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Xu D, Wang L, Wieczorek K, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Wang J, Xu B, Singh PK, Wang Y, Zhang X, Wu Y, Smith GJ, Attwood K, Zhang Y, Goodrich DW, Li Q. Single-Cell Analyses of a Novel Mouse Urothelial Carcinoma Model Reveal a Role of Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Response to Anti-PD-1 Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14102511. [PMID: 35626115 PMCID: PMC9139541 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 80% of patients with advanced bladder cancer do not respond to immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) immunotherapy. Therefore, there is an urgent unmet need to develop clinically relevant preclinical models so that factors governing immunotherapy responses can be studied in immunocompetent mice. We developed a line of mouse triple knockout (TKO: Trp53, Pten, Rb1) urothelial carcinoma organoids transplanted into immunocompetent mice. These bladder tumors recapitulate the molecular phenotypes and heterogeneous immunotherapy responses observed in human bladder cancers. The TKO organoids were characterized in vivo and in vitro and compared to the widely used MB49 murine bladder cancer model. RNAseq analysis of the TKO tumors demonstrated a basal subtype. The TKO xenografts demonstrated the expression of urothelial markers (CK5, CK7, GATA3, and p63), whereas MB49 subcutaneous xenografts did not express urothelial markers. Anti-PD-1 immunotherapy resulted in a mixed pattern of treatment responses for individual tumors. Eight immune cell types were identified (basophils, B cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, NK cells, and T cells) in ICI-treated xenografts. Responder xenografts displayed significantly increased immune cell infiltration (15.3%, 742 immune cells/4861 total cells) compared to the non-responder tumors (10.1%, 452 immune cells/4459 total cells, Fisher Exact Test p < 0.0001). Specifically, there were more T cells (1.0% vs. 0.4%, p = 0.002) and macrophages (8.6% vs. 6.4%, p = 0.0002) in responder xenografts than in non-responder xenografts. In conclusion, we have developed a novel preclinical model that exhibits a mixed pattern of response to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. The higher percentage of macrophage tumor infiltration in responders suggests a potential role for the innate immune microenvironment in regulating ICI treatment responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongbo Xu
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (D.X.); (L.W.); (K.W.); (Y.W.); (G.J.S.)
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (D.X.); (L.W.); (K.W.); (Y.W.); (G.J.S.)
| | - Kyle Wieczorek
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (D.X.); (L.W.); (K.W.); (Y.W.); (G.J.S.)
| | - Yali Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (Y.Z.); (J.W.); (K.A.)
| | - Zinian Wang
- Departments of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA;
| | - Jianmin Wang
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (Y.Z.); (J.W.); (K.A.)
| | - Bo Xu
- Departments of Pathology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA;
| | - Prashant K. Singh
- Departments of Cancer Genetics & Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA;
| | - Yanqing Wang
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (D.W.G.)
| | - Xiaojing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (D.W.G.)
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (D.X.); (L.W.); (K.W.); (Y.W.); (G.J.S.)
| | - Gary J. Smith
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (D.X.); (L.W.); (K.W.); (Y.W.); (G.J.S.)
| | - Kristopher Attwood
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (Y.Z.); (J.W.); (K.A.)
| | - Yuesheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (D.W.G.)
| | - David W. Goodrich
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (D.W.G.)
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (D.X.); (L.W.); (K.W.); (Y.W.); (G.J.S.)
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (D.W.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-716-845-3389; Fax: +1-716-845-3300
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Khan K, Quispe C, Javed Z, Iqbal MJ, Sadia H, Raza S, Irshad A, Salehi B, Reiner Ž, Sharifi-Rad J. Resveratrol, curcumin, paclitaxel and miRNAs mediated regulation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway: go four better to treat bladder cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:560. [PMID: 33292283 PMCID: PMC7685642 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01660-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is a leading cause of death among urothelial malignancies that more commonly affect male population. Poor prognosis and resistance to chemotherapy are the two most important characteristics of this disease. PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway has been considered pivotal in the regulation of proliferation, migration, invasiveness, and metastasis. Deregulation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling has been found in 40% of bladder cancers. Several microRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported to interact with the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway with a different possible role in proliferation and apoptosis in bladder cancer. Thus, miRNAs can be used as potential biomarkers for BC. Natural compounds have been in the spotlight for the past decade due to their effective anti-proliferative capabilities. However, little is known of its possible effects in bladder cancer. The aim of this review is to discuss the interplay between PI3K/Akt/mTOR, miRNAs, and natural compounds and emphasize the importance of miRNAs as biomarkers and resveratrol, curcumin and paclitaxel as a possible therapeutic approach against bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushbukhat Khan
- Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Cristina Quispe
- Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Avda. Arturo Prat 2120, 1110939, Iquique, Chile
| | - Zeeshan Javed
- Lahore Garrison University, Main Campus, Sector C, Phase VI, DHA Lahore Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Javed Iqbal
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Haleema Sadia
- Department of Biotechnology, BUITMS, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Raza
- Lahore Garrison University, Main Campus, Sector C, Phase VI, DHA Lahore Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Asma Irshad
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Management Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Bahare Salehi
- Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Željko Reiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Ashrafizadeh M, Zarrabi A, Samarghandian S, Najafi M. PTEN: What we know of the function and regulation of this onco-suppressor factor in bladder cancer? Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 881:173226. [PMID: 32485246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer accounts for high morbidity and mortality around the world and its incidence rate is suggested to be higher in following years. A number of factors involve in bladder cancer development such as lifestyle and drugs. However, it appears that genetic factors play a significant role in bladder cancer development and progression. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is a cancer-related transcription factor that is corelated with reduced proliferation and invasion of cancer cells by negatively targeting PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. In the present review, we aimed to explore the role of PTEN in bladder cancer cells and how upstream modulators affect PTEN in this life-threatening disorder. Down-regulation of PTEN is associated with poor prognosis, chemoresistance and progression of cancer cells. Besides, microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, circular RNAs and other molecular pathways such as NF-kB are able to target PTEN in bladder cancer cells. Notably, anti-tumor drugs such as kaempferol, β-elemene and sorafenib upregulate the expression of PTEN to exert their inhibitory effects on bladder cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Saeed Samarghandian
- Healthy Ageing Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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Predictive Markers for the Recurrence of Nonmuscle Invasive Bladder Cancer Treated with Intravesical Therapy. DISEASE MARKERS 2015; 2015:857416. [PMID: 26681820 PMCID: PMC4670878 DOI: 10.1155/2015/857416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
High recurrence rate is one representative characteristic of bladder cancer. Intravesical therapy after transurethral resection is often performed in patients with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) to prevent recurrence. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and several anticancer/antibiotic agents, such as mitomycin C and epirubicin, are commonly used for this therapy. BCG treatment demonstrates strong anticancer effects. However, it is also characterized by a high frequency of adverse events. On the other hand, although intravesical therapies using other anticancer and antibiotic agents are relatively safe, their anticancer effects are lower than those obtained using BCG. Thus, the appropriate selection of agents for intravesical therapy is important to improve treatment outcomes and maintain the quality of life of patients with NMIBC. In this review, we discuss the predictive value of various histological and molecular markers for recurrence after intravesical therapy in patients with NMIBC.
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The role of PTEN tumor suppressor pathway staining in carcinoma in situ of the bladder. Urol Oncol 2014; 32:657-62. [PMID: 24840867 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The PI3k/Akt pathway has been associated with the development and progression of bladder tumors, with most studies focused on papillary or muscle-invasive tumors. We sought to characterize the expression patterns of the PI3K/Akt pathway in a large cohort of high-risk preinvasive carcinoma in situ (CIS) tumors of the bladder. Our goal was to understand whether PI3K/Akt pathway alterations associated with CIS resemble early- or late-stage bladder cancers. MATERIAL AND METHODS We evaluated tissue specimens from 97 patients with CIS of the bladder, of which 14 had a concomitant papillary tumor. All patients were treated with intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin. All specimens were evaluated for PTEN, p-AKT, and p-S6 immunoreactivity. Markers were evaluated for percentage and intensity of staining and were scored using a 0 to 3+grading system. RESULTS PTEN staining was noted as least intense in 67% of tumor specimens and 22% of normal urothelium. P-Akt and p-S6 had intense staining in 77% and 90% of tumor specimens vs. 44% and 68% in normal tissue, respectively. Low-intensity staining for PTEN at 12 months correlated with higher recurrence risk (P = 0.026). CONCLUSION We describe a large cohort of CIS bladder tumors with decreased staining intensity of PTEN and increased staining intensity of p-AKT and p-S6, similar to high-grade and high-stage papillary tumors. Low-intensity staining of PTEN at 12 months was associated with an increased risk of recurrence.
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Calderaro J, Rebouissou S, de Koning L, Masmoudi A, Hérault A, Dubois T, Maille P, Soyeux P, Sibony M, de la Taille A, Vordos D, Lebret T, Radvanyi F, Allory Y. PI3K/AKT pathway activation in bladder carcinogenesis. Int J Cancer 2013; 134:1776-84. [PMID: 24122582 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The PI3K/AKT pathway is considered to play a major role in bladder carcinogenesis, but its relationships with other molecular alterations observed in bladder cancer remain unknown. We investigated PI3K/AKT pathway activation in a series of human bladder urothelial carcinomas (UC) according to PTEN expression, PTEN deletions and FGFR3, PIK3CA, KRAS, HRAS, NRAS and TP53 gene mutations. The series included 6 normal bladder urothelial samples and 129 UC (Ta n = 25, T1 n = 34, T2-T3-T4 n = 70). Expression of phospho-AKT (pAKT), phospho-S6-Ribosomal Protein (pS6) (one downstream effector of PI3K/AKT pathway) and PTEN was evaluated by reverse phase protein Array. Expression of miR-21, miR-19a and miR-222, known to regulate PTEN expression, was also evaluated. pAKT expression levels were higher in tumors than in normal urothelium (p < 0.01), regardless of stage and showed a weak and positive correlation with pS6 (Spearman coefficient RS = 0.26; p = 0.002). No association was observed between pAKT or pS6 expression and the gene mutations studied. PTEN expression was decreased in PTEN-deleted tumors, and in T1 (p = 0.0089) and T2-T3-T4 (p < 0.001) tumors compared to Ta tumors; it was also negatively correlated with miR-19a (RS = -0.50; p = 0.0088) and miR-222 (RS = -0.48; p = 0.0132), but not miR-21 (RS = -0.27; p = 0.18) expression. pAKT and PTEN expressions were not negatively correlated, and, on the opposite, a positive and moderate correlation was observed in Ta (RS = 0.54; p = 0.0056) and T1 (RS = 0.56; p = 0.0006) tumors. Our study suggests that PI3K/AKT pathway activation occurs in the entire spectrum of bladder UC regardless of stage or known most frequent molecular alterations, and independently of low PTEN expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Calderaro
- APHP, Groupe Hospitalier Henri Mondor, Département de Pathologie, 51 avenue du Mal-de-Lattre-de-Tassigny, 94010, Créteil, France; INSERM, U955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, 94010, Créteil, France; Université Paris-Est Créteil, 94010, Créteil, France
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Biomarkers in bladder cancer: translational and clinical implications. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2013; 89:73-111. [PMID: 24029603 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is associated with high recurrence and mortality rates. These tumors show vast heterogeneity reflected by diverse morphologic manifestations and various molecular alterations associated with these disease phenotypes. Biomarkers that prospectively evaluate disease aggressiveness, progression risk, probability of recurrence and overall prognosis would improve patient care. Integration of molecular markers with conventional pathologic staging of bladder cancers may refine clinical decision making for the selection of adjuvant and salvage therapy. In the past decade, numerous bladder cancer biomarkers have been identified, including various tumor suppressor genes, oncogenes, growth factors, growth factor receptors, hormone receptors, proliferation and apoptosis markers, cell adhesion molecules, stromal factors, and oncoproteins. Recognition of two distinct pathways for urothelial carcinogenesis represents a major advance in the understanding and management of this disease. Nomograms for combining results from multiple biomarkers have been proposed to increase the accuracy of clinical predictions. The scope of this review is to summarize the major biomarker findings that may have translational and clinical implications.
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Park J, Song C, Shin E, Hong JH, Kim CS, Ahn H. Do molecular biomarkers have prognostic value in primary T1G3 bladder cancer treated with bacillus Calmette-Guerin intravesical therapy? Urol Oncol 2013; 31:849-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Yohn NL, Bingaman CN, DuMont AL, Yoo LI. Phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase, mTOR, and glycogen synthase kinase-3β mediated regulation of p21 in human urothelial carcinoma cells. BMC Urol 2011; 11:19. [PMID: 21864408 PMCID: PMC3173386 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2490-11-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The PTEN/Phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3-kinase) growth factor signaling pathway plays a critical role in epithelial tumor development in a multitude of tissue types. Deletion of the Pten tumor suppressor gene in murine urothelial cells in vivo results in upregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21. We have previously shown in mice that p21 expression blocks an increase in urothelial cell proliferation due to Pten deletion. In this study, we utilized human urothelial carcinoma cells UMUC-3 and UMUC-14 to identify the signaling pathways downstream of PI3-kinase that regulate p21. METHODS Cells were treated with a combination of PI3-kinase stimulating growth factors and kinase inhibitors, or transfected with exogenous genes in order to identify the signaling events that are necessary for p21 induction. Mice with conditional deletion of Pten in bladder urothelium were also examined for evidence of PI3-kinase pathway signaling events that affect p21 expression. RESULTS When cells were treated with PI3-kinase activating growth factors EGF or PDGF, we found that p21 levels increased, in a manner similar to that observed in mice. We used the inhibitors LY294002, Akti-1/2, and rapamycin, to show that p21 induction is dependent upon PI3-kinase and AKT activity, and partially dependent on mTOR. We treated the cells with proteasome inhibitor MG-132 and found that p21 may be degraded in the proteasome to regulate protein levels. Importantly, our findings show that GSK-3β plays a role in diminishing p21 levels in cells. Treatment of cells with the GSK-3β inhibitor SB-216763 increased p21 levels, while exogenous expression of GSK-3β caused a decrease in p21, indicating that GSK-3β actively reduces p21 levels. We found that a combined treatment of LY294002 and SB-216763 improved the cytotoxic effect against UMUC-3 and UMUC-14 carcinoma cells over LY294002 alone, suggesting potential therapeutic uses for GSK-3β inhibitors. Immunohistochemical staining in bladders from wild-type and Pten-deleted mice indicated that GSK-3β inhibitory phosphorylation increases when Pten is deleted. CONCLUSION PI3-kinase and AKT cause an upregulation of p21 by suppressing GSK-3β activity and activating mTOR in both cultured human urothelial carcinoma cells and mouse urothelial cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Yohn
- Department of Biology, Denison University, Granville, OH 43023, USA
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Zilberman DE, Cohen Y, Amariglio N, Fridman E, Ramon J, Rechavi G. AKT1 E17 K pleckstrin homology domain mutation in urothelial carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 191:34-7. [PMID: 19389506 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2009.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The PI3K/AKT pathway is frequently activated in human cancer. Recently, a G to A point mutation (E17K) was found in the pleckstrin homology domain of AKT1. We aimed to explore this mutation in cases of urothelial carcinoma. Using chip-based matrix-assisted laser desorption-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometer, AKT1 E17K mutation was searched in 26 total RNA samples obtained from 26 patients known to have urothelial carcinoma. Mutation was found in one out of 26 (3.8%) patients - a 46 year old female with a low grade transitional cell carcinoma located to the lamina propria (Ta disease). Our finding is in line with previous studies showing AKT1 E17K mutation to be rare. Yet, further studies are required to determine whether this mutation is indeed related to less aggressive disease and carries better prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorit E Zilberman
- Department of Urology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Ha'Shomer, Ramat-Gan, Affiliated to Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
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