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Qiu J, Zhao Z, Suo H, Paraghamian SE, Hawkins GM, Sun W, Zhang X, Hao T, Deng B, Shen X, Zhou C, Bae-Jump V. Linoleic acid exhibits anti-proliferative and anti-invasive activities in endometrial cancer cells and a transgenic model of endometrial cancer. Cancer Biol Ther 2024; 25:2325130. [PMID: 38465855 PMCID: PMC10936646 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2024.2325130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence has provided considerable insights into the integral function of reprogramming fatty acid metabolism in the carcinogenesis and progression of endometrial cancer. Linoleic acid, an essential fatty acid with the highest consumption in the Western diet regimen, has shown pro-tumorigenic or anti-tumorigenic effects on tumor cell growth and invasion in multiple types of cancer. However, the biological role of linoleic acid in endometrial cancer remains unclear. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the functional impact of linoleic acid on cell proliferation, invasion, and tumor growth in endometrial cancer cells and in a transgenic mouse model of endometrial cancer. The results showed that Linoleic acid significantly inhibited the proliferation of endometrial cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. The treatment of HEC-1A and KLE cells with linoleic acid effectively increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, caused cell cycle G1 arrest, and induced intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways. The anti-invasive ability of linoleic acid was found to be associated with the epithelial-mesenchymal transition process in both cell lines, including the decreased expression of N-cadherin, snail, and vimentin. Furthermore, treatment of Lkb1fl/flp53fl/fl transgenic mice with linoleic acid for four weeks significantly reduced the growth of endometrial tumors and decreased the expression of VEGF, vimentin, Ki67, and cyclin D1 in tumor tissues. Our findings demonstrate that linoleic acid exhibits anti-proliferative and anti-invasive activities in endometrial cancer cell lines and the Lkb1fl/flp53fl/fl mouse model of endometrial cancer, thus providing a pre-clinical basis for future dietary interventions with linoleic acid in endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqing Qiu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, PR, China
| | - Ziyi Zhao
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital MedicalUniversity, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Suo
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital MedicalUniversity, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Sarah E. Paraghamian
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Gabrielle M. Hawkins
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Wenchuan Sun
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Xin Zhang
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital MedicalUniversity, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tianran Hao
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Beor Deng
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital MedicalUniversity, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaochang Shen
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital MedicalUniversity, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chunxiao Zhou
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Victoria Bae-Jump
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Lipophilic and Hydrophilic Compounds from Arthrospira platensis and Its Effects on Tissue and Blood Cells—An Overview. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12101497. [DOI: 10.3390/life12101497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina platensis) is a natural source of considerable amounts of ingredients that are relevant for nutra- and pharmaceutical uses. Different hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances can be obtained by extraction from the biomass. The respective extraction techniques determine the composition of substances in the extract and thus its biological activity. In this short review, we provide an overview of the hydrophilic compounds (phenols, phycobiliproteins, polysaccharides, and vitamins) and lipophilic ingredients (chlorophylls, vitamins, fatty acids, and glycolipids) of Arthrospira platensis. The principal influences of these substances on blood and tissue cells are briefly summarized.
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Ogata R, Mori S, Kishi S, Sasaki R, Iwata N, Ohmori H, Sasaki T, Nishiguchi Y, Nakashima C, Goto K, Kawahara I, Fujiwara-Tani R, Kuniyasu H. Linoleic Acid Upregulates Microrna-494 to Induce Quiescence in Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010225. [PMID: 35008652 PMCID: PMC8745195 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer dormancy is a state characterized by the quiescence of disseminated cancer cells, and tumor recurrence occurs when such cells re-proliferate after a long incubation period. These cancer cells tend to be treatment resistant and one of the barriers to successful therapeutic intervention. We have previously reported that long-term treatment of cancer cells with linoleic acid (LA) induces a dormancy-like phenotype. However, the mechanism underpinning this effect has not yet been clarified. Here, we investigate the mechanism of LA-induced quiescence in cancer cells. We first confirmed that long-term treatment of the mouse colorectal cancer cell line CT26 with LA induced quiescence. When these cells were inoculated subcutaneously into a syngeneic mouse and fed with an LA diet, the inoculated cancer cells maintained the quiescent state and exhibited markers of dormancy. LA-treated CT26 cells showed reduced oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, and energy production as well as reduced expression of the regulatory factors Pgc1α and MycC. MicroRNA expression profiling revealed that LA induced an upregulation in miR-494. The expression of Pgc1α and MycC were both induced by an miR-494 mimic, and the LA-induced decrease in gene expression was abrogated by an miR-494 inhibitor. The expression of miR-494 was enhanced by the mitochondrial oxidative stress produced by LA. In a syngeneic mouse subcutaneous tumor model, growth suppression by an LA diet and growth delay by LA pretreatment + LA diet were found to have similar effects as administration of an miR-494 mimic. In contrast, the effects of LA were abrogated by an miR-494 inhibitor. Analysis of human colorectal cancer tissue revealed that miR-494 was present at low levels in non-metastatic cases and cases with simultaneous liver metastases but was expressed at high levels in cases with delayed liver metastases, which also exhibited reduced expression of PGC1α and MYCC. These results suggest that miR-494 is involved in cancer dormancy induced by high levels of LA intake and that this microRNA may be valuable in targeting dormant cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hiroki Kuniyasu
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-744-22-3051; Fax: +81-744-25-7308
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Lau M, Chua K, Sabaratnam V, Kuppusamy UR. In vitro
and
in silico
anticancer evaluation of a medicinal mushroom,
Ganoderma neo‐japonicum
Imazeki, against human colonic carcinoma cells. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2020; 68:902-917. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng‐Fei Lau
- Department of Biomedical Science Faculty of Medicine University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur 50603 Malaysia
- Mushroom Research Centre University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur 50603 Malaysia
| | - Kek‐Heng Chua
- Department of Biomedical Science Faculty of Medicine University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur 50603 Malaysia
- Mushroom Research Centre University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur 50603 Malaysia
| | - Vikineswary Sabaratnam
- Mushroom Research Centre University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur 50603 Malaysia
- Institute of Biological Science Faculty of Science University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur 50603 Malaysia
| | - Umah Rani Kuppusamy
- Department of Biomedical Science Faculty of Medicine University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur 50603 Malaysia
- Mushroom Research Centre University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur 50603 Malaysia
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5
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Mielczarek-Puta M, Otto-Ślusarczyk D, Chrzanowska A, Filipek A, Graboń W. Telmisartan Influences the Antiproliferative Activity of Linoleic Acid in Human Colon Cancer Cells. Nutr Cancer 2019; 72:98-109. [PMID: 31094234 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2019.1613552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Aim: Linoleic acid (LA) and telmisartan as PPARgamma agonists exhibit anticancer activity. The LA effect is observed for high non-achievable in vivo concentrations and in short treatment period, therefore we evaluate the effect of supplemental LA and pharmacological telmisartan plasma concentrations on human primary (SW480) and metastatic (SW620) colon cancer cells and immortal keratinocytes (HaCaT) cells in long-term treatment. Methods: Cell viability and proliferation were determined by TB and MTT and pro-apoptotic effect was measured by Annexin V binding assays, respectively.Results: LA decreased cancer cell viability and proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas no significant effect was found for HaCaT cells. Telmisartan (0.2 µM) suppresses antiproliferative effect of 60 µM LA on cancer cells in short-term treatment. Long-term administration of 60 µM LA reduced cancer cells viability after one week, while telmisartan delayed this effect by two weeks. Growth of all cell lines with 20 µM LA was unchanged during all treatment time. Telmisartan decreased late apoptosis of cancer and normal cells with 60 and 120 µM LA. Conclusion: The cytotoxic LA action depends not only on its concentration but also duration of treatment. Telmisartan exhibits biphasic but not synergistic effect on LA cytotoxicity in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Mielczarek-Puta
- Faculty of Medicine, Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dagmara Otto-Ślusarczyk
- Faculty of Medicine, Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Chrzanowska
- Faculty of Medicine, Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Filipek
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Graboń
- Faculty of Medicine, Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha, Warsaw, Poland
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Nakashima C, Shingo K, Fujiwara-Tani R, Luo Y, Kawahara I, Goto K, Sasaki T, Fujii K, Ohmori H, Kuniyasu H. Expression of long-chain fatty acid receptor GPR40 is associated with cancer progression in colorectal cancer: A retrospective study. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:8641-8646. [PMID: 29805599 PMCID: PMC5950529 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) is associated with a western style diet, particularly hyperlipidemia. The expression of G-protein coupled receptor 40 (GPR40), a membrane-bound receptor for long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs), was examined in 36 cases of subserosal-invading CRC and compared with clinicopathological parameters as well as triglyceride (TG) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels in the blood. All patients with CRC expressed GPR40, which was positively associated with blood TG levels (P<0.0001) but not with blood LDL levels. GPR40 expression was positively associated with nodal metastasis, distant metastasis (particularly to the liver), stage and poor prognosis. Patients with high GPR40 expression and high TG levels had comparatively worse survival outcomes compared with patients with low GPR40 expression and low TG levels. The results of the present study suggest that activation of GPR40 may be associated with the progression and prognosis of CRCs. High levels of GPR40 and/or concurrent high levels of GPR40 and TG may be a risk for CRC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Nakashima
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Kishi Shingo
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Rina Fujiwara-Tani
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan.,Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Isao Kawahara
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Kei Goto
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Sasaki
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Kiyomu Fujii
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ohmori
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kuniyasu
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
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7
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Tanabe E, Kitayoshi M, Fujii K, Ohmori H, Luo Y, Kadochi Y, Mori S, Fujiwara R, Nishiguchi Y, Sasaki T, Kuniyasu H. Fatty acids inhibit anticancer effects of 5-fluorouracil in mouse cancer cell lines. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:681-686. [PMID: 28693221 PMCID: PMC5494753 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of two major dietary fatty acid components, linoleic acid (LA) and elaidic acid (EA), on the antitumor effects of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in the LL2, CT26 and CMT93 mouse cancer cell lines. Concurrent treatment with LA and 5-FU elicited a decreased cell viability compared with treatment with 5-FU alone. In addition, increased inhibition of growth was observed following concurrent treatment with EA and 5-FU. Sequential treatment of LA followed by 5-FU abrogated the anticancer effects of 5-FU, and treatment with EA followed by 5-FU increased cancer cell growth in addition to abrogating the anticancer effects of 5-FU. The expression of the stem cell markers CD133 and nucleostemin (NS) increased in all three cell lines treated concurrently with 5-FU and either LA or EA when compared with cells treated with 5-FU alone. Aldehyde dehydrogenase activity in the cancer stem cells (CSCs), in response to concurrent treatment with 5-FU and either LA or EA, was increased compared with 5-FU treatment alone. 5-FU inhibited the growth of CT26 tumors, but co-treatment with either LA or EA abrogated this effect. NS-positive CSCs were more abundant in CT26 tumors treated with 5-FU and either LA or EA compared with those treated with 5-FU alone. The results of the present study suggested that, rather than altering the sensitivity of cancer cells to 5-FU, LA and EA may promote the survival of CSCs. The results indicated that dietary composition during chemotherapy is an important issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Tanabe
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Misaho Kitayoshi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Kiyomu Fujii
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ohmori
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Yui Kadochi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Shiori Mori
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Rina Fujiwara
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nishiguchi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Sasaki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka 814-0133, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kuniyasu
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
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Luo Y, Chihara Y, Fujimoto K, Sasahira T, Kuwada M, Fujiwara R, Fujii K, Ohmori H, Kuniyasu H. High mobility group box 1 released from necrotic cells enhances regrowth and metastasis of cancer cells that have survived chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer 2012; 49:741-51. [PMID: 23040637 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2012.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The role of the high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein in chemotherapy-induced cell death was examined. CT26 mouse colon cancer cells were treated with trichostatin A (TSA; apoptosis inducer) or doxorubicin (DXR; necrosis inducer). DXR increased HMGB1 concentration in CT26 cell culture medium, whereas TSA did not. In a CT26 bilateral subcutaneous tumour model, DXR or TSA was injected in a single tumour. After injection, serum HMGB1 concentration in DXR-treated mice was 10 times higher than that in TSA-treated mice. After DXR treatment, the contralateral and remnant tumours showed more pronounced growth than did those treated with TSA. In mouse models, lung and liver metastasis was enhanced by DXR but not by TSA. DXR-enhanced metastasis was abrogated by anti-HMGB1 antibody treatment. In a cancer dormancy model, DXR induced regrowth of quiescent CT26 cells. HMGB1 induced tumour necrosis factor-α secretion via Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 in U937 monocytes; however, HMGB1 decreased the number of U937 cells, resulting in restriction of immune activation via receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE). RAGE showed a more pronounced effect on nuclear factor kappa B activation than did TLR4 in CT26 cells. These findings suggest that HMGB1 released from necrotic cancer cells treated with a necrosis inducer enhances regrowth and metastasis of remnant cancer cells via RAGE activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Luo
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
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Lv GP, Zhao J, Duan JA, Tang YP, Li SP. Comparison of sterols and fatty acids in two species of Ganoderma. Chem Cent J 2012; 6:10. [PMID: 22293530 PMCID: PMC3287153 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-6-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Two species of Ganoderma, G. sinense and G. lucidum, are used as Lingzhi in China. Howerver, the content of triterpenoids and polysaccharides, main actives compounds, are significant different, though the extracts of both G. lucidum and G. sinense have antitumoral proliferation effect. It is suspected that other compounds contribute to their antitumoral activity. Sterols and fatty acids have obvious bioactivity. Therefore, determination and comparison of sterols and fatty acids is helpful to elucidate the active components of Lingzhi. Results Ergosterol, a specific component of fungal cell membrane, was rich in G. lucidum and G. sinense. But its content in G. lucidum (median content 705.0 μg·g-1, range 189.1-1453.3 μg·g-1, n = 19) was much higher than that in G. sinense (median content 80.1 μg·g-1, range 16.0-409.8 μg·g-1, n = 13). Hierarchical clustering analysis based on the content of ergosterol showed that 32 tested samples of Ganoderma were grouped into two main clusters, G. lucidum and G. sinense. Hierarchical clustering analysis based on the contents of ten fatty acids showed that two species of Ganoderma had no significant difference though two groups were also obtained. The similarity of two species of Ganoderma in fatty acids may be related to their antitumoral proliferation effect. Conclusions The content of ergosterol is much higher in G. lucidum than in G. sinense. Palmitic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid are main fatty acids in Ganoderma and their content had no significant difference between G. lucidum and G. sinense, which may contribute to their antitumoral proliferation effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Ping Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao SAR 999078, China.
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Kuniyasu H. The Roles of Dietary PPARgamma Ligands for Metastasis in Colorectal Cancer. PPAR Res 2008; 2008:529720. [PMID: 18551182 PMCID: PMC2422868 DOI: 10.1155/2008/529720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)gamma ligands, linoleic acid (LA) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), showed anticancer effects in colorectal carcinoma cells. LA is metabolized by two pathways. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 produces procarcinogenic prostaglandin E2, whereas 15-lipoxygenase (LOX)-1 produces PPARgamma ligands. The 15LOX-1 pathway, which is dominant in colorectal adenomas, was downregulated and inversely COX-2 was upregulated in colorectal cancer. LA and CLA inhibited peritoneal metastasis of colorectal cancer cells in nude mice. The inhibitory effect was abrogated by PPARgamma antisense treatment. A continuous LA treatment provided cancer cells quiescence. These quiescent cells formed dormant nests in nude mice administrated LA. The quiescent and dormant cells showed downregulated PPARgamma and upregulated nucleostemin. Thus, short-term exposure to dietary PPARgamma ligands inhibits cancer metastasis, whereas consistent exposure to LA provides quiescent/dormant status with possible induction of cancer stem and/or progenitor phenotype. The complicated roles of dietary PPARgamma ligands are needed to examine further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kuniyasu
- Department of Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
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