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Sahni M, Bhandari V. Patho-mechanisms of the origins of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Mol Cell Pediatr 2021; 8:21. [PMID: 34894313 PMCID: PMC8665964 DOI: 10.1186/s40348-021-00129-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) continues to be one of the most common complications of prematurity, despite significant advancement in neonatology over the last couple of decades. The new BPD is characterized histopathologically by impaired lung alveolarization and dysregulated vascularization. With the increased survival of extremely preterm infants, the risk for the development of BPD remains high, emphasizing the continued need to understand the patho-mechanisms that play a role in the development of this disease. This brief review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the maldevelopment of the premature lung, highlighting recent research in pathways of oxidative stress-related lung injury, the role of placental insufficiency, growth factor signaling, the extracellular matrix, and microRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitali Sahni
- Pediatrix Medical Group, Sunrise Children's Hospital, Las Vegas, NV, USA.,University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Vineet Bhandari
- Neonatology Research Laboratory, Education and Research Building, Cooper University Hospital, One Cooper Plaza, Camden, NJ, 08103, USA.
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Chatzifrangkeskou M, Le Dour C, Wu W, Morrow JP, Joseph LC, Beuvin M, Sera F, Homma S, Vignier N, Mougenot N, Bonne G, Lipson KE, Worman HJ, Muchir A. ERK1/2 directly acts on CTGF/CCN2 expression to mediate myocardial fibrosis in cardiomyopathy caused by mutations in the lamin A/C gene. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:2220-2233. [PMID: 27131347 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyopathy caused by lamin A/C gene mutations (LMNA cardiomyopathy) is characterized by increased myocardial fibrosis, which impairs left ventricular relaxation and predisposes to heart failure, and cardiac conduction abnormalities. While we previously discovered abnormally elevated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activities in heart in LMNA cardiomyopathy, its role on the development of myocardial fibrosis remains unclear. We now showed that transforming growth factor (TGF)-β/Smad signaling participates in the activation of ERK1/2 signaling in LMNA cardiomyopathy. ERK1/2 acts on connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) expression to mediate the myocardial fibrosis and left ventricular dysfunction. Studies in vivo demonstrate that inhibiting CTGF/CCN2 using a specific antibody decreases myocardial fibrosis and improves the left ventricular dysfunction. Together, these findings show that cardiac ERK1/2 activity is modulated in part by TGF-β/Smad signaling, leading to altered activation of CTGF/CCN2 to mediate fibrosis and alter cardiac function. This identifies a novel mechanism in the development of LMNA cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chatzifrangkeskou
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMRS974, CNRS FRE3617, Center for Research in Myology, Institut de Myologie, G.H. Pitié Salpêtrière, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Caroline Le Dour
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - John P Morrow
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Leroy C Joseph
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Maud Beuvin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMRS974, CNRS FRE3617, Center for Research in Myology, Institut de Myologie, G.H. Pitié Salpêtrière, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Fusako Sera
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Shunichi Homma
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Nicolas Vignier
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMRS974, CNRS FRE3617, Center for Research in Myology, Institut de Myologie, G.H. Pitié Salpêtrière, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Nathalie Mougenot
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, INSERM UMS28 Phénotypage du petit animal, Faculté de Médecine Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Gisèle Bonne
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMRS974, CNRS FRE3617, Center for Research in Myology, Institut de Myologie, G.H. Pitié Salpêtrière, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | | | - Howard J Worman
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Antoine Muchir
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMRS974, CNRS FRE3617, Center for Research in Myology, Institut de Myologie, G.H. Pitié Salpêtrière, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Urinary connective tissue growth factor is associated with human renal allograft fibrogenesis. Transplantation 2013; 96:494-500. [PMID: 23803600 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e31829b07e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a key mediator of tissue fibrogenesis in kidney disease. Its involvement in renal allograft fibrosis was recently demonstrated in a mouse model. METHODS We prospectively studied the association between urinary CTGF (CTGFu) levels and renal allograft fibrosis during the first 2 years after transplantation. Histologic and biochemical data were collected from 315 kidney transplant recipients enrolled in a protocol biopsy-based clinical program. RESULTS At 3, 12, and 24 months after transplantation, CTGFu levels were independently associated with the degree of interstitial fibrosis in protocol biopsies, scored according to the revised 1997 Banff criteria. In a subgroup of 164 patients with pristine biopsies at 3 months, higher CTGFu levels at 3 months were associated with moderate and severe interstitial fibrosis developed at 24 months after transplantation. CONCLUSIONS As it is readily quantifiable in urine, a role for CTGFu as a noninvasive candidate biomarker and predictor of human renal allograft fibrogenesis deserves further study.
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Connective tissue growth factor antagonizes transforming growth factor-β1/Smad signalling in renal mesangial cells. Biochem J 2012; 441:499-510. [PMID: 21871016 DOI: 10.1042/bj20110910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The critical involvement of TGF-β1 (transforming growth factor-β1) in DN (diabetic nephropathy) is well established. However, the role of CTGF (connective tissue growth factor) in regulating the complex interplay of TGF-β1 signalling networks is poorly understood. The purpose of the present study was to investigate co-operative signalling between CTGF and TGF-β1 and its physiological significance. CTGF was determined to bind directly to the TβRIII (TGF-β type III receptor) and antagonize TGF-β1-induced Smad phosphorylation and transcriptional responses via its N-terminal half. Furthermore, TGF-β1 binding to its receptor was inhibited by CTGF. A consequent shift towards non-canonical TGF-β1 signalling and expression of a unique profile of differentially regulated genes was observed in CTGF/TGF-β1-treated mesangial cells. Decreased levels of Smad2/3 phosphorylation were evident in STZ (streptozotocin)-induced diabetic mice, concomitant with increased levels of CTGF. Knockdown of TβRIII restored TGF-β1-mediated Smad signalling and cell contractility, suggesting that TβRIII is key for CTGF-mediated regulation of TGF-β1. Comparison of gene expression profiles from CTGF/TGF-β1-treated mesangial cells and human renal biopsy material with histological diagnosis of DN revealed significant correlation among gene clusters. In summary, mesangial cell responses to TGF-β1 are regulated by cross-talk with CTGF, emphasizing the potential utility of targeting CTGF in DN.
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Recombinant expression, purification, and functional characterisation of connective tissue growth factor and nephroblastoma-overexpressed protein. PLoS One 2010; 5:e16000. [PMID: 21209863 PMCID: PMC3012735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The CCN family of proteins, especially its prominent member, the Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) has been identified as a possible biomarker for the diagnosis of fibrotic diseases. As a downstream mediator of TGF-β1 signalling, it is involved in tissue scarring, stimulates interstitial deposition of extracellular matrix proteins, and promotes proliferation of several cell types. Another member of this family, the Nephroblastoma-Overexpressed protein (NOV/CCN3), has growth-inhibiting properties. First reports further suggest that these two CCN family members act opposite to each other in regulating extracellular matrix protein expression and reciprocally influence their own expression when over-expressed. We have established stable HEK and Flp-In-293 clones as productive sources for recombinant human CCN2/CTGF. In addition, we generated an adenoviral vector for recombinant expression of rat NOV and established protocols to purify large quantities of these CCN proteins. The identity of purified human CCN2/CTGF and rat CCN3/NOV was proven by In-gel digest followed by ESI-TOF/MS mass spectrometry. The biological activity of purified proteins was demonstrated using a Smad3-sensitive reporter gene and BrdU proliferation assay in permanent cell line EA•hy 926 cells. We further demonstrate for the first time that both recombinant CCN proteins are N-glycosylated.
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