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Yi FS, Zhai K, Shi HZ. Helper T cells in malignant pleural effusion. Cancer Lett 2020; 500:21-28. [PMID: 33309856 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Malignant pleural effusion (MPE) is a frequent complication of malignancies and poses a clinical problem. CD4+ T lymphocytes are the most frequent cell population in MPE. Traditionally, CD4+ T cells are classified into two subsets based on cytokine production profiles, type 1 (Th1) and type 2 (Th2) helper T cells, which exhibit distinct functions. Recently, other T-cell subsets have been added to the Th-cell "portfolio", including regulatory T, Th17, Th9, and Th22 cells. The current review focuses on summarizing the Th-cell phenotypic characteristics, mechanism of Th-cell differentiation, and their pleural space recruitment, based on recent research. We also describe the interplay in MPE among different Th cells, as well as Th cells and lung cancer cells or mesothelial cells. Future research should expand the landscape map of human MPE immune cells, explore the immuno-regulation of B cells, and investigate the communication between macrophages and Th cells in MPE, which may facilitate meaningful advancements in the diagnoses and therapeutics of MPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Shuang Yi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kan Zhai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huan-Zhong Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Decorin-Modified Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) Attenuate Radiation-Induced Lung Injuries via Regulating Inflammation, Fibrotic Factors, and Immune Responses. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2018; 101:945-956. [PMID: 29976507 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the therapeutic effects of decorin (DCN)-modified mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on radiation-induced lung injuries (RILIs) and to clarify the underlying mechanisms. METHODS AND MATERIALS Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were modified with Ad(E1-).DCN to generate DCN-expressing MSCs (DCN-modified MSCs [MSCs.DCN]). In an experimental mouse model of RILI, MSCs.DCN and MSCs.Null [MSCs modified with Ad(E1-).Null] were intravenously engrafted at 6 hours or 28 days after irradiation. The therapeutic effects on lung inflammation and fibrosis were evaluated by histopathologic analysis at 28 days and 3 months after irradiation. Inflammatory cytokines and chemokines were analyzed in both sera and lung tissues, and subtypes of T lymphocytes including regulatory T cells (Tregs) were analyzed in the peripheral blood and spleen. RESULTS Both MSC treatments could alleviate histopathologic injuries by reducing lymphocyte infiltration, decreasing apoptosis, increasing proliferation of epithelial cells, and inhibiting fibrosis in the later phase. However, treatment with MSCs.DCN resulted in much more impressive therapeutic effects. Moreover, we discovered that MSC treatment reduced the expression of chemokines and inflammatory cytokines and increased the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines in both the peripheral blood and local pulmonary tissues. An important finding was that MSCs.DCN were much more effective in inducing interferon-γ expression, inhibiting collagen type III α1 expression in pulmonary tissues, and decreasing the proportion of Tregs. Furthermore, our data suggested that treatment during the acute phase (6 hours) after irradiation evoked much stronger responses both in attenuating inflammation and in inhibiting fibrosis than in the later phase (28 days). CONCLUSIONS MSCs.DCN could attenuate acute inflammation after irradiation and significantly inhibit later fibrosis. Likewise, DCN enhanced the functions of MSCs by targeting profibrotic factors and Tregs.
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Enhanced Suppressive Activity of Regulatory T Cells in the Microenvironment of Malignant Pleural Effusions. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:9876014. [PMID: 29785404 PMCID: PMC5896249 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9876014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer metastatic spread to serous cavity causes malignant pleural effusions (MPEs), indicating dismal prognosis. Tumor microenvironment can implement suppressive activity on host immune responses. Thus, we investigated the prevalence of Tregs and the relationship between them and TGF-β and IL-10 concentrations and measured expression of FOXP3, CTLA-4, CD28, and GITR genes, as well as protein expression of selected genes in benign effusions and MPEs. The percentage of Tregs was determined by means of multicolor flow cytometry system. TGF-β and IL-10 concentrations were measured using human TGF-β1 and IL-10 ELISA kit. Relative mRNA expression of studied genes was analyzed by real-time PCR. The frequency of Tregs was significantly higher in MPEs compared to benign effusions; however, the level of TGF-β and IL-10 in analyzed groups was comparable, and no correlation between concentrations of TGF-β and IL-10 and percentage of Tregs was observed. Relative mRNA expression of all the genes was higher in CD4+CD25+ compared to CD4+CD25− cells. In CD4+CD25+ cells from MPEs, relative mRNA expression of FOXP3, CTLA-4, and CD28 genes was significantly higher than in benign effusions; however, the level of CD4+CD25+CTLA-4+ cells in analyzed groups showed no significant differences. We found numerous genes correlations in an entire CD4+CD25+ cell subset and CD4+CD25+ cells from MPEs. Enhanced suppressive activity of Tregs is observed in the microenvironment of MPEs. Understanding of relations between cellular and cytokine immunosuppressive factors in tumor microenvironment may determine success of anticancer response.
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Blockade of Glucocorticoid-Induced Tumor Necrosis Factor–Receptor-Related Protein Signaling Ameliorates Murine Collagen-Induced Arthritis by Modulating Follicular Helper T Cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:1559-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Tumor-activated TCRγδ⁺ T cells from gastric cancer patients induce the antitumor immune response of TCRαβ⁺ T cells via their antigen-presenting cell-like effects. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:593562. [PMID: 24741609 PMCID: PMC3988731 DOI: 10.1155/2014/593562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human γδ T cells display the principal characteristics of professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), in addition to playing a vital role in immunity through cytokine secretion and their cytotoxic activity. However, it is not clear whether γδ T cells perform APC-like functions under pathological conditions. In this study, we showed that, in contrast to peripheral-derived γδ T cells directly isolated from PBMCs of gastric cancer patients, tumor-activated γδ T cells not only killed tumor cells efficiently but also strongly induced primary CD4+ and CD8+
αβ T cells proliferation and differentiation. More importantly, they abrogated the immunosuppression induced by CD4+CD25+ Treg cells and induced the cytotoxic function of CD8+
αβ T cells from patients with gastric cancer. In conclusion, tumor-activated γδ T cells can induce adaptive immune responses through their APC-like functions, and these cells may be a potentially useful tool in the development of tumor vaccines and immunotherapy.
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Koumarianou A, Christodoulou MI, Patapis P, Papadopoulos I, Liakata E, Giagini A, Stavropoulou A, Poulakaki N, Tountas N, Xiros N, Economopoulos T, Pectasides D, Tsitsilonis OE, Pappa V. The effect of metronomic versus standard chemotherapy on the regulatory to effector T-cell equilibrium in cancer patients. Exp Hematol Oncol 2014; 3:3. [PMID: 24456704 PMCID: PMC3906764 DOI: 10.1186/2162-3619-3-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The host's immune system is crucially involved in cancer development and progression. The ratio of regulatory to effector T-cells, as well as the interplay of T-cells with therapeutic agents, impact on cancer prognosis. The current study aimed to comparatively investigate the effect of metronomic and standard chemotherapy on the number and functionality of peripheral regulatory and effector T-cells in cancer patients. METHODS CD4+CD25+ regulatory and CD4+CD25- effector T-cells were purified from the peripheral blood of 36 cancer patients and co-cultured in the presence of a polyclonal stimulus. The proliferative capacity and frequency of CD4+CD25+/CD4+CD25- T-cells were analysed before and during various chemotherapeutic regimes, by ELISA and flow cytometry, respectively. RESULTS Chemotherapy shifted immune responses in favour of regulatory T-cells. The relative ratio of regulatory to effector T-cells increased, and the T-cell-mediated suppressive activity of regulatory on effector T-cells was augmented. This effect was more profound in metronomic than in standard chemotherapeutic approaches. Moreover, an association between the chemotherapy strategy followed and the mode of action of specific drugs (anti-mitotic, anti-DNA) was revealed. CONCLUSIONS In comparison to standard chemotherapeutic strategies, metronomic approaches, though more patient-friendly, result in a significantly more prominent expansion of regulatory T-cells that aggravate the regulatory to effector T-cell imbalance. Our findings impact on the modulation of chemotherapy-treated patients' anti-tumor immunity and, thus, may be proven useful for selecting the most advantageous drug-delivery strategy, particularly when immunotherapeutics are eventually to be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Koumarianou
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Rimini 1 Street, 12462 Athens, Greece.
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Cheng M, Xu H, Wang Y, Chen H, He B, Gao X, Li Y, Han J, Zhang Z. Glycyrrhetinic acid-modified chitosan nanoparticles enhanced the effect of 5-fluorouracil in murine liver cancer model via regulatory T-cells. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2013; 7:1287-99. [PMID: 24187487 PMCID: PMC3810199 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s52809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Modified chitosan nanoparticles are a promising platform for drug, such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), gene, and vaccine delivery. Here, we used chitosan and hepatoma cell-specific binding molecule glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) to synthesize glycyrrhetinic acid-modified chitosan (GA-CTS). The synthetic product was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy and hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance. By combining GA-CTS and 5-FU, we obtained a GA-CTS/5-FU nanoparticle, with a particle size of 193.7 nm, drug loading of 1.56%, and a polydispersity index of 0.003. The GA-CTS/5-FU nanoparticle provided a sustained-release system comprising three distinct phases of quick, steady, and slow release. In vitro data indicated that it had a dose- and time-dependent anticancer effect. The effective drug exposure time against hepatic cancer cells was increased in comparison with that observed with 5-FU. In vivo studies on an orthotropic liver cancer mouse model demonstrated that GA-CTS/5-FU significantly inhibited cancer cell proliferation, resulting in increased survival time. The antitumor mechanisms for GA-CTS/5-FU nanoparticle were possibly associated with an increased expression of regulatory T-cells, decreased expression of cytotoxic T-cell and natural killer cells, and reduced levels of interleukin-2 and interferon gamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingrong Cheng
- Department of General Surgery, Pudong New Area District Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China ; Department of Endoscopy, Pudong New Area District Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Chronic heat stress inhibits immune responses to H5N1 vaccination through regulating CD4⁺ CD25⁺ Foxp3⁺ Tregs. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:160859. [PMID: 24151582 PMCID: PMC3787559 DOI: 10.1155/2013/160859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chronic heat stress (CHS) is known to have negative impacts on the immune responses in animals and increases their susceptibility to infections including the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1. However, the role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in CHS immunosuppression remains largely undefined. In this study, we demonstrated a novel mechanism by which CHS suppressed both Th1 and Th2 immune responses and dramatically decreased the protective efficacy of the formalin-inactivated H5N1 vaccine against H5N1 influenza virus infection. This suppression was found to be associated with the induced generation of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Tregs and the increased secretions of IL-10 and TGF-β in CD4+ T cells. Adoptive transfer of the induced Tregs also suppressed the protective efficacy of formalin-inactivated H5N1 virus immunization. Collectively, this study identifies a novel mechanism of CHS immunosuppression mediated by regulating CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs.
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Chen B, Zhang D, Zhou J, Li Q, Zhou L, Li SM, Zhu L, Chou KY, Zhou L, Tao L, Lu LM. High CCR6/CCR7 expression and Foxp3+ Treg cell number are positively related to the progression of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:1380-90. [PMID: 23835793 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptors CCR6 and CCR7 have been reported to play important roles in T cell migration and organ-specific metastasis of various tumors. In the present study, we evaluated the expression and clinical significance of CCR6, CCR7, their ligands and CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) and metastatic lymph nodes (LNs). The expression of CCR6, CCR7 and their ligands mRNA (CCL20, CCL19/CCL21) as well as the CCR6 and CCR7 proteins were detected by real-time RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC), respectively. Flow cytometry was used to investigate the percentage of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Furthermore, a number of cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12p70, interferon (IFN)-γ and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 were detected by ELISA. The results showed that CCR6 and CCR7 were expressed in tumors in situ, metastatic LNs and CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs. It was hypothesized that the expression profile of CCR6, CCR7 and the proliferation of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs affected the process of LN metastasis in LSCC patients. Therefore, the increased percentage of the Foxp3+ Tregs and the upregulation of Foxp3 expression on CCR6+ Tregs in LSCC patients may have accounted for the downregulation of antitumor immunity in these patients, which could be valuable for assessment of prognosis in LSCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Eye Ear Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
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Ibrahim L, Salah M, Rahman AAE, Zeidan A, Ragb M. Crucial Role of CD4+CD 25+ FOXP3+ T Regulatory Cell, Interferon-γ and Interleukin-16 in Malignant and Tuberculous Pleural Effusions. Immunol Invest 2012; 42:122-36. [DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2012.736116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Immunotherapy: shifting the balance of cell-mediated immunity and suppression in human prostate cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2012; 4:1333-48. [PMID: 24213509 PMCID: PMC3712722 DOI: 10.3390/cancers4041333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Active immunotherapy is dependent on the ability of the immune system to recognize and respond to tumors. Despite overwhelming evidence to support a cell-mediated immune response to prostate cancer, it is insufficient to eradicate the disease. This is likely due to a high level of suppression at the tumor site from a variety of sources, including immunosuppressive cells. Immune cells entering the tumor microenvironment may be inhibited directly by the tumor, stromal cells or other immune cells that have been induced to adopt a suppressive phenotype. The resurgence of interest in immunotherapy following the approval of sipuleucel-T and ipilimumab by the Food and Drug Administration has brought about new strategies for overcoming tumor-mediated suppression and bolstering anti-tumor responses. Improved understanding of the immune response to prostate cancer can lead to new combination therapies, such as the use of vaccine with small molecule and checkpoint inhibitors or other immunotherapies.
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Regulatory T cells are the most important determinant factor of hepatitis B infection prognosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Vaccine 2012; 30:5595-602. [PMID: 22781305 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Association of increased levels of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) with impaired immune response and hepatitis B infection progression has been proposed. For determination of Tregs various effects among hepatitis B infected patients we performed a meta-analysis of the available literature. METHODS Current content, abstract books of congresses, and electronic databases were searched. Critical appraisal has been done. According to the result of heterogeneity tests (Q, I-squared, and Tau-squared), we used fix/random model for analysis. RESULT Twelve studies that fulfilled inclusion criteria entered to analysis. Pooled estimation of reported results showed that CD4(+)CD25(+) Tregs have higher expression of forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) versus CD4(+)CD25(-) Tregs, odd ratio (OR) was 31.49 (95% Confidence Intervals (CI): 5.09-194.94). Tregs level among chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients was 77% (OR=1.77 95% CI: 1.43-2.19) higher than healthy controls. Patients with more than 10,000,000 HBV copies/ml have higher level of Tregs (OR: 1.24 95% CI: 1.08-1.41) comparing subjects with less than that. CHB patients have increased level of Tregs versus acute hepatitis B patients (OR=1.33 95% CI: 1.16-1.52). CD8 cells activity increased significantly after depletion of circulating Tregs (OR=1.93 CI: 1.37-2.73). Also, Tregs reduce response to treatment and non-responders to INF-α had higher level of Tregs (OR=1.60 95% CI: 1.09-2.36). In addition, Tregs increase risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (OR=1.36 95%CI: 1.10-1.69). CONCLUSION Tregs influence HBV infected patients in various states. Tregs determine the disease prognosis by leading to infection progression and impairing immune response. So, Tregs are therapeutic target for immunotherapy of HBV infection.
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Chen D, Hu Q, Mao C, Jiao Z, Wang S, Yu L, Xu Y, Dai D, Yin L, Xu H. Increased IL-17-producing CD4(+) T cells in patients with esophageal cancer. Cell Immunol 2011; 272:166-74. [PMID: 22082565 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Increased interleukin-17 (IL-17)-producing Th (Th17) cells have been described in a variety of human carcinoma cases, however, the mechanism of Th17 cells' accumulation in a tumor microenvironment remains elusive. This study was designed to investigate whether Th17 cells were involved in the development of esophageal cancer. We found that the proportion of Th17 cells increased within the peripheral blood and tumor tissues of esophageal cancer patients. Furthermore, the proportion of circulating Th17 cells was higher in advanced esophageal cancer patients than that in early esophageal cancer patients. In addition, the Th17 cells differentiation-related cytokines (IL-23, IL-1β, and IL-6) and accumulation-related chemokines (CCL22 and CCL20) were present in a tumor microenvironment. Therefore, the findings may partly explain the cause for the increased proportion of Th17 cells and indicate a potential prognostic marker of Th17 cells in esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyu Chen
- Institute of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China.
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Yuan XL, Chen L, Zhang TT, Ma YH, Zhou YL, Zhao Y, Wang WW, Dong P, Yu L, Zhang YY, Shen LS. Gastric cancer cells induce human CD4 +Foxp3 + regulatory T cells through the production of TGF-β1. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:2019-27. [PMID: 21528082 PMCID: PMC3082757 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i15.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2010] [Revised: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To elucidate the molecular and cellular features responsible for the increase of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in gastric cancer.
METHODS: The frequencies of CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs and the level of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) were analyzed from 56 patients with gastric cancer by flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay respectively. Foxp3 gene expression was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The gastric cancer microenvironment was modeled by establishing the co-culture of gastric cancer cell line, MGC-803, with sorting CD4+ T cells. The normal gastric mucosa cell line, GES-1, was used as the control. The production of TGF-β1 was detected in supernatant of MGC and GES-1. The carboxyfluorescein diacetatesuccinimidyl ester (CFSE) dilution assay was performed to evaluate the proliferation characteristics of induced Tregs. Neutralizing anti-TGF-β1 antibody was added to the co-culture system for neutralization experiments.
RESULTS: The level of serum TGF-β1 in gastric cancer patients (15.1 ± 5.5 ng/mL) was significantly higher than that of the gender- and age-matched healthy controls (10.3 ± 3.4 ng/mL) (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the higher TGF-β1 level correlated with the increased population of CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs in advanced gastric cancer (r = 0.576, P < 0.05). A significant higher frequency of CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs was observed in PBMCs cultured with the supernatant of MGC than GES-1 (10.6% ± 0.6% vs 8.7% ± 0.7%, P < 0.05). Moreover, using the purified CD4+CD25- T cells, we confirmed that the increased Tregs were mainly induced from the conversation of CD4+CD25- naive T cells, and induced Tregs were functional and able to suppress the proliferation of effector T cells. Finally, we demonstrated that gastric cancer cells induced the increased CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs via producing TGF-β1. Gastric cancer cells upregulated the production of TGF-β1 and blockade of TGF-β1 partly abrogated Tregs phenotype.
CONCLUSION: Gastric cancer cell can induce Tregs development via producing TGF-β1, by which the existence of cross-talk between the tumor and immune cells might regulate anti-tumor immune responses.
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Mantel PY, Schmidt-Weber CB. Transforming growth factor-beta: recent advances on its role in immune tolerance. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 677:303-38. [PMID: 20941619 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-869-0_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF-β1) is a pleiotropic cytokine, secreted by immune and nonhematopoietic cells. TGF-β is involved in many different critical processes, such as embryonal development, cellular maturation and differentiation, wound healing, and immune regulation. It maintains immune homeostasis by acting as a potent immune suppressor through inhibition of proliferation, differentiation, activation, and effector function of immune cells. Paradoxically, depending on the context, it displays proinflammatory properties by being a potent chemoattractant for neutrophils and promoting inflammation. In addition, it does not only induce differentiation into the anti-inflammatory Treg cells, but also into the proinflammatory Th17 and Th9 cells and inhibits Th22 differentiation. TGF-β has been demonstrated to be involved in multiple pathologies. In infections, it protects against collateral damages caused by the immune system, but it also promotes immune evasion and chronic infections. In autoimmune diseases, a TGF-β dysfunction leads to the loss of tolerance to self-antigens. In cancer, TGF-β is a potent inhibitor of cell proliferation and acts as a tumor suppressor at the beginning of tumorogenesis. However, once the cells become resistant to TGF-β, it mainly supports tumor growth and metastasis by promoting immune evasion and angiogenesis. In asthma, it is assumed to promote allergen tolerance, but plays a detrimental role in irreversible remodeling of the airways. Despite the high numbers of TGF-β-targeted pathways, it is a promising drug target for treatment of autoimmunity, cancer, fibrosis, if cell specificity can be achieved.This review summarizes the progresses that have been accomplished on the understanding of TGF-β's signaling in the immune homeostasis and its role in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Yves Mantel
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
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Increased expression of mGITRL on D2SC/1 cells by particulate β-glucan impairs the suppressive effect of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells and enhances the effector T cell proliferation. Cell Immunol 2011; 270:183-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Sawan S, Burt DJ, Stern PL, Holland C, Elkord E. Circulating Regulatory T Cells in Endometrial Cancer: A Role for Age and Menopausal Status. Immunol Invest 2010; 40:62-75. [DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2010.513022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Koos D, Josephs SF, Alexandrescu DT, Chan RCF, Ramos F, Bogin V, Gammill V, Dasanu CA, De Necochea-Campion R, Riordan NH, Carrier E. Tumor vaccines in 2010: need for integration. Cell Immunol 2010; 263:138-47. [PMID: 20434139 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2010.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Induction of tumor-specific immunity is an attractive approach to cancer therapy, however to date every major pivotal trial has resulted in failure. While the phenomena of tumor-mediated immune suppression has been known for decades, only recently have specific molecular pathways been elucidated, and for the first time, rationale means of intervening and observing results of intervention have been developed. In this review we describe major advances in our understanding of tumor escape from immunological pressure and provide some possible therapeutic scenarios for enhancement of efficacy in future cancer vaccine trials.
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Zhang HH, Mei MH, Fei R, Liu F, Wang JH, Liao WJ, Qin LL, Wei L, Chen HS. Regulatory T cells in chronic hepatitis B patients affect the immunopathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma by suppressing the anti-tumour immune responses. J Viral Hepat 2010; 17 Suppl 1:34-43. [PMID: 20586932 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2010.01269.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) virus hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the key cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Asians. Recent studies have shown that levels of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) were increased and were linked to an impaired immune response in patients with CHB. Evaluating whether Tregs are involved in the progression of CHB to HCC will provide insight into the immunopathogenesis of HCC. In the present study, we showed that circulating and liver-residing Tregs increased in CHB (n = 15) and HCC (n = 49) patients, particularly in the peripheral blood of HCC patients with HBV infection (n = 29). The increased Tregs in CHB patients suppressed the specific immune response induced by not only HBV antigen, but also by HCC tumour antigen. When peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were co-cultured with human hepatoma cell lines that are stably transfected with HBV (HepG2.2.15), CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg populations increased and upregulated the expression of forkhead box P3 transcriptional regulator (FoxP3), cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and glucocorticoid-induced tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family gene (GITR). In contrast, PBMCs co-cultured with HepG2 cells (the parental cell line of HepG2.2.15) did not. CD4(+)CD25(+) Tregs isolated from PBMCs that were co-cultured with HepG2.2.15 cells also had a greater suppressive ability with respect to the tumour antigen-specific immune response induced by NY-ESO-1 or MAGE-A3 compared with CD4(+)CD25(+) Tregs isolated from PBMCs co-cultured with HepG2 cells. The results offer evidence that the expansion of CD4(+)CD25(+) Tregs and the enhancement of the suppressor function of CD4(+)CD25(+) Tregs induced by HBV infection-related factors could suppress the anti-tumour immune response to HCC tumour antigen and inhibit tumour immuno-surveillance against HCC, which may be involved in the immunopathogenesis from CHB to HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Zhang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Hepatology Institute, Beijing, China
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Ha TY. The role of regulatory T cells in cancer. Immune Netw 2009; 9:209-35. [PMID: 20157609 PMCID: PMC2816955 DOI: 10.4110/in.2009.9.6.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been an explosion of literature focusing on the role of regulatory T (Treg) cells in cancer immunity. It is becoming increasingly clear that Treg cells play an active and significant role in the progression of cancer, and have an important role in suppressing tumor-specific immunity. Thus, there is a clear rationale for developing clinical strategies to diminish their regulatory influences, with the ultimate goal of augmenting antitimor immunity. Therefore, manipulation of Treg cells represent new strategies for cancer treatment. In this Review, I will summarize and review the explosive recent studies demonstrating that Treg cells are increased in patients with malignancies and restoration of antitumor immunity in mice and humans by depletion or reduction of Treg cells. In addition, I will discuss both the prognostic value of Treg cells in tumor progression in tumor-bearing hosts and the rationale for strategies for therapeutic vaccination and immunotherapeutic targeting of Treg cells with drugs and microRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-You Ha
- Department of Immunology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Chonju, Chonbuk, Korea
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