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Perry WB, Kaufmann J, Solberg MF, Brodie C, Coral Medina AM, Pillay K, Egerton A, Harvey A, Phillips KP, Coughlan J, Egan F, Grealis R, Hutton S, Leseur F, Ryan S, Poole R, Rogan G, Ryder E, Schaal P, Waters C, Wynne R, Taylor M, Prodöhl P, Creer S, Llewellyn M, McGinnity P, Carvalho G, Glover KA. Domestication-induced reduction in eye size revealed in multiple common garden experiments: The case of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.). Evol Appl 2021; 14:2319-2332. [PMID: 34603501 PMCID: PMC8477603 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestication leads to changes in traits that are under directional selection in breeding programmes, though unintentional changes in nonproduction traits can also arise. In offspring of escaping fish and any hybrid progeny, such unintentionally altered traits may reduce fitness in the wild. Atlantic salmon breeding programmes were established in the early 1970s, resulting in genetic changes in multiple traits. However, the impact of domestication on eye size has not been studied. We measured body size corrected eye size in 4000 salmon from six common garden experiments conducted under artificial and natural conditions, in freshwater and saltwater environments, in two countries. Within these common gardens, offspring of domesticated and wild parents were crossed to produce 11 strains, with varying genetic backgrounds (wild, domesticated, F1 hybrids, F2 hybrids and backcrosses). Size-adjusted eye size was influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Domesticated fish reared under artificial conditions had smaller adjusted eye size when compared to wild fish reared under identical conditions, in both the freshwater and marine environments, and in both Irish and Norwegian experiments. However, in parr that had been introduced into a river environment shortly after hatching and sampled at the end of their first summer, differences in adjusted eye size observed among genetic groups were of a reduced magnitude and were nonsignificant in 2-year-old sea migrating smolts sampled in the river immediately prior to sea entry. Collectively, our findings could suggest that where natural selection is present, individuals with reduced eye size are maladapted and consequently have reduced fitness, building on our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie a well-documented reduction in the fitness of the progeny of domesticated salmon, including hybrid progeny, in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Bernard Perry
- Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics LaboratorySchool of Biological ScienceBangor UniversityBangor, GwyneddUK
- Water Research InstituteSchool of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- Population Genetics Research GroupInstitute of Marine ResearchBergenNorway
| | - Joshka Kaufmann
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- Marine InstituteFurnace, NewportCo. MayoIreland
| | | | - Christopher Brodie
- Ecosystems and Environment Research CentreSchool of Environment and Life SciencesUniversity of SalfordSalfordUK
| | | | - Kirthana Pillay
- Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics LaboratorySchool of Biological ScienceBangor UniversityBangor, GwyneddUK
| | - Anna Egerton
- Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics LaboratorySchool of Biological ScienceBangor UniversityBangor, GwyneddUK
| | - Alison Harvey
- Population Genetics Research GroupInstitute of Marine ResearchBergenNorway
| | - Karl P. Phillips
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- Marine InstituteFurnace, NewportCo. MayoIreland
| | - Jamie Coughlan
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Fintan Egan
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- Marine InstituteFurnace, NewportCo. MayoIreland
| | - Ronan Grealis
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- Marine InstituteFurnace, NewportCo. MayoIreland
| | - Steve Hutton
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Floriane Leseur
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- Marine InstituteFurnace, NewportCo. MayoIreland
| | - Sarah Ryan
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- Marine InstituteFurnace, NewportCo. MayoIreland
| | | | - Ger Rogan
- Marine InstituteFurnace, NewportCo. MayoIreland
| | - Elizabeth Ryder
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- Marine InstituteFurnace, NewportCo. MayoIreland
| | - Patrick Schaal
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- Marine InstituteFurnace, NewportCo. MayoIreland
- Institute of BiodiversityAnimal Health & Comparative MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Catherine Waters
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- Marine InstituteFurnace, NewportCo. MayoIreland
| | - Robert Wynne
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Martin Taylor
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Paulo Prodöhl
- Institute for Global Food SecuritySchool of Biological SciencesMedical Biology CentreQueen’s UniversityBelfastUK
| | - Simon Creer
- Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics LaboratorySchool of Biological ScienceBangor UniversityBangor, GwyneddUK
| | - Martin Llewellyn
- Institute of BiodiversityAnimal Health & Comparative MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Philip McGinnity
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- Marine InstituteFurnace, NewportCo. MayoIreland
| | - Gary Carvalho
- Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics LaboratorySchool of Biological ScienceBangor UniversityBangor, GwyneddUK
| | - Kevin Alan Glover
- Population Genetics Research GroupInstitute of Marine ResearchBergenNorway
- Institute of BiologyUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
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2
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Sowersby W, Eckerström-Liedholm S, Kotrschal A, Näslund J, Rowiński P, Gonzalez-Voyer A, Rogell B. Fast life-histories are associated with larger brain size in killifishes. Evolution 2021; 75:2286-2298. [PMID: 34270088 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The high energetic demands associated with the vertebrate brain are proposed to result in a trade-off between the pace of life-history and relative brain size. However, because both life-history and brain size also have a strong relationship with body size, any associations between the pace of life-history and relative brain size may be confounded by coevolution with body size. Studies on systems where contrasts in the pace of life-history occur without concordant contrasts in body size could therefore add to our understanding of the potential coevolution between relative brain size and life-history. Using one such system - 21 species of killifish - we employed a common garden design across two ontogenetic stages to investigate the association between relative brain size and the pace of life-history. Contrary to predictions, we found that relative brain size was larger in adult fast-living killifishes, compared to slow-living species. Although we found no differences in relative brain size between juvenile killifishes. Our results suggest that fast- and slow-living killifishes do not exhibit the predicted trade-off between brain size and life-history. Instead, fast and slow-living killifishes could differ in the ontogenetic timing of somatic versus neural growth or inhabit environments that differ considerably in cognitive demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will Sowersby
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Biology, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Simon Eckerström-Liedholm
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Wild Animal Initiative, Farmington, Minnesota, USA
| | - Alexander Kotrschal
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Animal Sciences: Behavioural Ecology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Joacim Näslund
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Freshwater Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Drottningholm, Sweden
| | - Piotr Rowiński
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alejandro Gonzalez-Voyer
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Mexico
| | - Björn Rogell
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Freshwater Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Drottningholm, Sweden
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3
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Callet T, Li H, Coste P, Glise S, Heraud C, Maunas P, Mercier Y, Turonnet N, Zunzunegui C, Panserat S, Bolliet V, Marandel L. Modulation of Energy Metabolism and Epigenetic Landscape in Rainbow Trout Fry by a Parental Low Protein/High Carbohydrate Diet. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10070585. [PMID: 34202225 PMCID: PMC8301017 DOI: 10.3390/biology10070585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary While the effects of parental diets on their progeny have been highly described in mammals, such studies are lacking in fish. To explore such a question in a high trophic level teleost fish, two-year old male and female rainbow trout were fed either a control diet (0% carbohydrate and 63.89% protein) or a high-carbohydrate diet (35% carbohydrate and 42.96% protein), for a complete reproductive cycle for females and for a period of 5 months for males. Neither the maternal nor the paternal high-carbohydrate diet alone had induced significant effects on their progeny. Nevertheless, when both parents were fed the high-carbohydrate diet, the energy metabolism and mitochondrial dynamics of their progeny were altered. Moreover, the epigenetic landscape was also highly affected. Even though, offspring growth was only slightly affected at the early stage of life; the effect of parental high-carbohydrate diet should be explored over the long term. Abstract It is now recognized that parental diets could highly affect offspring metabolism and growth. Studies in fish are, however, lacking. In particular, the effect of a parental diet high in carbohydrate (HC) and low in protein (LP) on progeny has never been examined in higher trophic level teleost fish. Thus, two-year old male and female rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were fed either a control diet (0% carbohydrate and 63.89% protein) or a diet containing 35% carbohydrate and 42.96% protein (HC/LP) for a complete reproductive cycle for females and over a 5-month period for males. Cross-fertilizations were then carried out. To evaluate the effect of the parental diet on their offspring, different phenotypic and metabolic traits were recorded for offspring before their first feeding and again three weeks later. When considering the paternal and maternal HC/LP nutrition independently, fry phenotypes and transcriptomes were only slightly affected. The combination of the maternal and paternal HC/LP diets altered the energy metabolism and mitochondrial dynamics of their progeny, demonstrating the existence of a synergistic effect. The global DNA methylation of whole fry was also highly affected by the HC/LP parental diet, indicating that it could be one of the fundamental mechanisms responsible for the effects of nutritional programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thérèse Callet
- INRAE, Université de Pau et des Pays de L’Adour, E2S UPPA, NUMEA, 64310 Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France; (T.C.); (H.L.); (C.H.); (P.M.); (Y.M.); (N.T.); (C.Z.); (S.P.)
| | - Hongyan Li
- INRAE, Université de Pau et des Pays de L’Adour, E2S UPPA, NUMEA, 64310 Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France; (T.C.); (H.L.); (C.H.); (P.M.); (Y.M.); (N.T.); (C.Z.); (S.P.)
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Pascale Coste
- INRAE, Université de Pau et des Pays de L’Adour, E2S UPPA, ECOBIOP, 64310 Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France; (P.C.); (S.G.); (V.B.)
| | - Stéphane Glise
- INRAE, Université de Pau et des Pays de L’Adour, E2S UPPA, ECOBIOP, 64310 Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France; (P.C.); (S.G.); (V.B.)
| | - Cécile Heraud
- INRAE, Université de Pau et des Pays de L’Adour, E2S UPPA, NUMEA, 64310 Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France; (T.C.); (H.L.); (C.H.); (P.M.); (Y.M.); (N.T.); (C.Z.); (S.P.)
| | - Patrick Maunas
- INRAE, Université de Pau et des Pays de L’Adour, E2S UPPA, NUMEA, 64310 Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France; (T.C.); (H.L.); (C.H.); (P.M.); (Y.M.); (N.T.); (C.Z.); (S.P.)
| | - Yvan Mercier
- INRAE, Université de Pau et des Pays de L’Adour, E2S UPPA, NUMEA, 64310 Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France; (T.C.); (H.L.); (C.H.); (P.M.); (Y.M.); (N.T.); (C.Z.); (S.P.)
| | - Nicolas Turonnet
- INRAE, Université de Pau et des Pays de L’Adour, E2S UPPA, NUMEA, 64310 Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France; (T.C.); (H.L.); (C.H.); (P.M.); (Y.M.); (N.T.); (C.Z.); (S.P.)
| | - Chloé Zunzunegui
- INRAE, Université de Pau et des Pays de L’Adour, E2S UPPA, NUMEA, 64310 Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France; (T.C.); (H.L.); (C.H.); (P.M.); (Y.M.); (N.T.); (C.Z.); (S.P.)
| | - Stéphane Panserat
- INRAE, Université de Pau et des Pays de L’Adour, E2S UPPA, NUMEA, 64310 Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France; (T.C.); (H.L.); (C.H.); (P.M.); (Y.M.); (N.T.); (C.Z.); (S.P.)
| | - Valérie Bolliet
- INRAE, Université de Pau et des Pays de L’Adour, E2S UPPA, ECOBIOP, 64310 Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France; (P.C.); (S.G.); (V.B.)
| | - Lucie Marandel
- INRAE, Université de Pau et des Pays de L’Adour, E2S UPPA, NUMEA, 64310 Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France; (T.C.); (H.L.); (C.H.); (P.M.); (Y.M.); (N.T.); (C.Z.); (S.P.)
- Correspondence:
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4
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Chang CH, Fuller RC. The Eye Size of the Bluefin Killifish (Lucania goodei) Varies from Springs to Swamps. COPEIA 2020. [DOI: 10.1643/ci-19-330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hao Chang
- TIGP, Biodiversity Program, Tunghai University, No. 181, Sec. 4, Taiwan Blvd., Taichung City 407224, Taiwan; . Send reprint requests to this address
| | - Rebecca C. Fuller
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, 104 Shelford Vivarium, 606 E. Healey St., Champaign, Illinois 61820;
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5
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David-Ruales CA, Machado-Fracalossi D, Betancur-Gonzalez EM, Rodríguez-Franco N, Castañeda-Álvarez G, Florez-Restrepo C, Vásquez-Torres W. Relaciones alométricas en estadios tempranos de la especie Brycon moorei Steindachner (Characidae), en condiciones controladas. ACTUALIDADES BIOLÓGICAS 2020. [DOI: 10.17533/udea.acbi.v42n113a02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Para Brycon moorei, los datos sobre morfometría, en estados iniciales del desarrollo, son inexistentes. El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer las principales relaciones alométricas en los estadios tempranos de B. moorei. Se analizaron 12 variables merísticas en un tiempo experimental que transcurrió desde la eclosión hasta los 15 días post-eclosión. En el estadio larval vitelino (LV) se registró, en promedio: longitud total (LT) de 4,74 ± 0,05 mm; longitud estándar (LE) de 4,21 ± 0,07 mm; longitud del hocico (SnL) 0,3 ± 0,01; diámetro del ojo (ED) 0,37 ± 0,007 mm; longitud de la cabeza (HL) 1,02 ± 0,04 mm; altura de la cabeza (HH) 0,88 ± 0,069 mm; altura del cuerpo (BH) 1,26 ± 0,01 mm; longitud hocico-aleta pectoral (SnPF) 1,35 ± 0,034; ausencia de aletas pélvicas, anales y dorsal y el peso fue de 1,8 ± 0,2 mg. En la etapa juvenil (J), las medidas fueron: LT de 25,66 ± 0,64 mm; LE de 21,49 ± 0,63 mm; SnL de 1,69 ± 0,059 mm; ED de 1,71 ± 0,048 mm; HL de 6,33 ± 0,21 mm; HH de 4,89 ± 0,47 mm; BH de 6,13 ± 0,17 mm; SnPF de 6,48 ± 0,19 mm; SnPeF de 10,83 ± 0,28 mm; SnDF de 11,16 ± 0,33 mm; Sn-AF de 3,68 ± 0,34 mm; el peso fue de 221,6 ± 15,84 mg. Para LV, el número de miómeros pre-anales fue 28,65 ± 4,7; los post-anales fueron 23,85 ± 4,27, con un total de 52,47 ± 8,34; para J los miómeros no fueron visibles. Esta información es fundamental para fines ecológicos y productivos en B. moorei.
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6
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Delling B, Palm S. Evolution and disappearance of sympatric Coregonus albula in a changing environment-A case study of the only remaining population pair in Sweden. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:12727-12753. [PMID: 31788210 PMCID: PMC6875587 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past 50 years, Fennoscandian populations of spring-spawning Baltic cisco (Coregonus albula), sympatric to common autumn-spawners, have declined or disappeared; for example, three out of four known spring-spawning populations in Sweden are regarded as extinct. Over the same period, the climate has changed and populations have been subject to other anthropogenic stressors. We compared historic (1960s) and recent (1990-2000s) morphological data from the still-existent sympatric cisco populations in Lake Fegen, Sweden. Phenotypic changes were found for spring-spawners making them more similar to the sympatric autumn-spawners that had remained virtually unchanged. Based on results for other salmoniform fishes, a phenotypically plastic response to increased temperature during early development appears unlikely. The recent material was also analyzed with microsatellite markers; long-term effective population size in spring-spawners was estimated to be about 20 times lower than autumn-spawners, with signs of long-term gene flow in both directions and a recent genetic bottleneck in spring-spawners. We suggest the change toward a less distinct phenotype in spring-spawners to reflect a recent increase in gene flow from autumn-spawners. Time since divergence was estimated to only c. 1,900 years (95% CI: 400-5,900), but still the Fegen populations represent the most morphologically and genetically distinct sympatric populations studied. Consequently, we hypothesize that less distinct population pairs can be even younger and that spring-spawning may have repeatedly evolved and disappeared in several lakes since the end of the last glaciation, concurrent with changed environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Delling
- Department of ZoologySwedish Museum of Natural HistoryStockholmSweden
| | - Stefan Palm
- Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesDepartment of Aquatic ResourcesInstitute of Freshwater ResearchDrottningholmSweden
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7
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Lahne M, Piekos SM, O'Neill J, Ackerman KM, Hyde DR. Photo-regulation of rod precursor cell proliferation. Exp Eye Res 2018; 178:148-159. [PMID: 30267656 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Teleosts are unique in their ability to undergo persistent neurogenesis and to regenerate damaged and lost retinal neurons in adults. This contrasts with the human retina, which is incapable of replacing lost retinal neurons causing vision loss/blindness in the affected individuals. Two cell populations within the adult teleost retina generate new retinal neurons throughout life. Stem cells within the ciliary marginal zone give rise to all retinal cell types except for rod photoreceptors, which are produced by the resident Müller glia that are located within the inner nuclear layer of the entire retina. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate the generation of photoreceptors in the adult teleost retina may ultimately aid developing strategies to overcome vision loss in diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa. Here, we investigated whether photic deprivation alters the proliferative capacity of rod precursor cells, which are generated from Müller glia. In dark-adapted retinas, rod precursor cell proliferation increased, while the number of proliferating Müller glia and their derived olig2:EGFP-positive neuronal progenitor cells was not significantly changed. Cell death of rod photoreceptors was excluded as the inducer of rod precursor cell proliferation, as the number of TUNEL-positive cells and l-plastin-positive microglia in both the outer (ONL) and inner nuclear layer (INL) remained at a similar level throughout the dark-adaptation timecourse. Rod precursor cell proliferation in response to dark-adaptation was characterized by an increased number of EdU-positive cells, i.e. cells that were undergoing DNA replication. These proliferating rod precursor cells in dark-adapted zebrafish differentiated into rod photoreceptors at a comparable percentage and in a similar time frame as those maintained under standard light conditions suggesting that the cell cycle did not stall in dark-adapted retinas. Inhibition of IGF1-receptor signaling reduced the dark-adaptation-mediated proliferation response; however, caloric restriction which has been suggested to be integrated by the IGF1/growth hormone signaling axis did not influence rod precursor cell proliferation in dark-adapted retinas, as similar numbers were observed in starved and normal fed zebrafish. In summary, photic deprivation induces cell cycle entry of rod precursor cells via IGF1-receptor signaling independent of Müller glia proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Lahne
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine and The Center for Zebrafish Research, Galvin Life Sciences Building, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Samantha M Piekos
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine and The Center for Zebrafish Research, Galvin Life Sciences Building, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - John O'Neill
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine and The Center for Zebrafish Research, Galvin Life Sciences Building, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Kristin M Ackerman
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine and The Center for Zebrafish Research, Galvin Life Sciences Building, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - David R Hyde
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine and The Center for Zebrafish Research, Galvin Life Sciences Building, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
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8
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Relative Mass of Brain- and Intestinal Tissue in Juvenile Brown Trout: No Long-Term Effects of Compensatory Growth; with Additional Notes on Emerging Sex-Differences. FISHES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes3040038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether compensatory growth causes long-term effects in relative brain- or intestine size in a wild, predominantly anadromous, population of brown trout (Salmo trutta). The subject fish belonged to two treatment groups; one group had undergone starvation and subsequent growth compensation, while the other were unrestricted controls. The main hypothesis that compensatory growth would negatively affect brain and intestinal size, as a consequence of growth trade-offs during the compensatory phase, could not be supported as no significant differences were detected between the treatment groups. Further exploratory analyses suggested that males and females started to diverge in both brain and intestine size at around 130 mm fork length, with females developing relatively smaller brains and larger intestines. The size at which the differences appear is a typical size for smoltification (saltwater preadaptation), and females tend to smoltify to a higher proportion than males. Smoltification is known to cause a more elongated morphology and relatively smaller heads in salmonids, and the marine lifestyle is associated with rapid growth, which could require relatively larger intestines. Hence, these emerging sex differences could be a consequence of sex-biased smoltification rates. An investigation of wild smolts of both sexes indicated no differences in brain or intestine mass between male and female smolts.
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9
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Malard LA, McGuigan K, Riginos C. Site fidelity, size, and morphology may differ by tidal position for an intertidal fish, Bathygobius cocosensis (Perciformes-Gobiidae), in Eastern Australia. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2263. [PMID: 27547568 PMCID: PMC4974941 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The intertidal zone is a transitional environment that undergoes daily environmental fluctuations as tides rise and fall. Relatively few fish species are adapted to endure the physiological pressures of this environment. This study focused on Bathygobius cocosensis (Gobiidae), a common intertidal fish in New South Wales, Australia. We investigated whether shore height impacted site fidelity, survival probability, fish size, and morphological traits with respect to tidal height. Mark-recapture methods were used over a five month period to determine if individuals in high shore pools had greater site fidelity; fish in high tide pools were more than twice as likely to be recaptured in their original pool than fish from low tide pools. High pool individuals were, on average, smaller with larger eyes and longer snouts relative to their size as compared to low pool individuals. We discuss several mechanisms that could cause the observed pattern in morphological variation. Ultimately, this study suggests that within species behaviour and morphology differ by tidal position for an intertidal fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie A Malard
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland , St Lucia , QLD , Australia
| | - Katrina McGuigan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland , St Lucia , QLD , Australia
| | - Cynthia Riginos
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland , St Lucia , QLD , Australia
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10
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Johnsson JI, Brockmark S, Näslund J. Environmental effects on behavioural development consequences for fitness of captive-reared fishes in the wild. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2014; 85:1946-1971. [PMID: 25469953 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Why do captive-reared fishes generally have lower fitness in natural environments than wild conspecifics, even when the hatchery fishes are derived from wild parents from the local population? A thorough understanding of this question is the key to design artificial rearing environments that optimize post-release performance, as well as to recognize the limitations of what can be achieved by modifying hatchery rearing methods. Fishes are generally very plastic in their development and through gene-environment interactions, epigenetic and maternal effects their phenotypes will develop differently depending on their rearing environment. This suggests that there is scope for modifying conventional rearing environments to better prepare fishes for release into the wild. The complexity of the natural environment is impossible to mimic in full-scale rearing facilities. So, in reality, the challenge is to identify key modifications of the artificial rearing environment that are practically and economically feasible and that efficiently promote development towards a more wild-like phenotype. Do such key modifications really exist? Here, attempts to use physical enrichment and density reduction to improve the performance of hatchery fishes are discussed and evaluated. These manipulations show potential to increase the fitness of hatchery fishes released into natural environments, but the success is strongly dependent on adequately adapting methods to species and life stage-specific conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Johnsson
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Box 463, SE 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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11
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Näslund J. A simple non-invasive method for measuring gross brain size in small live fish with semi-transparent heads. PeerJ 2014; 2:e586. [PMID: 25279266 PMCID: PMC4179560 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes a non-invasive method for estimating gross brain size in small fish with semi-transparent heads, using system camera equipment. Macro-photographs were taken from above on backlit free-swimming fish undergoing light anaesthesia. From the photographs, the width of the optic tectum was measured. This measure (TeO-measure) correlates well with the width of the optic tectum as measured from out-dissected brains in both brown trout fry and zebrafish (Pearson r > 0.90). The TeO-measure also correlates well with overall brain wet weight in brown trout fry (r = 0.90), but less well for zebrafish (r = 0.79). A non-invasive measure makes it possible to quickly assess brain size from a large number of individuals, as well as repeatedly measuring brain size of live individuals allowing calculation of brain growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joacim Näslund
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
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12
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Kotrschal A, Sundström LF, Brelin D, Devlin RH, Kolm N. Inside the heads of David and Goliath: environmental effects on brain morphology among wild and growth-enhanced coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2012; 81:987-1002. [PMID: 22880732 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03348.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic and wild-type individual coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch were reared in hatchery and near-natural stream conditions and their brain and structure sizes were determined. Animals reared in the hatchery grew larger and developed larger brains, both absolutely and when controlling for body size. In both environments, transgenics developed relatively smaller brains than wild types. Further, the volume of the optic tectum of both genotypes was larger in the hatchery animals and the cerebellum of transgenics was smaller when reared in near-natural streams. Finally, wild types developed a markedly smaller telencephalon under hatchery conditions. It is concluded that, apart from the environment, genetic factors that modulate somatic growth rate also have a strong influence on brain size and structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kotrschal
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
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13
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Polačik M, Janáč M, Vassilev M, Trichkova T. Morphometric comparison of native and non-native populations of round gobyNeogobius melanostomusfrom the River Danube. FOLIA ZOOLOGICA 2012. [DOI: 10.25225/fozo.v61.i1.a2.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matej Polačik
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Květná 8, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic;,
| | - Michal Janáč
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Květná 8, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic;,
| | - Milen Vassilev
- Institute of Zoology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1 Tsar Osvoboditel Blvd., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria;,
| | - Teodora Trichkova
- Institute of Zoology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1 Tsar Osvoboditel Blvd., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria;,
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14
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Devlin R, Vandersteen W, Uh M, Stevens E. Genetically modified growth affects allometry of eye and brain in salmonids. CAN J ZOOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1139/z11-126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Effects of growth acceleration on eye development have been examined in genetically modified salmonids. Growth hormone (GH) transgenic coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum, 1792)) show dramatically elevated overall body growth and an absolute increase in eye size, but relative eye growth is shifted from negatively allometric to more isometric. Thus, transgenic fish possess significantly smaller eyes relative to nontransgenic fish of the same size. Ration-restricted limitation of growth in transgenic salmon to that of wild type restores relative eye growth rate, suggesting that effects on eyes are an indirect consequence of modification of growth rate rather than a direct effect of GH overexpression. Heart, spleen, and liver did not show changes in proportion among groups, whereas total brain size showed the same response as eye. Relative eye and brain size were also reduced in a fast-growing domesticated strain of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792)), suggesting modifications of allometry are a more general effect of growth acceleration. GH mRNA levels from the transgene were elevated in eyes, whereas IGF-I mRNA was not, suggesting this organ may be regulated in a different fashion than other organs. Neural tissues with critical structural requirements for optimal function may be subject to less modification of growth rate than are other organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.H. Devlin
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, BC V7V 1N6, Canada
| | - W.E. Vandersteen
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, BC V7V 1N6, Canada
| | - M. Uh
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, BC V7V 1N6, Canada
| | - E.D. Stevens
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
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15
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Eastman JT, Lannoo MJ. Divergence of brain and retinal anatomy and histology in pelagic antarctic notothenioid fishes of the sister taxaDissostichusandPleuragramma. J Morphol 2011; 272:419-41. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/24/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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16
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Sundström LF, Lõhmus M, Devlin RH. Migration and growth potential of coho salmon smolts: implications for ecological impacts from growth-enhanced fish. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2010; 20:1372-1383. [PMID: 20666255 DOI: 10.1890/09-0631.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Wild-genotype and growth hormone (GH) transgenic coho salmon (with dramatically enhanced growth potential) were used to examine the influence of genotype, age, body size, growth, and rearing conditions on the onset of seaward migration and to assess the potential consequences of the introduction of such transgenic fish on natural ecosystems and wild populations. When reared from the first feeding stage under naturalized stream conditions, there was no difference in survival or migratory timing between the two genotypes. However, larger fish migrated earlier in the season than smaller fish of both genotypes, and transgenic fish with higher specific spring growth rates migrated earlier in the season than slower-growing transgenic fish. Stream-reared fish of both genotypes also displayed increased migratory activity at dawn and dusk. Fish reared in the hatchery for 3 and 15 months before being released into the stream in August differed in onset of seaward migration due mainly to age (older fish migrated earlier in the season) and genotype (transgenic fish migrated before wild-type in younger fish). Further, hatchery-reared fish showed no diel pattern in activity during migration. In older fish, larger individuals migrated later in the season than small individuals, whereas there was no clear size effect in younger individuals. Thus, although small differences in spring migration timing were observed among groups, seaward migration in coho salmon was largely independent of major shifts in size and growth rate induced by GH transgenesis (i.e., transgenic fish migrated at approximately the normal time in the spring, rather than at the typical size). Further, early rearing conditions had a stronger effect on migratory behavior than did the growth-promoting transgene. Taking into account effects of migratory timing, growth, survival, and differential food conversion efficiencies, these data suggest that transgenic fish escaped from hatcheries would have a greater impact on stream ecosystems during early life compared to escaped wild-type fish. However, this difference may be reduced if rearing occurred in subsequent generations under wild conditions where growth rates of transgenic fish are reduced compared with hatchery conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Fredrik Sundström
- Centre for Aquaculture and Environmental Research, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, British Columbia V7V 1N6, Canada
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17
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Buoyancy studies of three morphs of the Antarctic fish Trematomus newnesi (Nototheniidae) from the South Shetland Islands. Polar Biol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-009-0760-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Smith PJ, Struthers CD, Paulin CD, McVeagh SM, Daley RK. Shallow genetic and morphological divergence among seaperches in the South Pacific (family Scorpaenidae; genus Helicolenus). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2009; 74:1104-1128. [PMID: 20735622 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.02172.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The phylogenetic relationships among populations of seaperch, Helicolenus spp., in the south-west Pacific were examined with mtDNA markers. Parts of the cytochrome b gene [459 base pair (bp)] and the control region (448 bp) were sequenced in 58 specimens from the south-west Pacific and four specimens of Helicolenus lengerichi from Chile. Only one clade was recognized in New Zealand coastal waters, despite a wide range of colour morphs. This clade also occurred in the mid Tasman Sea on the Norfolk Ridge and around Tasmania and Victoria. A second sympatric clade was identified around Tasmania and Victoria and to the west of New Zealand. A third allopatric clade was identified to the north of New Zealand and in deep water on the Chatham Rise and a fourth clade on the Foundation Seamounts and the Louisville Ridge. Helicolenus lengerichi from Chile formed a fifth clade. Assuming a molecular clock, the clades were estimated to have diverged c. 0.7-2.6 million years ago. Only two clades, around Tasmania and Victoria, were separated using morphology, colour (in live) and dorsal-fin soft ray counts and were confirmed as Helicolenus percoides and Helicolenus barathri. Two characters, orbit diameter and colour variation, previously used to identify two species in New Zealand waters were unreliable characters for species discrimination. Principle component analyses of 11 morphological measures from 67 individuals did not delineate the clades. A canonical discriminant analysis was able to separate four of the five clades, but mean discriminate probabilities were low (77.6%), except for the five Chilean specimens of H. lengerichi (100%).
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Smith
- National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd, Private Bag 14 901, Wellington, New Zealand.
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Kihslinger RL, Lema SC, Nevitt GA. Environmental rearing conditions produce forebrain differences in wild Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2006; 145:145-51. [PMID: 16890467 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2005] [Revised: 03/16/2006] [Accepted: 03/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that hatchery-reared fish can have smaller brain-to-body size ratios than wild fish. It is unclear, however, whether these differences are due to artificial selection or instead reflect differences in rearing environment during development. Here we explore how rearing conditions influence the development of two forebrain structures, the olfactory bulb and the telencephalon, in juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) spawned from wild-caught adults. First, we compared the sizes of the olfactory bulb and telencephalon between salmon reared in a wild stream vs. a conventional hatchery. We next compared the sizes of forebrain structures between fish reared in an enriched NATURES hatchery and fish reared in a conventional hatchery. All fish were size-matched and from the same genetic cohort. We found that olfactory bulb and telencephalon volumes relative to body size were significantly larger in wild fish compared to hatchery-reared fish. However, we found no differences between fish reared in enriched and conventional hatchery treatments. Our results suggest that significant differences in the volume of the olfactory bulb and telencephalon between hatchery and wild-reared fish can occur within a single generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Kihslinger
- Section of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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McDowall RM, Pankhurst NW. Loss of negative eye‐size allometry in a population ofAplochiton zebra(Teleostei: Galaxiidae) from the Falkland Islands. NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2005.9518393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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McDowall RM, Waters JM. Phylogenetic relationships in a small group of diminutive galaxiid fishes and the evolution of sexual dimorphism. J R Soc N Z 2004. [DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2004.9517762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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