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Petrelli S, Buglione M, Maselli V, Troiano C, Larson G, Frantz L, Manin A, Ricca E, Baccigalupi L, Wright D, Pietri C, Fulgione D. Population genomic, olfactory, dietary, and gut microbiota analyses demonstrate the unique evolutionary trajectory of feral pigs. Mol Ecol 2021; 31:220-237. [PMID: 34676935 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Domestication is an intriguing evolutionary process. Many domestic populations are subjected to strong human-mediated selection, and when some individuals return to the wild, they are again subjected to selective forces associated with new environments. Generally, these feral populations evolve into something different from their wild predecessors and their members typically possess a combination of both wild and human selected traits. Feralisation can manifest in different forms on a spectrum from a wild to a domestic phenotype. This depends on how the rewilded domesticated populations can readapt to natural environments based on how much potential and flexibility the ancestral genome retains after its domestication signature. Whether feralisation leads to the evolution of new traits that do not exist in the wild or to convergence with wild forms, however, remains unclear. To address this question, we performed population genomic, olfactory, dietary, and gut microbiota analyses on different populations of Sus scrofa (wild boar, hybrid, feral and several domestic pig breeds). Porcine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) analysis shows that the feral population represents a cluster distinctly separate from all others. Its members display signatures of past artificial selection, as demonstrated by values of FST in specific regions of the genome and bottleneck signature, such as the number and length of runs of homozygosity. Generalised FST values, reacquired olfactory abilities, diet, and gut microbiota variation show current responses to natural selection. Our results suggest that feral pigs are an independent evolutionary unit which can persist so long as levels of human intervention remain unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Petrelli
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Buglione
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Maselli
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Troiano
- Department of Humanities, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Greger Larson
- The Palaeogenomics & Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Laurent Frantz
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Aurelie Manin
- The Palaeogenomics & Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ezio Ricca
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Loredana Baccigalupi
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Dominic Wright
- IFM Biology, AVIAN Behavioural Genomics and Physiology Group, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Christian Pietri
- Fédération Départementale des Chasseurs de Haute-Corse (FDCHC), Résidence Nouvelle-Corniche, St Joseph, Bastia, France
| | - Domenico Fulgione
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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Vilchis F, Mares L, Chávez B, Paredes A, Ramos L. Late-onset vanishing testis-like syndrome in a 38,XX/38,XY agonadic pig (Sus scrofa). Reprod Fertil Dev 2021; 32:284-291. [PMID: 31679558 DOI: 10.1071/rd18514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we describe the case of a pig with intersex traits including ambiguous external genitalia, sex chromosome abnormalities and a late-onset vanishing testis-like syndrome. It was identified shortly after birth by presenting a predominantly female phenotype with two large scrotal masses resembling testes. The karyotype is 38,XX (53%)/38,XY (47%). Sex steroid levels were undetectable at 1 and 7 months old, whereas circulating cortisol levels were typical. DNA studies excluded gene alterations in sex-determining region Y (SRY), dosage-sensitive sex reversal-congenital adrenal hypoplasia critical region on the X chromosome protein 1 (DAX1), SRY-related high mobility group-box gene 9 (SOX9), nuclear receptor subfamily 5, group a, member 1 (NR5A1), nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group c, member 4 (NR3C4) and steroid 5-alpha-reductase 2 (SRD5A2). At 8 months of age the XX/XY pig evinced delayed growth; however, the most striking phenotypic change was that the testes-like structures completely vanished in a 2-3-week period. The internal genitalia were found to consist of a portion of a vagina and urethra. No fallopian tubes, uterus or remnants of Wolffian derivatives were observed. More importantly, no testes, ovaries, ovotestis or gonadal streaks could be identified. The XX/XY sex chromosome dosage and/or overexpression of the DAX1 gene on the X chromosome in the presence of a wild-type SRY gene may have caused this predominantly female phenotype. This specimen represents an atypical case of 38,XX/38,XY chimeric, ovotesticular disorder of sex development associated with agonadism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Vilchis
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Av. Vasco de Quiroga #15, Tlalpan, C.P. 14080, México City, México
| | - Lizette Mares
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Av. Vasco de Quiroga #15, Tlalpan, C.P. 14080, México City, México
| | - Bertha Chávez
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Av. Vasco de Quiroga #15, Tlalpan, C.P. 14080, México City, México
| | - Arcadio Paredes
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Av. Vasco de Quiroga #15, Tlalpan, C.P. 14080, México City, México
| | - Luis Ramos
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Av. Vasco de Quiroga #15, Tlalpan, C.P. 14080, México City, México; and Corresponding author. ;
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Promoter Identification and Transcriptional Regulation of the Goose AMH Gene. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9100816. [PMID: 31623192 PMCID: PMC6826907 DOI: 10.3390/ani9100816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) plays a vital role in the development of follicles. We found that the cloning nucleotide sequence of AMH was high homology in geese with other species. Several regulatory elements were identified and transcriptional factors were predicted in the AMH promoter sequence. Through a double-luciferase reporter assay, potential regulatory relationship spanning from −637 to −87 bp were identified. In addition, the mRNA expression of AMH gradually decreased during the development of follicles in geese. In the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line, the luciferase activity significantly increased by co-expression of AMH and GATA-4. However, when the binding sites of GATA-4 to the promoter of AMH were mutated, the luciferase activity significantly decreased. These results indicated that the transcription of AMH was activated by GATA-4 to inhibit the development of follicles in geese. Abstract Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is recognized as a reliable marker of ovarian reserve. However, the regulatory mechanism of goose AMH gene remains poorly understood. In the present study, both the full-length coding sequence (CDS) and promoter sequence of goose AMH have been cloned. Its CDS consisted of 2013 nucleotides encoding 670 amino acids and the amino acid sequence contained two structural domain: AMH-N and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) domain. The obtained promoter sequence spanned from the −2386 bp to its transcription start site (ATG). Core promoter regions and regulatory elements were identified as well as transcription factors were predicted in its promoter sequence. The luciferase activity was the highest spanning from the −331 to −1 bp by constructing deletion promoter reporter vectors. In CHO cells, the luciferase activity significantly increased by co-expression of AMH and GATA binding protein 4 (GATA-4), while that significantly decreased by mutating the binding sites of GATA-4 located in the −778 and −1477 bp. Results from quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) indicated that levels of AMH mRNA in geese granulosa layers decreased gradually with the increasing follicular diameter. Taken together, it could be concluded that the transcriptional activity of AMH was activated by GATA-4 to inhibit the development of small follicles in goose.
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Barbotin AL, Peigné M, Malone SA, Giacobini P. Emerging Roles of Anti-Müllerian Hormone in Hypothalamic-Pituitary Function. Neuroendocrinology 2019; 109:218-229. [PMID: 31280262 PMCID: PMC6878735 DOI: 10.1159/000500689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Since its initial discovery in the 1940s, research into the physiological actions of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), from its eponymous role in male developmental biology to its routine clinical use in female reproductive health, has undergone a paradigm shifting change. With several exciting studies recently reporting hitherto unforeseen AMH actions at all levels in the hypogonadal-pituitary-gonadal axis, the importance of this hormone for both hypothalamic and pituitary reproductive control is finding increasing support and significance. In this review, we will briefly summarize what is known about the traditional roles and biology of AMH and how this could be integrated with new findings of AMH actions at the level of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. We also synthesize the important findings from these new studies and discuss their potential impact and significance to our understanding of one of the most common reproductive disorders currently affecting women, polycystic ovary syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Barbotin
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172, Laboratoire du Développement et Plasticité du Cerveau Neuroendocrine, Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert, Lille, France
- Institut de Biologie de la Reproduction-Spermiologie-CECOS, CHU de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Maëliss Peigné
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172, Laboratoire du Développement et Plasticité du Cerveau Neuroendocrine, Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert, Lille, France
- AP-HP, Unité de Médecine de la Reproduction, Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Samuel Andrew Malone
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172, Laboratoire du Développement et Plasticité du Cerveau Neuroendocrine, Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert, Lille, France
| | - Paolo Giacobini
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172, Laboratoire du Développement et Plasticité du Cerveau Neuroendocrine, Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert, Lille, France,
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Urushitani H, Katsu Y, Miyagawa S, Kohno S, Ohta Y, Guillette LJ, Iguchi T. Molecular cloning of anti-Müllerian hormone from the American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 333:190-9. [PMID: 21187121 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Revised: 12/12/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) plays an important role in male sex differentiation in vertebrates. AMH produced by Sertoli cells of the fetal testis induces regression of the Müllerian duct in mammalian species. In alligators, sexual differentiation is controlled by the temperature during egg incubation, termed temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD). The TSD mechanism inducing sex differentiation is thought to be unique and different from that of genetic sex determination as no gene such as the SRY of mammals has been identified. However, many of the genes associated with gonadal differentiation in mammals also are expressed in the developing gonads of species exhibiting TSD. To clarify the molecular mechanisms associated with gonad formation during the temperature-sensitive period (TSP), we have cloned the full length AMH gene in the alligator, and quantitatively compared mRNA expression patterns in the gonad-adrenal-mesonephros (GAM) complex isolated from alligator embryos incubated at male and female producing temperatures. The deduced amino acid sequence of the alligator AMH cDNA showed high identity (59-53%) to avian AMH genes. AMH mRNA expression was high in the GAM of male alligator embryos at stage 24 (immediately after sex determination) and hatchlings, but suppressed in the GAM of estrogen-exposed hatchlings incubated at the male-producing temperature. In the alligator AMH proximal promoter, a number of transcriptional factors (for SF-1. GATA, WT-1 and SOX9) binding elements were also identified and they exhibit a conserved pattern seen in other species. SOX9 up-regulates transcriptional activity through the amAMH promoter region. These results suggested that AMH and SOX9 play important roles in TSD of the American alligator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Urushitani
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
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Zhao X, Du ZQ, Vukasinovic N, Rodriguez F, Clutter AC, Rothschild MF. Association of HOXA10, ZFPM2, and MMP2 genes with scrotal hernias evaluated via biological candidate gene analyses in pigs. Am J Vet Res 2009; 70:1006-12. [PMID: 19645582 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.70.8.1006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the associations between 14 biological candidate genes and scrotal hernias in pigs. ANIMALS 1,534 Pietrain-based pigs, including 692 individuals from 298 pig families and 842 male pigs without family information. PROCEDURES Pigs were classified as affected or unaffected for scrotal hernias. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of candidate genes were analyzed via PCR assays and genotyped. Statistical analyses were performed on the family-trio and the case-control data. RESULTS 2 genes involved in collagen metabolism (homeobox A10 [HOXA10] and matrix metalloproteinases 2 [MMP2]) and 1 gene encoding zinc finger protein multitype 2 (ZFPM2, important in the development of diaphragmatic hernia) were significantly associated with hernias. Pigs with these genotypes had high odds of developing scrotal hernias in the case and control groups (2 ZFPM2 variants: odds ratio, 4.3 [95% confidence interval, 2.78 to 6.64] and 4.45[95%confidenceinterval,2.88to6.88]). Anothergene, collagentypeII A 1(COL2A1),was potentially involved in hernia development. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE HOXA10, ZFPM2, MMP2, and COL2A1 could have important roles in pig hernia development and potentially be useful for marker-assisted selection in the pig industry. IMPACT FOR HUMAN MEDICINE Pigs are used for the study of many human diseases because of their physiologic similarities. Genes associated with scrotal hernias in this study may be directly used in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying this defect in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhao
- Department of Animal Science and Center for Integrated Animal Genomics, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Zhao C, Fujinaga R, Tanaka M, Yanai A, Nakahama KI, Shinoda K. Region-specific expression and sex-steroidal regulation on aromatase and its mRNA in the male rat brain: immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization analyses. J Comp Neurol 2007; 500:557-73. [PMID: 17120292 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The brain has an estrogen-biosynthetic potential resulting from the presence of neuronal aromatase, which controls the intraneural sex-steroidal milieu and is involved in brain sexual differentiation, psychobehavioral regulation, and neuroprotection. In the rat brain, three distinct aromatase-P450-immunoreactive (AromP450-I) neural groups have been categorized in terms of their peak expression time (fetal, fetoneonatal, and young-to-adult groups), suggesting the presence of region-specific regulation on brain AromP450. In the present study, we compared the expressions between AromP450 protein and mRNA by using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization with an ovary-derived cRNA probe in serial sections of fetal, fetoneonatal, and adult male rat brains and then performed steroidal manipulations to evaluate the sex-steroidal effects on AromP450 in adult orchiectomized and adrenalectomized (OCX + ADX) male rats. As a result, prominent mRNA signals were detected in the fetal (i.e., the anterior medial preoptic nucleus) and fetoneonatal (i.e., the medial preopticoamygdaloid neuronal arc) groups, although no detectable signal was found in the "young-to-adult" group (i.e., the central amygdaloid nucleus). In addition, the "fetoneonatal" AromP450-I neurons were prominently reduced in number and intensity after OCX + ADX and then were reinstated by the administration of dihydrotestosterone, testosterone, or 17beta-estradiol. In contrast, none of the sex steroids had any significant effects on the young-to-adult group. Several possible explanations were explored for why the young-to-adult group may differ in aromatase expression and regulation, including the possibility that distinct splicing variants or isozymes for aromatase exist in the rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjiu Zhao
- Division of Neuroanatomy, Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
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Grindflek E, Moe M, Taubert H, Simianer H, Lien S, Moen T. Genome-wide linkage analysis of inguinal hernia in pigs using affected sib pairs. BMC Genet 2006; 7:25. [PMID: 16672048 PMCID: PMC1475630 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-7-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2006] [Accepted: 05/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inguinal and scrotal hernias are of great concern to pig producers, and lead to poor animal welfare and severe economic loss. Selection against these conditions is highly preferable, but at this time no gene, Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL), or mode of inheritance has been identified in pigs or in any other species. Therefore, a complete genome scan was performed in order to identify genomic regions affecting inguinal and scrotal hernias in pigs. Records from seedstock breeding farms were collected. No clinical examinations were executed on the pigs and there was therefore no distinction between inguinal and scrotal hernias. The genome scan utilised affected sib pairs (ASP), and the data was analysed using both an ASP test based on Non-parametric Linkage (NPL) analysis, and a Transmission Disequilibrium Test (TDT). RESULTS Significant QTLs (p < 0.01) were detected on 8 out of 19 porcine chromosomes. The most promising QTLs, however, were detected in SSC1, SSC2, SSC5, SSC6, SSC15, SSC17 and SSCX; all of these regions showed either statistical significance with both statistical methods, or convincing significance with one of the methods. Haplotypes from these suggestive QTL regions were constructed and analysed with TDT. Of these, six different haplotypes were found to be differently transmitted (p < 0.01) to healthy and affected pigs. The most interesting result was one haplotype on SSC5 that was found to be transmitted to hernia pigs with four times higher frequency than to healthy pigs (p < 0.00005). CONCLUSION For the first time in any species, a genome scan has revealed suggestive QTLs for inguinal and scrotal hernias. While this study permitted the detection of chromosomal regions only, it is interesting to note that several promising candidate genes, including INSL3, MIS, and CGRP, are located within the highly significant QTL regions. Further studies are required in order to narrow down the suggestive QTL regions, investigate the candidate genes, and to confirm the suggestive QTLs in other populations. The haplotype associated with inguinal and scrotal hernias may help in achieving selection against the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Grindflek
- The Norwegian Pig Breeders Association (NORSVIN), Hamar, Norway
- Centre for Integrative Genetics, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Maren Moe
- The Norwegian Pig Breeders Association (NORSVIN), Hamar, Norway
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Helge Taubert
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Georg-August University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Henner Simianer
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Georg-August University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Sigbjørn Lien
- Centre for Integrative Genetics, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Thomas Moen
- Centre for Integrative Genetics, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
- AKVAFORSK, Aas, Norway
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Basrur PK. Disrupted sex differentiation and feminization of man and domestic animals. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2006; 100:18-38. [PMID: 16209866 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2005.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2004] [Revised: 08/09/2005] [Accepted: 08/23/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Genital malformations constitute the most common birth defects in man and domestic animals and occur frequently in males since the participation of many genes is required for sex differentiation to proceed in the male direction. The precise dose, timing, and coordination needed for their expression add to the proneness of various stages in male sex differentiation to external influences. The emerging insight, through the identification of genes involved in the sex differentiation cascade, is that over 85% of sex anomalies in human and domestic animal populations are not attributable to chromosome aberrations or to mutations in a known gene. Since a majority of severely malformed individuals are incapable of reproduction, the high rates of these defects have to be results either of new mutations or of collaboration of environmental factors with genes. Increase in specific malformations in domestic animals often indicates increased concentration of liability genes brought together in the conceptus by inbreeding. However, in human populations where inbreeding is not the norm such increases may reflect environment-induced new mutations or interaction of environmental agents with hormone-sensitive genes. This review summarizes the information currently available on the genetics of major events in male sex differentiation and briefly discusses the collaborative role that environment may play in disrupting different components of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvathi K Basrur
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont., Canada N1G 2W1
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van Roeyen CRC, Eitner F, Martinkus S, Thieltges SR, Ostendorf T, Bokemeyer D, Lüscher B, Lüscher-Firzlaff JM, Floege J, Mertens PR. Y-box protein 1 mediates PDGF-B effects in mesangioproliferative glomerular disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 16:2985-96. [PMID: 16093451 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2004111009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The pivotal role of PDGF-B for mesangioproliferative glomerular disease is well established. Here, Y-box protein-1 (YB-1) was identified as a downstream signaling target of PDGF-B. In healthy kidney cells, YB-1 was located predominantly within the nuclear compartment. Subsequent to PDGF-B infusion and in the course of anti-Thy1.1-induced mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis, relocalization of YB-1 into the cytoplasm was observed. In experimental models that lack profound mesangial cell proliferation (e.g., Puromycin-nephrosis, passive Heyman nephritis, spontaneous normotensive nephrosclerosis, hyperlipidemic diabetic nephropathy), YB-1 remained nuclear. This translocation coincided with upregulation of YB-1 protein levels within the mesangial compartment. Increased YB-1 expression and subcellular shuttling was dependent on PDGF-B signaling via the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway because these alterations were prevented by specific PDGF aptamers and the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway inhibitor U0126. Furthermore, PDGF-B strongly induced YB-1 expression in vitro. This induction was important because RNAi-dependent knockdown of YB-1 abolished the mitogenic PDGF-B effect. Taken together, YB-1 seems to represent a specific and necessary PDGF-B target in mesangioproliferative glomerular disease.
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Sundaray JK, Ohta K, Yamaguchi A, Kitano T, Matsuyama M. Isolation, cloning, sequencing of brain type aromatase and its expression in male and female Wrasse, Pseudolabrus sieboldi. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2005; 31:137-141. [PMID: 20035447 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-006-0015-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Pseudolabrus sieboldi, wrasse being a diurnal spawner provides a good opportunity to study the endocrine mechanism of estrogen formation in brain and gonads. Moreover, an extremely large amount of E2 was produced in serum and testis of wrasse. It is assumed that the presence of E2 may play a major role in diurnal gametogenesis in male fish. In this study brain type aromatase have been isolated, cloned and sequenced from the brain of wrasse. Further, the expression pattern of brain type aromatase in gonads and adult tissue of male and female fish have been analyzed. In addition, the diurnal expression pattern of brain type aromatase in both male and female fish brain during spawning season have been analyzed.The P450arom (br) was isolated, cloned and sequenced from both male and female bamboleaf wrasse. The P450arom (br) gene (1877 sequenced nucleotide) contains an ORF of 1470 bp, a 5'-UTR of 18 bp and at least 407 bp in 3'-UTR. The amino acid sequence homology in the coding region of wrasse P450arom (br) is high compared to that of medaka, Oryzias latipes (80%), rainbow trout type 2, Oncorhynchu mykiss (78.2%), fugu, Takifugu ribripes (78%) rainbow trout type 1, (76%), goldfish, Carassius auratus (66.8%) and zebrafish, Danio rerio (66.2%). Expression study reveals that P450arom (br) mRNA were most abundant in brains of both male and female fish throughout the day during the spawning season. RT-PCR study revealed that P450arom (br) was expressed in skin, anal fin and tail fin of both male and female wrasse. P450arom (br) was not detected at any time of the spawning day in either ovary or testis of wrasse.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Sundaray
- Kakdwip Research Center, Central Institute of Brackish Water Aquaculture, Kakdwip, West Bengal, 743 347, India,
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Rey R, Lukas-Croisier C, Lasala C, Bedecarrás P. AMH/MIS: what we know already about the gene, the protein and its regulation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2003; 211:21-31. [PMID: 14656472 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2003.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
(AMH/MIS) was first suggested by Jost, more than Four decades before this gonadal glycoprotein was purified and its gene and promoter sequenced. In mammals, AMH expression is triggered by SOX9 in Sertoli cells at the onset of testicular differentiation, and regulated by SF1, GATA factors, WT1, DAX1 and FSH. Ovarian granulosa cells also secrete AMH from late foetal life. In males, AMH is secreted into the bloodstream at high levels until puberty when it is down-regulated by androgens and meiotic germ cells and its directional secretion switches from the basal compartment to the seminiferous tubule lumen. In birds and reptiles, AMH expression shows particular features. Serum AMH determination is useful to study testicular function in boys and in patients with gonadal tumours. AMH levels in seminal and follicular fluid may also be of clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Rey
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas (CONICET), Hospital de Niños R Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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13
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Callard GV, Tchoudakova AV, Kishida M, Wood E. Differential tissue distribution, developmental programming, estrogen regulation and promoter characteristics of cyp19 genes in teleost fish. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2001; 79:305-14. [PMID: 11850237 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-0760(01)00147-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Teleost fish are characterized by exceptionally high levels of brain estrogen biosynthesis when compared to the brains of other vertebrates or to the ovaries of the same fish. Goldfish (Carassius auratus) and zebrafish (Danio rerio) have utility as complementary models for understanding the molecular basis and functional significance of exaggerated neural estrogen biosynthesis. Multiple cytochrome P450 aromatase (P450arom) cDNAs that derive from separate gene loci (cyp19a and cyp19b) are differentially expressed in brain (P450aromB>>A) and ovary (P450aromA>>B) and have a different developmental program (B>>A) and response to estrogen upregulation (B only). As measured by increased P450aromB mRNA, a functional estrogen response system is first detected 24-48 h post-fertilization (hpf), consistent with the onset of estrogen receptor (ER) expression (alpha, beta, and gamma). The 5'-flanking region of the cyp19b gene has a TATA box, two estrogen response elements (EREs), an ERE half-site (ERE1/2), a nerve growth factor inducible-B protein (NGFI-B)/Nur77 responsive element (NBRE) binding site, and a sequence identical to the zebrafish GATA-2 gene neural specific enhancer. The cyp19a promoter region has TATA and CAAT boxes, a steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) binding site, and two aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)/AhR nuclear translocator factor (ARNT) binding motifs. Both genes have multiple potential SRY/SOX binding sites (16 and 8 in cyp19b and cyp19a, respectively). Luciferase reporters have basal promoter activity in GH3 cells, but differences (a>>b) are opposite to fish pituitary (b>>a). When microinjected into fertilized zebrafish eggs, a cyp19b promoter-driven green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter (but not cyp19a) is expressed in neurons of 30-48 hpf embryos, most prominently in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their projections to optic tectum. Further studies are required to identify functionally relevant cis-elements and cellular factors, and to determine the regulatory role of estrogen in neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- G V Callard
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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14
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Corbin CJ, Trant JM, Conley AJ. Porcine gonadal and placental isozymes of aromatase cytochrome P450: sub-cellular distribution and support by NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2001; 172:115-24. [PMID: 11165045 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-7207(00)00373-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Functional differences exist between the porcine gonadal and placental aromatase cytochrome P450 (P450arom) isozymes that are encoded by separate genes. The present experiments investigated the sub-cellular location of these isozymes, their dependence on the redox partner protein NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (P450 reductase) for catalytic activity and the release of steroid intermediates during the aromatization of androgens to estrogen. After differential centrifugation, similar levels of gonadal and placental porcine P450arom were found along with P450 reductase in the microsomal compartment using activity and immunoblot analyses. Activity was stimulated much more by recombinant P450 reductase addition, and higher levels of 19-hydroxy and 19-oxo intermediates accumulated during androstenedione and testosterone metabolism, in cells expressing the gonadal compared to the placental isozyme. No other steroid products were identified by HPLC. Thus, the porcine gonadal P450arom is more sensitive to P450 reductase deprivation than is the placental P450arom, accounting in part for catalytic differences between these isozymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Corbin
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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15
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Pinton A, Ducos A, Berland H, Seguela A, Brun-Baronnat C, Darré A, Darré R, Schmitz A, Yerle M. Chromosomal abnormalities in hypoprolific boars. Hereditas 2000; 132:55-62. [PMID: 10857260 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.2000.00055.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Four new chromosomal rearrangements are reported in the domestic pig: 3 reciprocal translocations, rcp(4;12)(p13;q13) in a crossbred boar, rcp(1;7)(q17;q26) in a Large White purebred boar, rcp(1;6)(q17;q35) in a purebred synthetic paternal line boar, and a pericentric inversion inv(2)(p13q11) in a crossbred boar. The 1/7 reciprocal translocation and the pericentric inversion were detected in animals that had sired small litters. The effect of the 1/7 translocation was accurately determined: -4.5 piglets born per litter, i.e. -36%. Both the 1/6 and 1/7 reciprocal translocations were of maternal origin. All the chromosomal rearrangements were highlighted using GTG and/or RBG banding techniques. Chromosome painting experiments were also carried out to confirm the proposed hypotheses for the three reciprocal translocations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pinton
- URA INRA-ENVT de Cytogénétique des Populations Animales, Toulouse, France
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16
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Corbin CJ, Trant JM, Walters KW, Conley AJ. Changes in testosterone metabolism associated with the evolution of placental and gonadal isozymes of porcine aromatase cytochrome P450. Endocrinology 1999; 140:5202-10. [PMID: 10537150 DOI: 10.1210/endo.140.11.7140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Differences in the catalytic activity of the placental and gonadal isozymes of porcine aromatase cytochrome P450 (P450arom) were examined in cell lines exhibiting stable expression of recombinant enzyme. Cell lines were selected that expressed high, but similar, immunodetectable levels of each isozyme based on Western analysis. Aromatase activity varied with growth in culture, decreasing at confluence from a peak reached between 50-80% cell density. Cells expressing the placental isozyme had 3-5 times higher catalytic activity (per mg protein) than those expressing the gonadal isozyme. The P450arom inhibitor fadrazole (1 microM) inhibited more than 97% of this activity, whereas another imidazole, etomidate (1 microM), selectively inhibited gonadal P450arom activity by 92%. Estrogen synthesis from androstenedione and testosterone was determined by RIA and confirmed by HPLC analysis, which also identified the accumulation of the 19-hydroxy and 19-oxo intermediates of the respective substrates. There was no evidence of other steroid metabolites accumulating in the media of cell lines expressing either isozyme. Tritiated water formed during aromatization of substrates 3H labeled at the C1 and C2 positions was stereo-selective for the beta orientation, but less so for testosterone than androstenedione during metabolism by the porcine placental (and human) isozyme than the gonadal isozyme. Testosterone showed a higher affinity for the porcine placental P450arom than the gonadal P450arom, but both isozymes had similar affinities for androstenedione. Testosterone was also aromatized more slowly than androstenedione by the porcine gonadal P450arom. These data suggest that catalytic differences have arisen in the substrate binding pocket during the evolution of isozymes of porcine P450arom that affect androgen metabolism, particularly the aromatization of testosterone. The physiological significance of these differences to the reproductive biology of the pig remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Corbin
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
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17
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Boerboom D, Kerban A, Sirois J. Dual regulation of promoter II- and promoter 1f-derived cytochrome P450 aromatase transcripts in equine granulosa cells during human chorionic gonadotropin-induced ovulation: a novel model for the study of aromatase promoter switching. Endocrinology 1999; 140:4133-41. [PMID: 10465286 DOI: 10.1210/endo.140.9.6951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Estradiol biosynthesis is a key biochemical trait of developing follicles. To study its regulation in equine follicles, the objectives of this study were to clone and determine the structure of equine cytochrome P450 aromatase (P450AROM), and characterize the regulation of P450AROM and P450 17alpha-hydroxylase/C17-20 lyase (P45017alpha) messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in vivo in equine preovulatory follicles isolated during hCG-induced ovulation. Two distinct P450AROM complementary DNAs (cDNAs) were isolated from an equine preovulatory follicle cDNA library. One clone was 2682 bp in length and included 115 bp of 5'-untranslated region (UTR), 1509 bp of open reading frame encoding a well conserved 503-amino acid protein, and 1058 bp of 3'-UTR. Its 5'-most region represented the equine homolog of exon 1f, previously designated brain specific. The other cDNA clone encoded a truncated protein and contained a distinct 5'-UTR characteristic of transcripts derived from promoter II, previously identified as the predominant ovarian mRNA. Northern blot analyses were performed using preovulatory follicles obtained during estrus between 0-39 h after the administration of hCG and with corpora lutea isolated on day 8 of the estrous cycle (day 0 = day of ovulation). The results showed a biphasic regulation of P450AROM mRNA expression: levels were highest in follicles at 0 h post-hCG, decreased significantly during the ovulatory process at 12 and 24 h (P < 0.05), and increased again between 30-39 h post-hCG and in corpora lutea. When oligonucleotides specific for P450AROM mRNA variants were used as probes, a novel switching phenomenon was observed. Promoter II-derived transcripts accounted for the message present in follicles at 0 h post-hCG and in corpora lutea, whereas promoter 1f-derived mRNA was expressed exclusively during the ovulatory process (30-39 h post-hCG). Levels of P45017alpha mRNA were high in follicles at 0 h, but significantly decreased after hCG treatment (P < 0.05), with lowest levels in follicles at 36 and 39 h post-hCG and in corpora lutea. Northern blots performed on isolated cellular preparations revealed that P450AROM and P45017alpha transcripts were localized exclusively in granulosa cells and theca interna, respectively. Equine aromatase promoters II and 1f were cloned from a genomic library, and putative transcription start sites were characterized by primer extension assays. Sequence analyses identified distinct potential regulatory elements in each promoter. Thus, this study identifies a novel aromatase promoter-switching phenomenon in equine granulosa cells during follicular luteinization and provides a new model in which aromatase promoter switching is induced in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Boerboom
- Département de Biomédecine Vétérinaire, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
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18
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Zijlstra C, Davoli R, Fontanesi L, Zambonelli P, Bosma AA, Russo V. Isolation and localization of the skeletal myosin heavy chain 2X gene on pig chromosome 12q1.4-q1.5. Mamm Genome 1998; 9:412-3. [PMID: 9545507 DOI: 10.1007/s003359900785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Zijlstra
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.157, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
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19
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Tchoudakova A, Callard GV. Identification of multiple CYP19 genes encoding different cytochrome P450 aromatase isozymes in brain and ovary. Endocrinology 1998; 139:2179-89. [PMID: 9529008 DOI: 10.1210/endo.139.4.5899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Evidence to date indicates that the gene encoding cytochrome P450 aromatase (P450arom) in humans is a single member of the CYPl9 family, but multiple CYPl9 loci and isoforms have been identified in pigs. Here we report the cloning and characterization of a second member of the CYP19 family in goldfish. A search for P450arom variants was prompted by studies showing that a full-length P450arom complementary DNA (cDNA) isolated from a goldfish brain cDNA library hybridizes with a high abundance 3 kb transcript in brain RNA but fails to detect a message in ovarian RNA. A stepwise PCR cloning strategy led to isolation of a 1.9-kb cDNA, which encodes a protein of 518 amino acids and has a predicted mol wt of 58.7K. The ovary-derived P450arom (-A) shares 68-72% sequence identity with ovarian aromatases of other fish species, but only 62% identity with the homologous brain-derived P450arom (-B). Amino acid differences are distributed throughout the two goldfish P450arom forms, but presumptive functional domains are highly conserved. Both P450aromA and -B are able to aromatize [3H]androgen to [3H]estrogen when expressed in nonsteroidogenic COS cells. Southern analysis and PCR-restriction analysis of genomic DNA using discriminating probes and primers indicates that a single locus encodes the brain-derived P450aromB (CYPl9B), whereas one or two different loci encode the ovarian form (CYPl9A). Northern blot analysis revealed two P450aromA messenger RNAs (1.9 >> 3.0 kb) in ovary. Simultaneous PCR amplification with A- and B-specific primer pairs confirms that P450aromA is the only form expressed in ovaries, but shows overlapping expression of the two genes in neural tissues. Whereas P450aromB messenger RNA predominates in brain (B/A, approximately 14:1), the ratios are reversed in retina (B/A, approximately 1:25). Further studies are required to resolve the evolutionary and functional implications of multiple CYPl9 genes and P450arom isozymes in goldfish, their differential expression in brain and ovary, and whether observations can be generalized to other vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tchoudakova
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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20
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Gelinas D, Pitoc GA, Callard GV. Isolation of a goldfish brain cytochrome P450 aromatase cDNA: mRNA expression during the seasonal cycle and after steroid treatment. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1998; 138:81-93. [PMID: 9685217 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-7207(98)00015-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the molecular basis and physiological regulation of exceptionally high levels of aromatase (P450arom) activity in the brain of teleost fish, a 2927 bp P450arom cDNA encoding a 510 amino acid protein was isolated from a goldfish brain cDNA library. The brain-derived cDNA had 53% and 61-62% sequence identity when compared with human placental and fish ovarian P450arom forms, respectively, and higher homologies in conserved functional domains. Goldfish brain poly(A) RNA was translatable in vitro to a 56 kDa P450arom immunoprecipitation product. Northern blot analysis using the brain cDNA revealed a major 3.0 kb transcript of high abundance in brain (FB, forebrain > M/HB, mid/hindbrain), but no signal in ovary, testis or liver. P450arom mRNA varied seasonally in brain, with a peak at the onset of gonadal regrowth (February) that preceded the annual rise in enzyme levels and was 4-fold (FB) or 50-fold (M/HB) higher than during reproductive inactivity (July-December). Known markers of neurogenesis and estrogen action in brain (28S rRNA, beta-actin and beta-tubulin transcripts) each had unique seasonal patterns which differed from P450arom mRNA. In vivo steroid treatment showed that estrogen and aromatizable androgen increase FB and M/HB levels of P450arom mRNA 8- and 4-fold, respectively. P450arom mRNA in pituitary and retina had a different regulation. Southern analysis provided no evidence for multiple genes encoding the brain derived cDNA or for brain-specific gene amplification. Results imply that high accumulated levels of P450arom mRNA are the major determinant of high measured enzyme activity in goldfish brain, and that physiological regulation of mRNA expression in the natural environment is mediated by aromatization of androgen to estrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gelinas
- Department of Biology, Boston University, MA 02215, USA
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21
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Parma P, Pailhoux E, Puissant C, Cotinot C. Porcine Dax-1 gene: isolation and expression during gonadal development. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1997; 135:49-58. [PMID: 9453240 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-7207(97)00189-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The identification of XY females carrying a duplication of a region of the X chromosome (Xp21) led to the hypothesis that a double dose of a gene in the duplicated region causes sex reversal (DSS; dosage sensitive sex reversal). A gene isolated from this region, named DAX-1 (DSS-AHC critical region on the X), encodes a new member of the nuclear hormone receptor family. Here, we describe the isolation of porcine Dax-1 and the analysis of its pattern of expression both during foetal development and in several adult tissues. Dax-1 is expressed in the adrenals, the pituitary gland and the gonads at various stages of differentiation. In gonads, Dax-1 expression starts between 21 and 23 days post coitum in both XX and XY urogenital ridges then continues to be expressed until adult age. The expression in these tissues indicates the involvement of DAX-1 in the development and the function of the reproductive system at multiple levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Parma
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, INRA, Jouy en Josas, France
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22
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Yerle M, Lahbib-Mansais Y, Pinton P, Robic A, Goureau A, Milan D, Gellin J. The cytogenetic map of the domestic pig. Mamm Genome 1997; 8:592-607. [PMID: 9250869 DOI: 10.1007/s003359900512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Yerle
- INRA, Laboratoire de Génétique Cellulaire, BP27, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
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