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Murthy O G, Lau J, Balasubramaniam R, Frydrych AM, Kujan O. Unraveling the Keratin Expression in Oral Leukoplakia: A Scoping Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5597. [PMID: 38891785 PMCID: PMC11172080 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Intermediate filaments are one of three polymeric structures that form the cytoskeleton of epithelial cells. In the epithelium, these filaments are made up of a variety of keratin proteins. Intermediate filaments complete a wide range of functions in keratinocytes, including maintaining cell structure, cell growth, cell proliferation, cell migration, and more. Given that these functions are intimately associated with the carcinogenic process, and that hyperkeratinization is a quintessential feature of oral leukoplakias, the utility of keratins in oral leukoplakia is yet to be fully explored. This scoping review aims to outline the current knowledge founded on original studies on human tissues regarding the expression and utility of keratins as diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers in oral leukoplakias. After using a search strategy developed for several scientific databases, namely, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and OVID, 42 papers met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. One more article was added when it was identified through manually searching the list of references. The included papers were published between 1989 and 2024. Keratins 1-20 were investigated in the 43 included studies, and their expression was assessed in oral leukoplakia and dysplasia cases. Only five studies investigated the prognostic role of keratins in relation to malignant transformation. No studies evaluated keratins as a diagnostic adjunct or predictive tool. Evidence supports the idea that dysplasia disrupts the terminal differentiation pathway of primary keratins. Gain of keratin 17 expression and loss of keratin 13 were significantly observed in differentiated epithelial dysplasia. Also, the keratin 19 extension into suprabasal cells has been associated with the evolving features of dysplasia. The loss of keratin1/keratin 10 has been significantly associated with high-grade dysplasia. The prognostic value of cytokeratins has shown conflicting results, and further studies are required to ascertain their role in predicting the malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Omar Kujan
- UWA Dental School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (G.M.O.); (J.L.); (R.B.); (A.M.F.)
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2
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Fan J, Chen B, Luo Q, Li J, Huang Y, Zhu M, Chen Z, Li J, Wang J, Liu L, Wei Q, Cao D. Potential molecular biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of bladder cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 173:116312. [PMID: 38417288 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is a common malignant tumor of urinary system, which can be divided into muscle-invasive BC (MIBC) and nonmuscle-invasive BC (NMIBC). The number of BC patients has been gradually increasing currently. At present, bladder tumours are diagnosed and followed-up using a combination of cystoscopic examination, cytology and histology. However, the detection of early grade tumors, which is much easier to treat effectively than advanced stage disease, is still insufficient. It frequently recurs and can progress when not expeditiously diagnosed and monitored following initial therapy for NMIBC. Treatment strategies are totally different for different stage diseases. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to study new biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis. In this review, we summarize the current state of biomarker development in BC diagnosis and prognosis prediction. We retrospectively analyse eight diagnostic biomarkers and eight prognostic biomarkers, in which CK, P53, PPARγ, PTEN and ncRNA are emphasized for discussion. Eight molecular subtype systems are also identified. Clinical translation of biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, monitoring and treatment will hopefully improve outcomes for patients. These potential biomarkers provide an opportunity to diagnose tumors earlier and with greater accuracy, and help identify those patients most at risk of disease recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junping Fan
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiuping Luo
- Out-patient Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinze Li
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yin Huang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengli Zhu
- Research Core Facility, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zeyu Chen
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liangren Liu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Dehong Cao
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Attallah KA, Albannan MS, Farid K, Rizk SM, Fathy N. HCC-Check: A Novel Diagnostic Tool for Early Detection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Based on Cytokeratin-1 and Epithelial Membrane Antigen: A Cross-Sectional Study. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2024; 23:15330338241234790. [PMID: 38436112 PMCID: PMC10913511 DOI: 10.1177/15330338241234790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma is frequently diagnosed in advanced stages, leading to a poorer prognosis. Therefore, early diagnosis and identification of biomarkers may significantly improve outcomes. Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled 486 participants distributed among 3 groups: F1 to F3 = 184, F4 = 183, and hepatocellular carcinoma = 119. Liver fibrosis staging was performed using FibroScan, while imaging features were used for hepatocellular carcinoma detection. Epithelial membrane antigen and cytokeratin-1 levels in serum were quantified through Western blot and ELISA, respectively. Results: Patients diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma exhibited significantly elevated levels of epithelial membrane antigen and cytokeratin-1 compared to non-hepatocellular carcinoma patients, with a highly significant statistical difference (P < .0001). Epithelial membrane antigen demonstrated diagnostic performance with an area under the curve of 0.75, a sensitivity of 69.0%, and a specificity of 68.5%. Cytokeratin-1 for the identification of hepatocellular carcinoma showed a sensitivity of 79.0% and a specificity of 81.4%, resulting in an area under the curve of 0.87. The developed HCC-Check, which incorporates epithelial membrane antigen, cytokeratin-1, albumin, and alpha-fetoprotein, displayed a higher area under the curve of 0.95 to identify hepatocellular carcinoma, with a sensitivity of 89.8% and a specificity of 83.9%. Notably, HCC-Check values exceeding 2.57 substantially increased the likelihood of hepatocellular carcinoma, with an estimated odds ratio of 50.65, indicating a higher susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma development than those with lower values. The HCC-Check diagnostic test exhibited high precision in identifying patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, particularly those with small tumor sizes (<5 cm) and a single nodule, as reflected in area under the curve values of 0.92 and 0.85, respectively. HCC-Check was then applied to the validation study to test its accuracy and reproducibility, showing superior area under the curves for identifying different stages of hepatocellular carcinoma. These outcomes underscore the effectiveness of the test in the early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Conclusion: The HCC-Check test presents a highly accurate diagnostic method for detecting hepatocellular carcinoma in its early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kareem A. Attallah
- Research and Development Department, Biotechnology Research Center, New Damietta, Egypt
- Clinical Research Department, Damietta Directorate for Health Affairs, Egyptian Ministry of Health and Population, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S. Albannan
- Research and Development Department, Biotechnology Research Center, New Damietta, Egypt
| | - Khaled Farid
- Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Sherine M. Rizk
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nevine Fathy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Maas M, Todenhöfer T, Black PC. Urine biomarkers in bladder cancer - current status and future perspectives. Nat Rev Urol 2023; 20:597-614. [PMID: 37225864 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-023-00773-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Urine markers to detect bladder cancer have been the subject of research for decades. The idea that urine - being in continuous contact with tumour tissue - should provide a vector of tumour information remains an attractive concept. Research on this topic has resulted in a complex landscape of many different urine markers with varying degrees of clinical validation. These markers range from cell-based assays to proteins, transcriptomic markers and genomic signatures, with a clear trend towards multiplex assays. Unfortunately, the number of different urine markers and the efforts in research and development of clinical grade assays are not reflected in the use of these markers in clinical practice, which is currently limited. Numerous prospective trials are in progress with the aim of increasing the quality of evidence about urinary biomarkers in bladder cancer to achieve guideline implementation. The current research landscape suggests a division of testing approaches. Some efforts are directed towards addressing the limitations of current assays to improve the performance of urine markers for a straightforward detection of bladder cancer. Additionally, comprehensive genetic analyses are emerging based on advances in next-generation sequencing and are expected to substantially affect the potential application of urine markers in bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Maas
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Urology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tilman Todenhöfer
- Clinical Trials Unit Studienpraxis Urologie, Nürtingen, Germany
- Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter C Black
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Borutzki Y, Skos L, Gerner C, Meier‐Menches SM. Exploring the Potential of Metal-Based Candidate Drugs as Modulators of the Cytoskeleton. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300178. [PMID: 37345897 PMCID: PMC10946712 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
During recent years, accumulating evidence suggested that metal-based candidate drugs are promising modulators of cytoskeletal and cytoskeleton-associated proteins. This was substantiated by the identification and validation of actin, vimentin and plectin as targets of distinct ruthenium(II)- and platinum(II)-based modulators. Despite this, structural information about molecular interaction is scarcely available. Here, we compile the scattered reports about metal-based candidate molecules that influence the cytoskeleton, its associated proteins and explore their potential to interfere in cancer-related processes, including proliferation, invasion and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Advances in this field depend crucially on determining binding sites and on gaining comprehensive insight into molecular drug-target interactions. These are key steps towards establishing yet elusive structure-activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Borutzki
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of Vienna1090ViennaAustria
- Department of Analytical ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of Vienna1090ViennaAustria
- Doctoral School of ChemistryUniversity of Vienna1090ViennaAustria
| | - Lukas Skos
- Department of Analytical ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of Vienna1090ViennaAustria
- Doctoral School of ChemistryUniversity of Vienna1090ViennaAustria
| | - Christopher Gerner
- Department of Analytical ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of Vienna1090ViennaAustria
- Joint Metabolome FacilityUniversity of Vienna and Medical University Vienna1090ViennaAustria
| | - Samuel M. Meier‐Menches
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of Vienna1090ViennaAustria
- Department of Analytical ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of Vienna1090ViennaAustria
- Joint Metabolome FacilityUniversity of Vienna and Medical University Vienna1090ViennaAustria
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6
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Rosiek V, Janas K, Witkowska M, Kos-Kudła B. Role of Selected Circulating Tumor Biomarkers in Patients with Skeletal Metastatic Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4687. [PMID: 37510802 PMCID: PMC10380808 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12144687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the diagnostic capacity of selected circulating biomarkers (CBMs) for the early detection of bone metastasis (BMets) in patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (PanNENs). A total of 115 patients with PanNENs and 40 controls were enrolled. We measured the serum levels of ferritin, cytokeratin 18 (CY18), CA19-9, CA125, AFP, CEA, and beta-2 microglobulin (B2M). A total of eight PanNEN patients developed BMets, and one hundred seven remained BMets-free. We observed a significantly higher level of CA125 and CY18 in BMets patients vs. non-BMets patients (p = 0.01 and p = 0.04, respectively). CA125, CY18, and B2M area under receiver operator characteristic (AUROC) analyses differentiated both patients groups; CA125 area under the curve (AUC) 0.77, p < 0.01; CY18 AUC data were 0.72, p = 0.03, and B2M AUC 0.67, p = 0.02. On the basis of CBM metrics in both subgroups, we reached a sensitivity/specificity for CA125 of 75/76%; for CY18 of 75/69%, for B2M of 100/50%, for CA125, and the CY18 combination of 93/90%, respectively. According to current results, CA125 and CY18 seem to have the potential capacity as fair biomarkers for BMets detection, despite the small number of cases. Further studies are warranted in the larger PanNEN patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violetta Rosiek
- Department of Endocrinology and Neuroendocrine Tumours, Department of Pathophysiology and Endocrinology, Medical University of Silesia, 40-014 Katowice, Poland
| | - Ksenia Janas
- Department of Endocrinology and Neuroendocrine Tumours, Department of Pathophysiology and Endocrinology, Medical University of Silesia, 40-014 Katowice, Poland
| | - Magdalena Witkowska
- Department of Endocrinology and Neuroendocrine Tumours, Medical University of Silesia, 40-014 Katowice, Poland
| | - Beata Kos-Kudła
- Department of Endocrinology and Neuroendocrine Tumours, Department of Pathophysiology and Endocrinology, Medical University of Silesia, 40-014 Katowice, Poland
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Mykhaliuk VV, Havryliak VV, Salyha YT. The Role of Cytokeratins in Ensuring the Basic Cellular Functions and in Dignosis of Disorders. CYTOL GENET+ 2022. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452722060093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Babu M, Pavithran K. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring as a Tool for Therapy Optimization. Drug Metab Lett 2022; 15:DML-EPUB-122284. [PMID: 35382721 DOI: 10.2174/1872312815666220405122021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of pharmacotherapy for improving healthcare in society is increasing. A vast majority of patients have either received subtherapeutic treatment (which could result from low pharmacokinetic) or experienced adverse effects due to the toxic levels of the drug. The medicines used to treat chronic conditions, such as epilepsy; cardiovascular diseases; and oncological, neurological, and psychiatric disorders, require routine monitoring. New targeted therapies suggest an individualized treatment that can slowly move practitioners away from the concept of a one-size-fits-all-fixed-dosing approach. Therapeutic drug use can be monitored based on pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and pharmacometric methods. Based on the experiences of therapeutic drug monitoring of various agents across the globe, we can look ahead to the possible developments of therapeutic drug monitoring in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merin Babu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekkara P.O, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Keechilat Pavithran
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekkara P.O, Kochi, Kerala, India
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Budaya TN, Permatasari HK, Widodo W, Prawiro SR. Novel Insight of Cytokeratin 14 as a Biomarker in Diagnosing Bladder Cancer. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.7258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the ninth most common type of cancer occurring in men. Screening for bladder cancer is often difficult due to limited proper modality and symptoms that is mild and unspecific. Leaving it untreated leads to greater morbidity and mortality. Therefore, finding a simple biomarker for screening purpose is necessary. Cytokeratin (CK) has been studied extensively as cancer biomarker. Detectable soluble CK was found in body fluid, including urine, and histological specimen using immunoassays. The level of its expression is mainly affected by cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cellular stress. CK 14, which is type I CK, was detected in the basal layer of epithelial cells and specific for squamous type of epithelial cell. CK 14 analysis in bladder cancer has revealed numerous functions such as predicting the development of bladder cancer, differentiating cancer origins, stratifying bladder cancer patients based on disease severity, and predicting bladder cancer recurrence. Its potential to become excellent biomarker makes it subject of interest in research development.
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López-Cortés R, Gómez BB, Vázquez-Estévez S, Pérez-Fentes D, Núñez C. Blood-based protein biomarkers in bladder urothelial tumors. J Proteomics 2021; 247:104329. [PMID: 34298186 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is the fifth most common cancer with a high prevalence rate. It is classically classified in two groups, namely non-muscle invasive (NMIBC) and muscle invasive (MIBC). NMIBC accounts for 75% of cases and has a better prognosis than MIBC. However, 30-50% of the NMIBC patients will show recurrences throughout their lives, and about 10-20% of them will progress to MIBC, with frequent metastasis and a reduced survival rate. The diagnosis of bladder cancer is confirmed by direct visualization of the tumour and other mucosal abnormalities with endoscopic excision using cystoscopy and transurethral resection of the bladder (TURBT). An adequate TURBT requires complete resection of all visible tumour with appropriate sampling of the bladder to assess the depth of invasion. However, for many years, researchers have attempted to identify and utilise urinary markers for bladder cancer detection. Voided urine cytology has been the mainstay of urine-based diagnosis of bladder cancer since originally described by Papanicolau and Marshall. Nonetheless, urine cytology has several drawbacks, including a poor sensitivity for low-grade/stage tumours, a lack of interobserver consistency and a variable range of readings (e.g., atypical, atypical-suspicious, non-diagnostic). These shortcomings have inspired the search for more sensitive bladder cancer biomarkers. To bring precision medicine to genitourinary oncology, the analysis of the plasma/serum wide genome and proteome offers promising possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén López-Cortés
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Lucus Augusti (HULA), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), ES27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Benito Blanco Gómez
- Urology Division, Hospital Universitario Lucus Augusti (HULA), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), ES27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Sergio Vázquez-Estévez
- Oncology Division, Hospital Universitario Lucus Augusti (HULA), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), ES27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Daniel Pérez-Fentes
- Urology Division, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), ES15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Cristina Núñez
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Lucus Augusti (HULA), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), ES27002 Lugo, Spain.
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Time-Course Changes of Serum Keratin Concentrations after Liver Transplantation: Contrasting Results of Keratin-18 and Keratin-19 Fragments. Case Reports Hepatol 2020; 2020:8895435. [PMID: 33335785 PMCID: PMC7723486 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8895435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Under normal conditions, adult hepatocytes express only keratin-8 (K8) and keratin-18 (K18), whereas cholangiocytes also express K19. In this study, we delineate the pattern of normal time-course changes in serum K19 and K18 levels after liver transplantation. Patients and Methods. Serum levels of the K19 fragment CYFRA 21-1 and the K18 fragments tissue polypeptide specific antigen (TPS) and M30 (a neoepitope that is generated after caspase cleavage during apoptosis) were measured at baseline and at regular intervals (up to 6 months) after liver transplantation in 11 adult patients. Results There was a gradual decrease in serum K19 concentrations from baseline values after transplantation, following a time-course pattern similar to that of serum bilirubin. In contrast, serum concentrations of K18 fragments increased markedly shortly after transplantation and gradually decreased thereafter, following a time-course pattern similar to that of serum transaminases. The increase in TPS tended to occur earlier than that in M30, suggesting an initial predominance of hepatocyte necrosis followed by a predominance of apoptosis in the first days after transplantation. Five patients presented posttransplant complications (acute rejection in three cases and HCV recurrence in two cases). An early increase in serum K19 concentrations was observed in all cases. An increase in serum concentrations of K18 fragments (M30 and TPS) was observed in the two cases with HCV recurrence and was more variable in the three cases with acute rejection. Conclusions Serum concentrations of K19 and K18 fragments follow a dissimilar pattern of time-course changes after liver transplantation. The diagnostic value of variations in these normal patterns should be addressed in future studies.
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Pharmacodynamic Therapeutic Drug Monitoring for Cancer: Challenges, Advances, and Future Opportunities. Ther Drug Monit 2019; 41:142-159. [DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Helmig S, Lochnit G, Schneider J. Comparative proteomic analysis in serum of former uranium miners with and without radon induced squamous lung cancer. J Occup Med Toxicol 2019; 14:9. [PMID: 30923558 PMCID: PMC6419832 DOI: 10.1186/s12995-019-0228-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Former uranium miners of the Wismut Company, East Germany, have been exposed to ionizing radiation from radon decay products and therefore were at high risk for lung cancer. Since histological types of cancer in the so called Wismut cohort revealed an association of high radon exposure with a higher relative frequency of squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC), we used comparative proteomic analysis to identify differentially expressed proteins in serum exposed uranium miners with SqCC. METHODE Pooled sera of exposed former uranium miners without lung disease and pooled sera of former uranium miners with SqCC were analysed by 2-D gel electrophoresis. MALDI-TOF-MS was performed from reproducable, significantly, at least 5-fold up-regulated protein spots. Proteins were identified by MASCOT peptide mass fingerprint search. Additionally a receiver operating characteristic curve for CYFRA 21-1 was created. RESULTS The protein spots were identified as Keratin 10 (K10), Keratin 1 (K1), complement factor H (CFH) and a haptoglobin (Hpt) fragment. The sensitivity for CYFRA 21-1 reveals 60% at a specifity of 95 and 80% at a specifity of 80%. Plotting the sensitivity against specifity reveals an AUC of 0.88. CONCLUSION In SqCC Keratin 10 and 1 were strongly induced. This was associated with CYFRA 21-1, confirming the cytokeratin fragment as a tumormarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Helmig
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational and Social Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Aulweg 129, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Günter Lochnit
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrichstraße 24, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Joachim Schneider
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational and Social Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Aulweg 129, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
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Increased Cytokeratin 19 Fragment Levels Are Positively Correlated with Adenosine Deaminase Activity in Malignant Pleural Effusions from Adenocarcinomas. DISEASE MARKERS 2018; 2018:2609767. [PMID: 29854023 PMCID: PMC5964487 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2609767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine deaminase (ADA) and cytokeratin 19 (CK19) are known pleural biomarkers. Although ADA in humans functions mainly in the immune system, it also appears to be associated with the differentiation of epithelial cells. Keratin filaments are important structural stabilizers of epithelial cells and potent biomarkers in epithelial differentiation. This study aimed to investigate the simultaneous presence of the ADA enzyme and CK19 fragments to assess epithelial differentiation in malignant and benign pleural fluids. Diagnosis of the cause of pleural effusion syndrome was confirmed by means of standard examinations and appropriate surgical procedures. An ADA assay, in which ADA irreversibly catalyzes the conversion of adenosine into inosine, was performed using a commercial kit. The CK19 assay was performed using a CYFRA 21-1 kit, developed to detect quantitative soluble fragments of CK19 using an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. One hundred nineteen pleural fluid samples were collected from untreated individuals with pleural effusion syndrome due to several causes. ADA levels only correlated with CK19 fragments in adenocarcinomas, with high significance and good correlation (rho = 0.5145, P = 0.0036). However, further studies are required to understand this strong association on epithelial differentiation in metastatic pleural fluids from adenocarcinomas.
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Okura R, Fujihara S, Iwama H, Morishita A, Chiyo T, Watanabe M, Hirose K, Kobayashi K, Fujimori T, Kato K, Kamada H, Kobara H, Mori H, Niki T, Hirashima M, Okano K, Suzuki Y, Masaki T. MicroRNA profiles during galectin-9-induced apoptosis of pancreatic cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2017; 15:407-414. [PMID: 29387226 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the eighth-leading cause of cancer-associated mortality in males and the ninth-leading cause in females worldwide. Even when diagnosed early enough to be potentially resectable, the prognosis of invasive pancreatic cancer is poor. Galectin-9 (Gal-9) is a tandem-repeat type galectin that has recently been demonstrated to possess an anti-proliferative effect on cancer cells. Therefore, the present study evaluated the effects of Gal-9 on the proliferation of human pancreatic cancer cells and examined the microRNAs that are associated with the antitumor effects of Gal-9. Gal-9 suppressed the proliferation of multiple pancreatic cancer cell lines. In addition, Gal-9 treatment increased the levels of caspase-cleaved keratin 18 and the expression of cytochrome c in pancreatic cancer cell lines. This data suggests that Gal-9 induces intrinsic apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cell lines through the caspase-dependent and caspase-independent pathways. In addition, Gal-9 reduced the expression levels of phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptor and numerous receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). In conclusion, Gal-9 may suppress the growth of human pancreatic cancer cells in vitro. These findings suggest that Gal-9 may be a new therapeutic agent for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Okura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Shintaro Fujihara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Hisakazu Iwama
- Life Science Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Asahiro Morishita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Taiga Chiyo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Miwako Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Kayo Hirose
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Kiyoyuki Kobayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Takayuki Fujimori
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Kiyohito Kato
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Hideki Kamada
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Hideki Kobara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Hirohito Mori
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Toshiro Niki
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Mitsuomi Hirashima
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Keiichi Okano
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Masaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
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Methods to Evaluate Cell Growth, Viability, and Response to Treatment in a Tissue Engineered Breast Cancer Model. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14167. [PMID: 29074857 PMCID: PMC5658356 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14326-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of in vitro, engineered surrogates in the field of cancer research is of interest for studies involving mechanisms of growth and metastasis, and response to therapeutic intervention. While biomimetic surrogates better model human disease, their complex composition and dimensionality make them challenging to evaluate in a real-time manner. This feature has hindered the broad implementation of these models, particularly in drug discovery. Herein, several methods and approaches for the real-time, non-invasive analysis of cell growth and response to treatment in tissue-engineered, three-dimensional models of breast cancer are presented. The tissue-engineered surrogates used to demonstrate these methods consist of breast cancer epithelial cells and fibroblasts within a three dimensional volume of extracellular matrix and are continuously perfused with nutrients via a bioreactor system. Growth of the surrogates over time was measured using optical in vivo (IVIS) imaging. Morphologic changes in specific cell populations were evaluated by multi-photon confocal microscopy. Response of the surrogates to treatment with paclitaxel was measured by optical imaging and by analysis of lactate dehydrogenase and caspase-cleaved cytokeratin 18 in the perfused medium. Each method described can be repeatedly performed during culture, allowing for real-time, longitudinal analysis of cell populations within engineered tumor models.
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Ismail SA, El Saadany S, Ziada DH, Zakaria SS, Mayah WW, Elashry H, Arafa M, Elmashad N. Cytokeratin-18 in Diagnosis of HCC in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 18:1105-1111. [PMID: 28547948 PMCID: PMC5494222 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2017.18.4.1105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignancy that occurs secondary to viral hepatitis B and C cirrhosis under the influence of environmental factors. In early stages, clinical diagnosis is often difficult and distinguishing HCC from cirrhosis and other hepatic masses by conventional tests is frequently not feasible. Physicians usually depend on measuring serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), but this marker has low sensitivity and specificity. The aim of this research was to determine any role of serum cytokeratin-18(Ck-18) as a marker for diagnosis of HCC in patients with liver cirrhosis. Patients and methods: We used ELISA to measure the serum levels of AFP and CK 18 in 60 Egyptian patients (30 cirrhotic and 30 with HCC) and 30 controls. Results: The Ck-18 level was significantly elevated in the HCC group (1247.8± 105.3U/L) when compared to the liver cirrhosis (834.1± 38.8 U/L) and control groups (265.2±83.1U/L). Ck-18 as a marker showed 95.6% sensitivity, 93.3% specificity and 98.8% accuracy. The mean serum AFP was 4901.4±2185.8ng/ml in the HCC group, 100.7±71.7 ng/ml in the cirrhotic group, and 4.0±1.2ng/ml in controls. AFP showed 55. 7% sensitivity, 97. 7% specificity and 84.4% accuracy. Combined use of both Ck-18 and AFP improved the sensitivity to 98%. Conclusion: Serum cytokeratin-18 level can be used as a diagnostic biomarker for HCC with a higher sensitivity than AFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saber A Ismail
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tanta, Egypt.
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18
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Hünkerler Z, Köken T, Koca B, Kahraman A. Role of Uremic Toxins on Apoptosis With Varying Periods of Hemodialysis. Ther Apher Dial 2017; 21:38-42. [PMID: 28067473 DOI: 10.1111/1744-9987.12504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Increased apoptotic cell death in uremic patients has been confirmed by a variety of studies. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of uremic toxins and duration of hemodialysis (HD) therapy on apoptosis by means of measuring serum caspase cleaved CK18 (CCCK-18) levels. Seventy chronic HD patients were recruited and divided into three groups with differing periods of HD, from 6 months to 10 years. Twelve healthy subjects served as controls. Serum CCCK-18 level was found significantly higher in HD patient groups (Group 2; 189 ± 71 IU/L, Group 3; 182 ± 65 IU/L, Group 4; 204 ± 111 IU/L) as compared to the control group (122 ± 20 U/L) (P < 0.05). When all hemodialysis patients considered together serum CCCK-18 showed positive correlation with serum uric acid and phosphorus (P < 0.05). In conclusion, our results suggest that apoptosis is enhanced in HD patients, phosphorus and uric acid might play a role in this increment, but duration of HD therapy has no effect on apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Hünkerler
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyon, Turkey
| | - Tülay Köken
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyon, Turkey
| | - Buğra Koca
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyon, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Kahraman
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyon, Turkey
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Kistowski M, Dębski J, Karczmarski J, Paziewska A, Olędzki J, Mikula M, Ostrowski J, Dadlez M. A Strong Neutrophil Elastase Proteolytic Fingerprint Marks the Carcinoma Tumor Proteome. Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 16:213-227. [PMID: 27927741 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.058818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic cascades are deeply involved in critical stages of cancer progression. During the course of peptide-wise analysis of shotgun proteomic data sets representative of colon adenocarcinoma (AC) and ulcerative colitis (UC), we detected a cancer-specific proteolytic fingerprint composed of a set of numerous protein fragments cleaved C-terminally to V, I, A, T, or C residues, significantly overrepresented in AC. A peptide set linked by a common VIATC cleavage consensus was the only prominent cancer-specific proteolytic fingerprint detected. This sequence consensus indicated neutrophil elastase as a source of the fingerprint. We also found that a large fraction of affected proteins are RNA processing proteins associated with the nuclear fraction and mostly cleaved within their functionally important RNA-binding domains. Thus, we detected a new class of cancer-specific peptides that are possible markers of tumor-infiltrating neutrophil activity, which often correlates with the clinical outcome. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifiers: PXD005274 (Data set 1) and PXD004249 (Data set 2). Our results indicate the value of peptide-wise analysis of large global proteomic analysis data sets as opposed to protein-wise analysis, in which outlier differential peptides are usually neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Kistowski
- From the ‡Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw
| | - Janusz Dębski
- From the ‡Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw
| | - Jakub Karczmarski
- §Department of Genetics, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Wilhelma Konrada Roentgena 5, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Paziewska
- §Department of Genetics, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Wilhelma Konrada Roentgena 5, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Olędzki
- From the ‡Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw
| | - Michał Mikula
- §Department of Genetics, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Wilhelma Konrada Roentgena 5, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Ostrowski
- ¶Department of Gastroenterology Hepatology and Clinical Oncology, Medical Center for Postgraduate Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Dadlez
- From the ‡Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw;
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20
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Gupta R, Gupta T, Kaur H, Sehgal S, Aggarwal A, Kapoor K, Sharma A, Sahni D, Singla S. Cytokeratin (CK5, CK8, CK14) expression and presence of progenitor stem cells in human fetal thymuses. Clin Anat 2016; 29:711-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ca.22736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richa Gupta
- Department of Anatomy; Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER); Chandigarh India
| | - Tulika Gupta
- Department of Anatomy; Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER); Chandigarh India
| | - Harjeet Kaur
- Department of Anatomy; Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER); Chandigarh India
| | | | - Anjali Aggarwal
- Department of Anatomy; Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER); Chandigarh India
| | - Kanchan Kapoor
- Deptt of Anatomy; Govt. Medical College & Hospital (GMCH - 32); Chandigarh India
| | - Anshu Sharma
- Deptt of Anatomy; Govt. Medical College & Hospital (GMCH - 32); Chandigarh India
| | - Daisy Sahni
- Department of Anatomy; Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER); Chandigarh India
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21
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Trisdale SK, Schwab NM, Hou X, Davis JS, Townson DH. Molecular manipulation of keratin 8/18 intermediate filaments: modulators of FAS-mediated death signaling in human ovarian granulosa tumor cells. J Ovarian Res 2016; 9:8. [PMID: 26911253 PMCID: PMC4765146 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-016-0217-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Granulosa cell tumors (GCT) are a rare ovarian neoplasm but prognosis is poor following recurrence. Keratin intermediate filaments expressed in these tumors are a diagnostic marker, yet paradoxically, may also constitute a target for therapeutic intervention. In the current study, we evaluated keratin 8/18 (K8/18) filament expression as a mechanism of resistance to apoptosis in GCT, specifically focusing on regulation of the cell surface death receptor, Fas (FAS). Methods The GCT cell line, KGN, was transiently transfected with siRNA to KRT8 and KRT18 to reduce K8/18 filament expression. Expression of K8/18, FAS, and apoptotic proteins (PARP, cleaved PARP) were evaluated by fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometric analysis, and immunoblotting, respectively. The incidence of FAS-mediated apoptosis in KGN cells was measured by caspase 3/7 activity. All experiments were performed independently three to six times, using a fresh aliquot of KGN cells for each experiment. Quantitative data were analyzed by one- or two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by a Tukey’s post-test for multiple comparisons; differences among means were considered statistically significant at P < 0.05. Results Control cultures of KGN cells exhibited abundant K8/18 filament expression (~90 % of cells), and minimal expression of FAS (<25 % of cells). These cells were resistant to FAS-activating antibody (FasAb)-induced apoptosis, as determined by detection of cleaved PARP and measurement of caspase 3/7 activity. Conversely, siRNA-mediated knock-down of K8/18 filament expression enhanced FAS expression (> 70 % of cells) and facilitated FasAb-induced apoptosis, evident by increased caspase 3/7 activity (P < 0.05). Additional experiments revealed that inhibition of protein synthesis, but not MEK1/2 or PI3K signaling, also prompted FasAb-induced apoptosis. Conclusions The results demonstrated that K8/18 filaments provide resistance to apoptosis in GCT by impairing FAS expression. The abundance of keratin filaments in these cells and their role in apoptotic resistance provides a greater mechanistic understanding of ovarian tumorgenicity, specifically GCT, as well as a clinically-relevant target for potential therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolette M Schwab
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA.
| | - Xiaoying Hou
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Olson Center for Women's Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
| | - John S Davis
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Olson Center for Women's Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
| | - David H Townson
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA. .,Current address: Department of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
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22
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Kobayashi K, Morishita A, Iwama H, Fujita K, Okura R, Fujihara S, Yamashita T, Fujimori T, Kato K, Kamada H, Niki T, Hirashima M, Okano K, Suzuki Y, Masaki T. Galectin-9 suppresses cholangiocarcinoma cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis but not cell cycle arrest. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:1761-70. [PMID: 26260906 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma is the most common biliary malignancy and the second most common hepatic malignancy after hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Galectin-9 (Gal-9) is a tandem-repeat-type galectin that has recently been shown to exert antiproliferative effects on cancer cells. Therefore, the present study evaluated the effects of Gal-9 on the proliferation of human cholangiocarcinoma cells in vitro as well as the microRNAs (miRNAs) associated with the antitumor effects of Gal-9. Gal-9 suppressed the proliferation of cholangiocarcinoma cell lines in vitro and the growth of human cholangiocarcinoma cell xenografts in nude mice. Our data further revealed that Gal-9 increased caspase‑cleaved keratin 18 (CCK18) levels, and the expression of cytochrome c increased in Gal-9-treated cholangiocarcinoma cell lines. These data suggested that Gal-9 induced cholangiocarcinoma cell apoptosis via the intrinsic apoptosis pathway mediated by caspase-dependent or -independent pathways. In addition, Gal-9 reduced the phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), insulin-like growth factor and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R), hepatocyte growth factor receptor and fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3). These findings suggest that Gal-9 can be a candidate of therapeutic target in the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoyuki Kobayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Asahiro Morishita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Hisakazu Iwama
- Life Science Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Koji Fujita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Okura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Shintaro Fujihara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Takuma Yamashita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Takayuki Fujimori
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Kiyohito Kato
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Hideki Kamada
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Toshiro Niki
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Mitsuomi Hirashima
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Keiichi Okano
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Masaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
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Huang YL, Chen J, Yan W, Zang D, Qin Q, Deng AM. Diagnostic accuracy of cytokeratin-19 fragment (CYFRA 21-1) for bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:3137-45. [PMID: 25854170 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3352-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have evaluated the accuracy of serum and urinary measurements of cytokeratin-19 fragment (CYFRA 21-1) for the diagnosis of bladder cancer; however, the results have been inconsistent. The aim of this study was to evaluate the overall accuracy of CYFRA 21-1 for the diagnosis of bladder cancer. We performed a search for English-language publications reporting on the detection of CYFRA21-1 levels for the diagnosis of bladder cancer through November 2, 2014, using public medical databases, including EMBASE, Web of Science, and Medline. The quality of the studies was assessed by revised QUADAS tools. The performance characteristics were pooled and analyzed using a bivariate model. Publication bias was explored with the Deek's test. Sixteen studies, with a total 1,262 bladder-cancer patients and 1,233 non-bladder-cancer patients, were included in the study. The pooled sensitivities for serum and urine CYFRA 21-1 were 0.42 (95 % confidence interval (CI), 0.33-0.51) and 0.82 (95 % CI, 0.70-0.90), respectively. The corresponding specificities were 0.94 (95 % CI, 0.90-0.96) and 0.80 (95 % CI, 0.73-0.86), respectively. The areas under the summary receiver-operating-characteristic curves for serum and urine CYFRA 21-1 were 0.88 (95 % CI, 0.85-0.91) and 0.87 (95 % CI, 0.84-0.90), respectively. The major design deficiencies of the included studies were participant-selection bias, potential review, and verification bias. Therefore, we concluded that both serum and urine CYFRA 21-1 served as efficient indexes for bladder-cancer diagnosis. Additional, well-designed studies should be performed to rigorously evaluate the diagnostic value of CYFRA 21-1 for bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Lan Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, NO.455 Hospital of PLA, 338 West Huaihai Road, Shanghai, 200052, People's Republic of China
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24
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Reis H, Wohlschläger J, Hagemann S, Wenzel P, Bechmann LP, Suttorp AC, Schlattjan MJ, Herzer K, Canbay A, Baba HA. (Cleaved) CK18 serum and tissue expression levels differentiate acute HCV reinfection from acute rejection in liver allografts. Liver Int 2015; 35:905-13. [PMID: 24750688 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is the sole therapeutic option to cure end-stage liver diseases including HCV-related cirrhosis. Timely and precise differentiation of relevant acute HCV reinfection from acute rejection after OLT is vital for appropriate therapy. Aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of (non-) invasive apoptosis (M30) and necrosis (M65) determination in the differential diagnosis of acute (and chronic) HCV reinfection vs. acute rejection in liver allografts. METHODS Serum samples and liver biopsy tissues were available from 76 patients including a control group (19× NAFL, 19× NASH, 16× acute rejection, 11× acute and 11× chronic HCV reinfection) and were analysed using M30- and M65 ELISAs (M30S, M65S) and M30-immunohistochemistry (M30H). Clinical and serological data were collected. RESULTS M30S, M65S and M30H were highly correlated with diagnostic groups in the total cohort (all P < 0.0001). M30S, M65S and M30H were independently able to differentiate acute HCV reinfection from acute rejection (P = 0.048, P = 0.001, P = 0.010) with moderate to excellent diagnostic accuracy (sensitivity, specificity, cut-off-value in M30S: 70%, 75%, 1025 U/L; M65S: 100%, 92%, 1308 U/L; M30H: 73%, 88%, 0.3%). CONCLUSIONS M30-, M65-ELISAs and M30-immunohistochemistry are potential useful tools in differentiating acute HCV reinfection from acute rejection facilitating both speed and accuracy of the diagnostic process for the clinician and hepatopathologist. In this context, M65S provided superior diagnostic characteristics compared to M30-based methods. However, being the first analysis of (cleaved) CK18 serum and tissue expression levels in this context, the results need to be verified in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Reis
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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25
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El-Zefzafy W, Eltokhy H, Mohamed NAEG, Abu-Zahab Z. Significance of Serum Cytokeratin-18 in Prediction of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Chronic Hepatitis C Infected Egyptian Patients. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2015; 3:117-23. [PMID: 27275207 PMCID: PMC4877768 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2015.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus is one of the most common etiologic agents of chronic liver diseases, including liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in which there is continuous inflammation and regeneration of hepatocytes. Cytokeratin-18 (CK18) has been suggested to play an important role in tumorigenesis of epithelial cancers. AIM Estimation of CK18 serum levels in patients with chronic viral hepatitis C (CHCV) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and find the relationship between their levels, the severity of the disease and the development of HCC. METHODS We measured serum levels of CK18 in 60 Egyptian patients (30 with CHCV & 30 with HCC) and 30 healthy controls. RESULTS Patients with HCC had highly significant increased CK18 levels compared with CHCV patients, healthy controls. Cytokeratin-18 among the three classes of Child-Pugh classification show highly significant gradual increase from child A to C. Furthermore, In HCC there were positive correlations between CK18 and with RBCs, ESR, and AFP. CONCLUSION CK18 is a sensitive indicator of the severity of liver disease. Patients with CHCV infection can be followed up by measurement of its serum level which can predict the development of HCC. The combination of AFP and CK18 increased the sensitivity of detection for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafaa El-Zefzafy
- Faculty of Medicine for Girls Al-Azhar University, Tropical Medicine, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hanan Eltokhy
- Faculty of Medicine for Girls Al-Azhar University, Internal Medicine, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nagwa Abd El-Ghaffar Mohamed
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, National Research Center, AL-Tahreer Street, AL-Dokki, Giza, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Zakia Abu-Zahab
- Faculty of Medicine for Girls Al-Azhar University, Clinical Pathology, Cairo, Egypt
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Tissue Expression of Low and High Molecular Weight Cytokeratins in Lung Carcinoma Sections: Its Correlation with Some Clinic-Pathological Features. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/410952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The tissue expression of low (LMW) and high (HMW) molecular weight cytokeratins and Ber-EP4 antigen in both small (SCLC) and non-small (NSCLC) cell lung carcinomas, as well as its correlation with a variety of clinic-pathological features, was evaluated. In general, 43/52 (82.7%) of NSCLC sections showed the expression of at least one type of cytokeratin while only 7/16 (43.7%) of SCLC were stained with both LMW cytokeratin and pan-cytokeratins antibodies. Remarkably, 18/52 (34.6%) of NSCLC were positive to both types of cytokeratins. However, none of SCLC showed this pattern of expression. In NSCLC patients, the increasing levels of HMW cytokeratins expression, as shown by 34βE12 antibody, correlated with the occurrence of disease recurrence (P=0.0057; Fisher’s exact test). Consequently, the expression of HMW cytokeratins was found to be associated with a poor 4-year overall survival of NSCLC patients (P=0.0315; Log rank test), not taking into account the histopathological classification of tumors. Similar results were obtained when 8-year overall survival was assessed (P=0.0103; Log rank test). Our results could suggest the assessment of HMW cytokeratins in a larger series of NSCLC samples in order to confirm the potential prognostic value of them.
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Gürgen SG, Yücel AT, Karakuş AÇ, Çeçen D, Özen G, Koçtürk S. Usage of whey protein may cause liver damage via inflammatory and apoptotic responses. Hum Exp Toxicol 2014; 34:769-79. [PMID: 25352651 DOI: 10.1177/0960327114556787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the long- and short-term inflammatory and apoptotic effects of whey protein on the livers of non-exercising rats. Thirty rats were divided into three groups namely (1) control group, (2) short-term whey (WS) protein diet (252 g/kg for 5 days), and (3) long-term whey (WL) protein diet (252 g/kg for 4 weeks). Interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and cytokeratin 18 (CK-18-M30) were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunohistochemical methods. Apoptosis was evaluated using the terminal transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling (TUNEL) method. Hepatotoxicity was evaluated by quantitation of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Based on the biochemical levels and immunohistochemical results, the highest level of IL-1β was identified in the WL group (p < 0.01). The IL-6 and TNF-α results were slightly lower in the WS group than in the control group and were highest in the WL group (p < 0.01). The CK-18-M30 and TUNEL results were highest in the WS group and exhibited medium intensity in the WL group (p < 0.01). AST results were statistically significant for all groups, while our ALT groups were particularly significant between the WL and control groups (p < 0.01). The results showed that when whey protein is used in an uninformed manner and without exercising, adverse effects on the liver may occur by increasing the apoptotic signal in the short term and increasing inflammatory markers and hepatotoxicity in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Gürgen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Vocational Health Service, Celal Bayar University, Uncubozkoy, Manisa, Turkey
| | - A T Yücel
- Department of Anatomy, School of Vocational Health Service, Celal Bayar University, Uncubozkoy, Manisa, Turkey
| | - A Ç Karakuş
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, İnciraltı, İzmir, Turkey
| | - D Çeçen
- Department of Nursing, Celal Bayar University, Manisa Health Sciences College, Manisa, Turkey
| | - G Özen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Health Science Institute, Dokuz Eylul University Inciraltı, İzmir, Turkey
| | - S Koçtürk
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, İnciraltı, İzmir, Turkey
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Thalin C, Blomgren B, Mobarrez F, Lundstrom A, Laska AC, von Arbin M, von Heijne A, Rooth E, Wallen H, Aspberg S. Trousseau's Syndrome, a Previously Unrecognized Condition in Acute Ischemic Stroke Associated With Myocardial Injury. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep 2014; 2:2324709614539283. [PMID: 26425612 PMCID: PMC4528894 DOI: 10.1177/2324709614539283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Trousseau’s syndrome is a well-known malignancy associated hypercoagulative state leading to venous or arterial thrombosis. The pathophysiology is however poorly understood, although multiple mechanisms are believed to be involved. We report a case of Trousseau’s syndrome resulting in concomitant cerebral and myocardial microthrombosis, presenting with acute ischemic stroke and markedly elevated plasma troponin T levels suggesting myocardial injury. Without any previous medical history, the patient developed multiple cerebral infarctions and died within 11 days of admission. The patient was postmortem diagnosed with an advanced metastatic adenocarcinoma of the prostate with disseminated cerebral, pulmonary, and myocardial microthrombosis. Further analyses revealed, to the best of our knowledge for the first time in stroke patients, circulating microvesicles positive for the epithelial tumor marker CK18 and citrullinated histone H3 in thrombi, markers of the recently described cancer-associated procoagulant DNA-based neutrophil extracellular traps. We also found tissue factor, the main in vivo initiator of coagulation, both in thrombi and in metastases. Troponin elevation in acute ischemic stroke is common and has repeatedly been associated with an increased risk of mortality. The underlying pathophysiology is however not fully clarified, although a number of possible explanations have been proposed. We now suggest that unexplainable high levels of troponin in acute ischemic stroke deserve special attention in terms of possible occult malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Thalin
- Karolinska Institutet, Dept of Clinical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bo Blomgren
- Karolinska Institutet, Dept of Clinical Sciences, Division of Pathology, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fariborz Mobarrez
- Karolinska Institutet, Dept of Clinical Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annika Lundstrom
- Karolinska Institutet, Dept of Clinical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ann Charlotte Laska
- Karolinska Institutet, Dept of Clinical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus von Arbin
- Karolinska Institutet, Dept of Clinical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders von Heijne
- Karolinska Institutet, Dept of Clinical Sciences, Division of Radiology, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Rooth
- Karolinska Institutet, Dept of Clinical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hakan Wallen
- Karolinska Institutet, Dept of Clinical Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Aspberg
- Karolinska Institutet, Dept of Clinical Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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García-Muñoz A, Bologna-Molina R, Aldape-Barrios B, Licéaga-Escalera C, Montoya-Pérez LA, Rodríguez MA. Identification of proteins with increased levels in ameloblastic carcinoma. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2014; 72:1183-96. [PMID: 24485979 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2013.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The comparative proteomic approach by a combination of 2-dimensional electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MS) analysis is an attractive strategy for the discovery of cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets. The identification of protein biomarkers associated with ameloblastic carcinoma (AC), a malignant epithelial odontogenic tumor, will potentially improve the diagnostic and prognostic accuracy for this malignant neoplasm. The aim of the present study was to identify highly expressed proteins in AC that could be considered as potential biomarkers. MATERIALS AND METHODS The protein profile of an AC was compared with the protein profiles of 3 cases of benign ameloblastoma. Proteins that showed increased levels in AC were identified using MS, and the augmented amount of some of these proteins in the malignant lesion was confirmed by Western blot or immunohistochemistry. RESULTS We detected a total of 782 spots in the protein profile of AC, and 19 of them, showing elevated levels compared with benign ameloblastoma, were identified using MS. These proteins have been implicated in several cellular functions, such as cell structure, metabolism, stress response, and signal transduction. CONCLUSIONS The increased expression of the identified proteins and the minor expression of some proteins that might inhibit tumor progression could be involved in the evolution from a benign lesion to carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro García-Muñoz
- Assistant Professor, Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, D.F., México; and Departamento de Investigación, Escuela de Odontología, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, México
| | - Ronell Bologna-Molina
- Professor, Departamento de Investigación, Escuela de Odontología, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, México; and Patología Molecular, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Beatriz Aldape-Barrios
- Professor, División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Portal de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., México
| | - Carlos Licéaga-Escalera
- Professor, Departamento de Cirugía Maxilofacial, Hospital Juárez de México, México, D.F., México
| | - Luis A Montoya-Pérez
- Professor, Departamento de Cirugía Maxilofacial, Hospital Juárez de México, México, D.F., México
| | - Mario A Rodríguez
- Professor, Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, CINVESTAV-IPN, México, D.F., México.
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Benedict WF, Fisher M, Zhang XQ, Yang Z, Munsell MF, Dinney CNP. Use of monitoring levels of soluble forms of cytokeratin 18 in the urine of patients with superficial bladder cancer following intravesical Ad-IFNα/Syn3 treatment in a phase l study. Cancer Gene Ther 2014; 21:91-4. [PMID: 24503570 PMCID: PMC3962717 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2014.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A phase l study using intravesical Ad-IFNα/Syn3 for patients with BCG resistant superficial bladder cancer showed a complete remission (CR) of 43% at 90 days after treatment with high levels of IFNα being produced. Ad-IFNα kills bladder cancer cells by two apoptotic and one necrotic mechanism that can be measured by soluble forms of cytokeratin 18 (CK 18) using M30 and M65 ELISAs, assays for caspase –cleaved (apoptotic) and uncleaved (necrotic) cell death, respectively. Therefore we determined whether M30 and M65 levels in the urine after treatment could document all three mechanisms of cancer cell kill and also predict having a CR. High levels of both M30 and M65 were found in all patients within 24 hours after treatment with all three types of cancer cell death occuring. Moreover, the return of both M30 and M65 levels in the urine to normal levels within 5 days or more after treatment was strongly associated with obtaining a CR (p=0.003). This is the first time that such assays have been used to study response to therapy in the urine of patients with bladder cancer and in the future may prove valuable in predicting clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- W F Benedict
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - M Fisher
- Department of Urology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - X-Q Zhang
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Z Yang
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - M F Munsell
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - C N P Dinney
- Department of Urology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Abstract
The dynamics of oral mucosa is known by its inherent defensive nature. Certain areas demand tough shield when subjected to mechanical insults. This is met by structural scaffolding material referred as cytoskeleton comprised of intracellular protein filaments called cytokeratins in the surface squames of oral epithelia. They also equally contribute towards the architecture of odontogenic apparatus and salivary gland. Differentiation of epithelial cells within stratified epithelia regulates the expression of specific keratin gene. Any mutation in, or autoantibodies to keratins, desmosomal and cornified envelope proteins is translated into genetic and acquired human disorders. Sound knowledge of structural proteins, their expression, distribution and function plays a vital role in acquainting with these disorders and their application as differentiation markers. Thus, they form an integral aid in diagnostic pathology and may be instrumental in the future interventions by gene therapy. This review focuses on basics to current updates on oral cytokeratins with an emphasis on the genetic and acquired disorders of cytokeratins with oral implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roopa S Rao
- Professor and Head, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MS Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences MSRIT Post, MSR Nagar, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- Associate Professor, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MS Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences MSRIT Post, MSR Nagar, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - B S Ganavi
- Postgraduate Student, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MS Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences MSRIT Post, MSR Nagar, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Bae CB, Kim SS, Ahn SJ, Cho HJ, Kim SR, Park SY, Song GW, Kim DJ, Hwang SG, Yang JM, Kim YB, Park YN, Shin SJ, Cho SW, Cheong JY. Caspase-cleaved fragments of cytokeratin-18 as a marker of inflammatory activity in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Clin Virol 2013; 58:641-6. [PMID: 24210327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The differential diagnosis between inactive carrier and active hepatitis is important in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) virus infection. Serum cytokeratin (CK)-18 fragments (M30-antigen) are proposed as biomarkers of apoptosis. OBJECTIVES We investigated whether serum M30-antigen levels might help to characterize the various phases of CHB and predict the state of significant inflammation in patients with CHB. STUDY DESIGN A total of 339 CHB patients who underwent liver biopsy, were included. Serum M30-antigen levels were compared between inactive carriers (n=21), patients with HBeAg-negative hepatitis (n=95), HBeAg-positive hepatitis (n=141) and liver cirrhosis (n=82). RESULTS Serum M30-antigen levels were correlated significantly not only with AST (r=0.544, p<0.001) and ALT (r=0.315, p<0.001) and but also inflammatory grading score on liver biopsy (r=0.240, p<0.001). Serum M30-antigen level in HBeAg-negative CHB was significantly higher than that of inactive HBV carrier (399.78 U/L vs 148.90 U/L, p<0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that AST (p<0.001), albumin (p=0.009) and M30-antigen (p=0.020) were the independent predictors of significant inflammation. Combined serum M30-antigen level (>344 U/L) and AST (>78 IU/L) measurement provided the most accurate identification of significant inflammation, showing 38.2% sensitivity, 96.1% specificity, 91.0% positive predictive value and 56.1% negative predictive value. CONCLUSIONS Serum M30-antigen can be a predictive marker for distinguishing between inactive carrier and HBeAg-negative CHB. Serum M30 levels are associated with the presence of significant inflammation, especially in patients with normal or minimally elevated ALT in CHB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Bum Bae
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
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Identification of intermediate risk breast cancer patients with1–3 positive lymph nodes and excellent survival after tamoxifen as only systemic adjuvant therapy by use of markers of proliferation and apoptosis. Breast 2013; 22:643-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2013.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Prediction of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients by circulating apoptotic biomarkers nucleosomes, DNAse, cytokeratin-18 fragments and survivin. Cancer Lett 2013; 336:140-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Chen Q, Ge F, Cui W, Wang F, Yang Z, Guo Y, Li L, Bremner RM, Lin PP. Lung cancer circulating tumor cells isolated by the EpCAM-independent enrichment strategy correlate with Cytokeratin 19-derived CYFRA21-1 and pathological staging. Clin Chim Acta 2013; 419:57-61. [PMID: 23415723 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2013.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytokeratin 19-derived CYFRA21-1 is an acceptable lung cancer biomarker. However, whether CYFRA21-1 correlates with lung cancer circulating tumor cells (CTCs) remains unclear. METHODS CTCs in 42 lung cancer patients and 10 nonmalignant pulmonary disease patients were isolated by means of an EpCAM-independent enrichment strategy. Correlation of lung cancer CTCs with serum concentration of CYFRA21-1 and pathological staging was investigated. RESULTS Among lung cancer patients in this study, 39% (7/18) of those with normal CYFRA21-1 (≤3.3 ng/ml) and 62% (13/21) of high CYFRA21-1 (>3.3 ng/ml) patients were found to have ≥3 CTCs/7.5 ml blood. The CTCs-positive rate of stage I to IV lung cancer patients was 20% (2/10), 45% (5/11), 54% (6/11) and 70% (7/10), respectively. Comparing M0 vs M1 patients, the CTCs-positive rate was 43% (13/30) and 70% (7/10), respectively. All M1 patients (10/10) had one or more CTCs detected, whereas none of the nonmalignant pulmonary disease patients had detectable CTCs. CONCLUSION Lung cancer CTCs isolated by the EpCAM-independent enrichment approach correlate with CYFRA21-1 and TNM staging. Correlation of CTCs and CYFRA21-1 in lung cancer patients is of potential clinical utility in terms of early diagnosis and predicting prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Majumdar D, Tiernan JP, Lobo AJ, Evans CA, Corfe BM. Keratins in colorectal epithelial function and disease. Int J Exp Pathol 2012; 93:305-18. [PMID: 22974212 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2012.00830.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratins are the largest subgroup of intermediate filament proteins, which are an important constituent of the cellular cytoskeleton. The principally expressed keratins (K) of the intestinal epithelium are K8, K18 and K19. The specific keratin profile of a particular epithelium provides it with strength and integrity. In the colon, keratins have been shown to regulate electrolyte transport, likely by targeting ion transporters to their correct location in the colonocytes. Keratins are highly dynamic and are subject to post-translational modifications including phosphorylation, acetylation and glycosylation. These affect the filament dynamics and hence solubility of keratins and may contribute to protection against degradation. Keratin null mice (K8(-/-) ) develop colitis, and abnormal keratin mutations have been shown to be associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Abnormal expression of K7 and K20 has been noted in colitis-associated dysplasia and cancers. In sporadic colorectal cancers (CRCs) may be useful in predicting tumour prognosis; a low K20 expression is noted in CRCs with high microsatellite instability; and keratins have been noted as dysregulated in peri-adenomatous fields. Caspase-cleaved fragment of K18 (M30) in the serum of patients with CRC has been used as a marker of cancer load and to assess response to therapy. These data suggest an emerging importance of keratins in maintaining normal function of the gastrointestinal epithelium as well as being a marker of various colorectal diseases. This review will primarily focus on the biology of these proteins, physiological functions and alterations in IBD and CRCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debabrata Majumdar
- Molecular Gastroenterology Research Group, Academic Unit of Surgical Oncology, Department of Oncology, The Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Saberi S, Douraghi M, Azadmanesh K, Shokrgozar MA, Zeraati H, Hosseini ME, Mohagheghi MA, Parsaeian M, Mohammadi M. A potential association between Helicobacter pylori CagA EPIYA and multimerization motifs with cytokeratin 18 cleavage rate during early apoptosis. Helicobacter 2012; 17:350-7. [PMID: 22967118 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2012.00954.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Helicobacter pylori is a highly diverse pathogen, which encounters epithelial cells as the initial defense barrier during its lifelong infection. The structure of epithelial cells can be disrupted through cleavage of microfilaments. Cytokeratin 18 (CK18) is an intermediate filament, the cleavage of which is considered an early event during apoptosis following activation of effector caspases. METHODS Helicobacter pylori strains were isolated from 76 dyspeptic patients. cagA 3' variable region and CagA protein status were analyzed by PCR and western blotting, respectively. Eight hours post-co-culture of AGS cells with different H. pylori strains, flow cytometric analysis was performed using M30 monoclonal antibody specific to CK18 cleavage-induced neo-epitope. RESULTS Higher rates of CK18 cleavage were detected during co-culture of AGS cells with H. pylori strains bearing greater numbers of cagA EPIYA-C and multimerization (CM) motifs. On the other hand, H. pylori strains with greater numbers of EPIYA-B relative to EPIYA-C demonstrated a decrease in CK18 cleavage rate. Thus, H. pylori-mediated cleavage of CK18 appeared proportional to the number of CagA EPIYA-C and CM motifs, which seemed to be downplayed in the presence of EPIYA-B motifs. CONCLUSIONS Our observation associating the heterogeneity of cagA variants with the potential of H. pylori strains in the induction of CK18 cleavage as an early indication of apoptosis in gastric epithelial cells supports the fact that apoptosis may be a type-specific trait. However, additional cagA-targeted experiments are required to clearly identify the role of EPIYA and CM motifs in apoptosis and/or the responsible effector molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Saberi
- HPGC Group, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Lapek JD, McGrath JL, Ricke WA, Friedman AE. LC/LC-MS/MS of an innovative prostate human epithelial cancer (PHEC) in vitro model system. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 893-894:34-42. [PMID: 22425387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2011] [Revised: 02/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This work describes the proteomic characterization of a novel in vitro prostate cancer model system, the clonal prostatic human epithelial cancer (PHEC) cell lines. The model is composed of three cell lines representing the three progressive cancer states found in vivo: non-tumorigenic, tumorigenic, and metastatic. The cell lines were evaluated for differential protein expression between states using two dimensional liquid:liquid chromatographic separation followed by mass spectral identification. The proteins from cellular extracts were first separated using liquid:liquid primary separation based on their isoelectric points and hydrophobicity. The resulting peptide fractions were applied to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) separation for mass determination and protein identification based on Mascot database inquiry. Over 200 proteins that change expression over the course of progression of this in vitro prostate cancer model were discovered during the comparative analysis of the three cell lines. The importance of these proteins on prostate cancer progression remains to be elucidated with further characterizations. The combination of the two dimensional liquid:liquid separation and mass spectral identifications was used to successfully analyze differential protein expression between multiple cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Lapek
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Environmental Medicine, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
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40
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Jackson RC. Pharmacodynamic modelling of biomarker data in oncology. ISRN PHARMACOLOGY 2012; 2012:590626. [PMID: 22523699 PMCID: PMC3302113 DOI: 10.5402/2012/590626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of pharmacodynamic (PD) biomarkers in oncology has implications for design of clinical protocols from preclinical data and for predicting clinical outcomes from early clinical data. Two classes of biomarkers have received particular attention. Phosphoproteins in biopsy samples are markers of inhibition of signalling pathways, target sites for many novel agents. Biomarkers of apoptosis in plasma can measure tumour cell killing by drugs in phase I clinical trials. The predictive power of PD biomarkers is enhanced by data modelling. With pharmacokinetic models, PD models form PK/PD models that predict the time course both of drug concentration and drug effects. If biomarkers of drug toxicity are also measured, the models can predict drug selectivity as well as efficacy. PK/PD models, in conjunction with disease models, make possible virtual clinical trials, in which multiple trial designs are assessed in silico, so the optimal trial design can be selected for experimental evaluation.
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Dhandayuthapani S, Perez HD, Paroulek A, Chinnakkannu P, Kandalam U, Jaffe M, Rathinavelu A. Bromelain-induced apoptosis in GI-101A breast cancer cells. J Med Food 2011; 15:344-9. [PMID: 22191568 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2011.0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bromelain is a proteolytic enzyme extracted from the stems and the immature fruits of pineapple that was found to be antitumorigenic in different in vitro models. Bromelain has been reported to promote apoptosis, particularly in breast cancer cells, with the up-regulation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 kinase. Our study was designed to determine if bromelain could induce apoptosis in GI-101A breast cancer cells. GI-101A cells were treated with increasing concentrations of bromelain for 24 hours. The effect of bromelain for inducing cell death via activation of the apoptosis mechanism in GI-101A cells was further determined by using caspase-9 and caspase-3 assays along with the M30-Apoptosense assay to measure cytokeratin 18 (CK18) levels in the cytoplasm of the cultured cancer cells. A dose-dependent increase in the activities of caspase-9 and caspase-3 coinciding with elevation of CK18 levels was found in bromelain-treated cells compared with control cells. Furthermore, the apoptosis induction by bromelain was confirmed by DNA fragmentation analysis and 4,6'-diamino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride fluorescence staining of the nucleus. Our results indicate an increase in apoptosis-related cell death in breast cancer cells with increasing concentrations of bromelain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivanesan Dhandayuthapani
- Rumbaugh Goodwin Institute for Cancer Research, Health Professions Division, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33313, USA
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Evaluation of pharmacodynamic biomarkers in a Phase 1a trial of dulanermin (rhApo2L/TRAIL) in patients with advanced tumours. Br J Cancer 2011; 105:1830-8. [PMID: 22033270 PMCID: PMC3251880 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Dulanermin (rhApo2L/TRAIL) induces apoptosis by binding to death receptors DR4 and DR5, leading to caspase activation and subsequent cell death. A Phase1a trial evaluated the safety and tolerability of dulanermin in patients with advanced tumours. One aim was to develop and validate pharmacodynamic biomarkers to monitor dulanermin activity in patient serum. Methods: We optimised assays to measure the cell-death markers caspase 3/7, cytokeratin 18 and genomic DNA in serum. Mice bearing Colo205 xenografts were treated with dulanermin and sera were collected and assayed for apoptotic markers. Upon validating these assays, we monitored apoptotic markers in patients who received dulanermin. Results: We detected transient increases in apoptotic markers in mouse sera 8–24 h after dulanermin treatment. This increase was dose-dependent and correlated with active caspase 3 detected by IHC in Colo205 tumours. A statistically significant increase in serum caspase 3/7 was detected in cohorts of colorectal and sarcoma patients 24 h after receiving dulanermin dosed above 4 mg kg−1. Conclusion: Owing to limited responses in the Phase 1a study, the changes in circulating cell-death markers were not evaluable. Future studies with dulanermin are needed to determine the utility of these assays with respect to providing evidence of activity or predicting overall response.
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Yilmaz Y. Cytokeratins in hepatitis. Clin Chim Acta 2011; 412:2031-6. [PMID: 21925155 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Experimental and clinical evidence suggests that cytokeratins (CK), among other physiological functions, are expressed in hepatocytes and can be released in the bloodstream after acute or chronic inflammatory liver injury. Interest in CK in viral and nonviral hepatitis has been rapidly increasing during the last years, especially as they have been proposed as circulating biomarkers of hepatocyte necrosis and apoptosis. In the present review, we sought to summarize and discuss the alterations in circulating CK levels in different form viral and nonviral hepatitis, as well as their potential relation with liver histology. Understanding the mechanisms of hepatitis impact on CK and vice versa is a promising area of research that will positively enhance our understanding of the complexity of acute and chronic inflammatory liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Yilmaz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Marmara University, School of Medicine, Pendik, 34899 Istanbul, Turkey.
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Waterhouse M, Samek E, Torres M, Bertz H, Finke J. Diagnostic utility of a soluble cytokeratin 18 assay for gastrointestinal graft-vs.-host disease detection. Clin Chem Lab Med 2011; 49:1695-7. [PMID: 21679127 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2011.644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal/liver graft-vs.-host disease is a frequent complication after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Endoscopic biopsies are needed to confirm clinical diagnosis, but this is not always feasible due to concurrent complications after transplantation. Cytokeratin 18 is expressed in epithelial colon cells and hepatocytes. Apoptosis, a hallmark of graft-vs.-host disease, results in the cleavage of cytokeratin 18 and the resulting fragments are released into the circulation. METHODS The aim of the present study was to assess the general performance and usefulness of a serologic test for soluble cytokeratin 18 for gastrointestinal/liver graft-vs.-host disease detection. Plasmatic concentration of soluble cytokeratin 18 was measured in 38 individuals undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation. A two-fold increase of sCK18 above the pre-transplant concentration was used as a threshold value. RESULTS Plasmatic concentration of soluble cytokeratin 18 was significantly elevated in patients with gastrointestinal/liver graft-vs.-host disease. Soluble cytokeratin 18 concentration raised before the onset of clinical symptoms in 69% of the patients with gastrointestinal/liver graft-vs.-host disease. The threshold value used in our study resulted in a high sensitivity and a low false negative rate for gastrointestinal/liver graft-vs.-host disease detection. CONCLUSIONS Soluble cytokeratin 18 seems to be a suitable biomarker for gastrointestinal/liver graft-vs.-host disease detection, particularly when a biopsy is not feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Waterhouse
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany.
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Gonzalez-Quintela A, Tomé S, Fernandez-Merino C, Rey J, Meijide L, Gude F. Synergistic effect of alcohol consumption and body mass on serum concentrations of cytokeratin-18. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2011; 35:2202-8. [PMID: 21682752 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01570.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytokeratin-18 is an essential component of the cytoskeleton of epithelial cells (including hepatocytes). Serum concentrations of cytokeratin-18 (tissue polypeptide-specific antigen [TPS]) are used as a marker of epithelial neoplasms. Here, we investigated the potential interaction between alcohol and obesity in relation to serum TPS concentrations. METHODS Alcohol consumption, body mass index, and components of metabolic syndrome were measured in a random sample (n = 420) of the adult population (aged 18 to 92 years, 45% men) from a single municipality. Regular alcohol intake of >20 g/d (women) or >30 g/d (men) was considered risky drinking. Serum TPS was measured with a commercial immunoassay. RESULTS Risky drinking was associated with increased serum concentrations of TPS, which was particularly evident among obese individuals. Among individuals without risky drinking, TPS concentrations were similar for all levels of body mass. Conversely, among risky drinkers, serum TPS concentrations increased in parallel with body mass (p = 0.002). The odds ratio of a high (>100 U/l) TPS concentration for the combination of risky drinking and obesity was greater than the additive effect of the 2 separate factors, after adjusting for age and sex. A similar interaction was observed between risky drinking and abdominal adiposity, a major component of the metabolic syndrome. Serum TPS concentrations were correlated with markers of liver damage. Serum TPS was not superior to standard markers (gamma-glutamyl transferase and red blood cell mean volume) for the detection of risky drinking. CONCLUSIONS There is a synergism between risky alcohol consumption and common metabolic disorders (particularly obesity) in relation to serum concentrations of cytokeratin-18 (TPS), which probably reflect liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Gonzalez-Quintela
- Department of Internal Medicine, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Ray S, Reddy PJ, Jain R, Gollapalli K, Moiyadi A, Srivastava S. Proteomic technologies for the identification of disease biomarkers in serum: advances and challenges ahead. Proteomics 2011; 11:2139-61. [PMID: 21548090 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201000460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Serum is an ideal biological sample that contains an archive of information due to the presence of a variety of proteins released by diseased tissue, and serum proteomics has gained considerable interest for the disease biomarker discovery. Easy accessibility and rapid protein changes in response to disease pathogenesis makes serum an attractive sample for clinical research. Despite these advantages, the analysis of serum proteome is very challenging due to the wide dynamic range of proteins, difficulty in finding low-abundance target analytes due to the presence of high-abundance serum proteins, high levels of salts and other interfering compounds, variations among individuals and paucity of reproducibility. Sample preparation introduces pre-analytical variations and poses major challenges to analyze the serum proteome. The label-free detection techniques such as surface plasmon resonance, microcantilever, few nanotechniques and different resonators are rapidly emerging for the analysis of serum proteome and they have exhibited potential to overcome few limitations of the conventional techniques. In this article, we will discuss the current status of serum proteome analysis for the biomarker discovery and address key technological advancements, with a focus on challenges and amenable solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandipan Ray
- Wadhwani Research Center for Biosciences and Bioengineering, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
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Yang N, Feng S, Shedden K, Xie X, Liu Y, Rosser CJ, Lubman DM, Goodison S. Urinary glycoprotein biomarker discovery for bladder cancer detection using LC/MS-MS and label-free quantification. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:3349-59. [PMID: 21459797 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-3121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancers of the urinary bladder are the fifth most commonly diagnosed malignancy in the United States. Early clinical diagnosis of bladder cancer remains a major challenge, and the development of noninvasive methods for detection and surveillance is desirable for both patients and health care providers. APPROACH To identify urinary proteins with potential clinical utility, we enriched and profiled the glycoprotein component of urine samples by using a dual-lectin affinity chromatography and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry platform. RESULTS From a primary sample set obtained from 54 cancer patients and 46 controls, a total of 265 distinct glycoproteins were identified with high confidence, and changes in glycoprotein abundance between groups were quantified by a label-free spectral counting method. Validation of candidate biomarker alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT) for disease association was done on an independent set of 70 samples (35 cancer cases) by using an ELISA. Increased levels of urinary A1AT glycoprotein were indicative of the presence of bladder cancer (P < 0.0001) and augmented voided urine cytology results. A1AT detection classified bladder cancer patients with a sensitivity of 74% and specificity of 80%. SUMMARY The described strategy can enable higher resolution profiling of the proteome in biological fluids by reducing complexity. Application of glycoprotein enrichment provided novel candidates for further investigation as biomarkers for the noninvasive detection of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Yang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Molnar A, Haybaeck J, Lackner C, Strnad P. The cytoskeleton in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: 100 years old but still youthful. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 5:167-77. [PMID: 21476912 DOI: 10.1586/egh.11.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The hepatocellular cytoskeleton consists of three filamentous systems: microfilaments, microtubules and keratins (Ks). While the alterations in microfilaments and microtubules during nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are largely unexplored, K8/K18 reorganization into Mallory-Denk bodies (MDBs) represents a NASH hallmark, and serological K18 fragments constitute an established tool to monitor NASH severity. To commemorate the 100th anniversary of the first description of MDBs, this article summarizes the composition and function of the hepatocellular cytoskeleton, as well as the importance of cytoskeletal alterations in NASH. The significance of MDBs in clinical routine is illustrated, as are the findings from MDB mouse models, which shape our current view of MDB pathogenesis. Even after 100 years, the cytoskeleton represents a fascinating but greatly understudied area of NASH biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Molnar
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Ulm, Germany
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Ulukaya S, Ulukaya E, Alper I, Yilmaztepe-Oral A, Kilic M. Soluble cytokeratin 18 biomarkers may provide information on the type of cell death during early ischemia and reperfusion periods of liver transplantation. Clin Transplant 2011; 24:848-54. [PMID: 20030677 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0012.2009.01177.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular damage takes place as a result of ischemia and reperfusion during liver transplantation (LT). To discriminate the type of cell death and quantitate its severity may provide new insights into the mechanisms of hepatocellular damage. Therefore, we investigated the type of cell death by ELISA-based assays in patient sera. Apoptosis was specifically assessed by measuring a novel soluble biomarker, the caspase-cleaved cytokeratin 18, while total cell death (apoptosis and necrosis) by cytokeratin 18 released from dead (necrotic and apoptotic) cells. Twenty-seven live (LDLT) and 14 deceased (DDLT) donor liver transplantations were analyzed before the operation, at the anhepatic stage, first, sixth and 24th hour after the reperfusion. Both apoptosis and total cell death have successfully been demonstrated although they have not been confirmed by the liver biopsy that is impossible to perform in this setting. Apoptosis was not induced in LDLT. Total cell death (primarily necrosis) only transiently appeared the first hour after the reperfusion in LDLT, while it sharply increased the first hour after the reperfusion and maintained its level in DDLT. Soluble cytokeratin 18 biomarkers seem to be useful to discriminate and quantitate the type of cell death during early ischemia and reperfusion periods of LT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sezgin Ulukaya
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Ege University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey.
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Lee EN, Park JK, Lee JR, Oh SO, Baek SY, Kim BS, Yoon S. Characterization of the expression of cytokeratins 5, 8, and 14 in mouse thymic epithelial cells during thymus regeneration following acute thymic involution. Anat Cell Biol 2011; 44:14-24. [PMID: 21519545 PMCID: PMC3080004 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2011.44.1.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The thymus is a central lymphoid organ for T cell development. Thymic epithelial cells (TECs) constitute a major component of the thymic stroma, which provides a specialized microenvironment for survival, proliferation, and differentiation of immature T cells. In this study, subsets of TECs were examined immunohistochemically to investigate their cytokeratin (CK) expression patterns during thymus regeneration following thymic involution induced by cyclophosphamide treatment. The results demonstrated that both normal and regenerating mouse thymuses showed a similar CK expression pattern. The major medullary TECs (mTEC) subset, which is stellate in appearance, exhibited CK5 and CK14 staining, and the minor mTEC subset, which is globular in appearance, exhibited CK8 staining, whereas the vast majority of cortical TECs (cTECs) expressed CK8 during thymus regeneration. Remarkably, the levels of CK5 and CK14 expression were enhanced in mTECs, and CK8 expression was upregulated in cTECs during mouse thymus regeneration after cyclophosphamide-induced acute thymic involution. Of special interest, a relatively high number of CK5+CK8+ TEC progenitors occurred in the thymic cortex during thymus regeneration. Taken together, these findings shed more light on the role of CK5, CK8, and CK14 in the physiology of TECs during mouse thymus regeneration, and on the characterization of TEC progenitors for restoration of the epithelial network and for concomitant regeneration of the adult thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Na Lee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea
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