macrophages, which engulf and degrade the affected cells. Reported triggers of eryptosis include osmotic shock, oxidative stress, energy depletion, ceramide, prostaglandin E(2), platelet activating factor, hemolysin, listeriolysin, paclitaxel, chlorpromazine, cyclosporine, methylglyoxal, amyloid peptides, anandamide, Bay-5884, curcumin, valinomycin, aluminium, mercury, lead and copper. Diseases associated with accelerated eryptosis include sepsis, malaria, sickle-cell anemia, beta-thalassemia, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)-deficiency, phosphate depletion, iron deficiency, hemolytic uremic syndrome and Wilsons disease. Eryptosis may be inhibited by erythropoietin, adenosine, catecholamines, nitric oxide (NO) and activation of G-kinase. Most triggers of eryptosis except oxidative stress are effective without activation of caspases. Their signalling involves formation of prostaglandin E(2) with subsequent activation of cation channels and Ca2+ entry and/or release of platelet activating factor (PAF) with subsequent activation of sphingomyelinase and formation of ceramide. Ca2+ and ceramide stimulate scrambling of the cell membrane. Ca2+ further activates Ca2+-sensitive K+ channels leading to cellular KCl loss and cell shrinkage and stimulates the protease calpain resulting in degradation of the cytoskeleton. Eryptosis allows defective erythrocytes to escape hemolysis. On the other hand, excessive eryptosis favours the development of anemia. Thus, a delicate balance between proeryptotic and antieryptotic mechanisms is required to maintain an adequate number of circulating erythrocytes and yet avoid noneryptotic death of injured erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Föller
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Germany
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Basu S, Banerjee D, Chandra S, Chakrabarti A. Loss of phospholipid membrane asymmetry and sialylated glycoconjugates from erythrocyte surface in haemoglobin E beta-thalassaemia. Br J Haematol 2008; 141:92-9. [PMID: 18324971 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2008.06995.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate any correlation between the extent of phosphatidylserine (PS) asymmetry and sialylated glycoconjugate levels with the faster clearance of circulating erythrocytes in haemoglobin E (HbE) beta-thalassaemia. Erythrocytes from peripheral blood samples of different HbEbeta-thalassaemia patients showed loss of PS asymmetry measured by annexin V binding using flow cytometry. Maximum PS exposure was found when HbE was 50-60% and HbF was <20% indicating a possible correlation with severity of the disease. Separation of erythrocytes into aged and younger cells showed higher loss of PS asymmetry in the younger erythrocytes of HbEbeta-thalassaemia patients when compared with normal blood, where PS asymmetry was lost only in the older cells. Sialylated glycoconjugate measurement using the lectins wheatgerm agglutinin and pokeweed mitogen showed loss of sialic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-bearing glycoproteins in the order normal<homozygous E<HbEbeta-thalassaemic upon ageing. A possible correlation was found between the loss of PS asymmetry with HbE level and the reduction of glycophorins from the cell surface, mediated by membrane vesiculation. A more facilitated vesiculation process in HbEbeta-thalassaemic erythrocytes could lead to faster shedding of glycophorin-containing microvesicles, leaving highly PS-exposed erythrocytes accessible to phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumanta Basu
- Biophysics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata, India
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