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Liu S, Wang M, Xiao H, Ye J, Cao L, Li W, Sun G. Advancements in research on the effects of panax notoginseng saponin constituents in ameliorating learning and memory disorders. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28581. [PMID: 38586351 PMCID: PMC10998096 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Learning and memory disorder is a cluster of symptoms caused by neuronal aging and other diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) are a series of saponins derived from the natural active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) that have neuroprotective effects on the central nervous system. In this paper, we review the ameliorative effects and mechanisms of Panax notoginseng saponin-like components on learning and memory disorders to provide valuable references and insights for the development of new drugs for the treatment of learning and memory disorders. Our summary results suggest that Panax ginseng saponins have significant effects on improving learning and memory disorders, and these effects and potential mechanisms are mediated by their anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, antioxidant, β-amyloid lowering, mitochondrial homeostasis in vivo, neuronal structure and function improving, neurogenesis promoting, neurotransmitter release regulating, and probiotic homeostasis in vivo activities. These findings suggest the potential of Panax notoginseng saponin-like constituents as drug candidates for improving learning and memory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusen Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
- School of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, 150076, China
| | - Min Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Haiyan Xiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingxue Ye
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Li Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenlan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, 150076, China
| | - Guibo Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
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He S, Shi J, Chai H, Ma L, Pei H, Zhang P, Shi D, Li H. Mechanisms with network pharmacology approach of Ginsenosides in Alzheimer's disease. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26642. [PMID: 38434355 PMCID: PMC10906400 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by memory loss, cognitive disorder, language dysfunction, and mental disability. The main neuropathological changes in AD mainly include amyloid plaque deposition, neurofibrillary tangles, synapse loss, and neuron reduction. However, the current anti-AD drugs do not demonstrate a favorable effect in altering the pathological course of AD. Moreover, long-term use of these drugs is usually accompanied with various side effects. Ginsenosides are the major active constituents of ginseng and have protective effects on AD through various mechanisms in both in vivo and in vitro studies. In this review, we focused on discussing the therapeutic potential effects and the mechanisms of pharmacological activities of ginsenosides in AD, to provide new insight for further research and clinical application of ginsenosides in the future. Recent studies on the pharmacological effects and mechanisms of ginsenosides were retrieved from Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, National Science and Technology Library, Wanfang Data, Elsevier, ScienceDirect, PubMed, SpringerLink, and the Web of Science database up to April 2023 using relevant keywords. Network pharmacology and bioinformatics analysis were used to predict the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of ginsenosides against AD. Ginsenosides presented a wide range of therapeutic and biological activities, including alleviating Aβ deposition, decreasing tau hyperphosphorylation, regulating the cholinergic system, resisting oxidative stress, modulating Ca2+ homeostasis, as well as anti-inflammation and anti-apoptosis in neurons, respectively. For further developing the therapeutic potential as well as clinical applications, the network pharmacology approach was combined with a summary of published studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan He
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junhe Shi
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Chai
- Hepingli Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lina Ma
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Pei
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dazhuo Shi
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Li
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Zhang M, Niu H, Li Q, Jiao L, Li H, Wu W. Active Compounds of Panax ginseng in the Improvement of Alzheimer's Disease and Application of Spatial Metabolomics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 17:38. [PMID: 38256872 PMCID: PMC10818864 DOI: 10.3390/ph17010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (P. ginseng) is one of the more common traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). It contains numerous chemical components and exhibits a range of pharmacological effects. An enormous burden is placed on people's health and life by Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative condition. Recent research has shown that P. ginseng's chemical constituents, particularly ginsenosides, have a significant beneficial impact on the prevention and management of neurological disorders. To understand the current status of research on P. ginseng to improve AD, this paper discusses the composition of P. ginseng, its mechanism of action, and its clinical application. The pathogenesis of AD includes amyloid beta protein (Aβ) generation and aggregation, tau protein hyperphosphorylation, oxidant stress, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial damage, and neurotransmitter and gut microbiota disorders. This review presents the key molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways of the active ingredients in P. ginseng involved in improving AD from the perspective of AD pathogenesis. A P. ginseng-related signaling pathway network was constructed to provide effective targets for the treatment of AD. In addition, the application of spatial metabolomics techniques in studying P. ginseng and AD is discussed. In summary, this paper discusses research perspectives for the study of P. ginseng in the treatment of AD, including a systematic and in-depth review of the mechanisms of action of the active substances in P. ginseng, and evaluates the feasibility of applying spatial metabolomics in the study of AD pathogenesis and pharmacological treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hui Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (M.Z.); (H.N.); (Q.L.); (L.J.)
| | - Wei Wu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (M.Z.); (H.N.); (Q.L.); (L.J.)
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Herrera-Ruiz M, Jiménez-Ferrer E, González-Cortazar M, Zamilpa A, Cardoso-Taketa A, Arenas-Ocampo ML, Jiménez-Aparicio AR, Monterrosas-Brisson N. Potential Use of Agave Genus in Neuroinflammation Management. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11172208. [PMID: 36079590 PMCID: PMC9460694 DOI: 10.3390/plants11172208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Agavaceae contains about 480 species, commonly used in the production of alcoholic beverages such as tequila and mezcal, making it a resource of economic and cultural importance. Uses of this plant rely mainly on the stem; other components such as the leaves are discarded, generating agro-industrial waste, despite being a source of bioactive and nutraceutical products. Reports show anti-inflammatory and anti-neuroinflammatory effects of these species, with flavonoids and saponins being mainly responsible. Neuroinflammation is a brain process that plays a key role in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative disorders and its effects contribute greatly to mortality and morbidity worldwide. This can be triggered by mechanisms such as glial reactions that lead to the release of inflammatory and oxidative molecules, causing damage to the CNS. Treatments do not cure chronic disease associated with inflammation; they only slow its progression, producing side effects that affect quality of life. Plant-based therapy is promising for treating these diseases. Pharmacological activities have been described for the Agavaceae family; however, their role in neuroinflammation has not been fully investigated, and represents an important target for study. This review synthesizes the existing literature on the biologically active compounds of Agave species that are related in some way to inflammation, which will allow us to propose a line of research with this genus on the forefront to orient experimental designs for treating neuroinflammation and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maribel Herrera-Ruiz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Xochitepec 62740, Mexico
| | - Enrique Jiménez-Ferrer
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Xochitepec 62740, Mexico
| | - Manasés González-Cortazar
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Xochitepec 62740, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Zamilpa
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Xochitepec 62740, Mexico
| | - Alexandre Cardoso-Taketa
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos (UAEM), Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico
| | - Martha Lucía Arenas-Ocampo
- Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Yautepec 62739, Mexico
| | | | - Nayeli Monterrosas-Brisson
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos (UAEM), Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico
- Correspondence:
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Zhang Z, Yang K, Mao R, Zhong D, Xu Z, Xu J, Xiong M. Ginsenoside Rg1 inhibits oxidative stress and inflammation in rats with spinal cord injury via Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Neuroreport 2022; 33:81-89. [PMID: 34954769 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this study, our objective was to investigate the underlying mechanism of the neuroprotective role of ginsenoside Rg1 in attenuating spinal cord injury (SCI). METHODS A rat SCI model was established and treated with ginsenoside Rg1 and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor2(Nrf2) inhibitor all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA). The protective effects of ginsenoside Rg1 were evaluated by Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) scale, hematoxylin/eosin staining, ELISA assay, western blotting and quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR). RESULTS Ginsenoside Rg1 alleviated neuronal edema and bleeding in the injured spinal cord, reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and cell necrosis, further repaired the injured spinal cord structure, improved BBB motor score in the SCI rat model and improved hind limb motor function. Meanwhile, ginsenoside Rg1 significantly increased the content of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and glutathione, and inhibited the production of oxidative marker malondialdehyde. In addition, ginsenoside Rg1also significantly inhibits the activities of the inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) to reduce the inflammatory response after trauma. Furthermore, western blot and RT-qPCR also suggested that ginsenoside Rg1 could activate the protein expression of Nrf2 and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) after SCI, and the inhibition of ATRA on these improvements further verified the neuroprotective effect of Nrf2 and HO-1 in ginsenoside Rg1 on SCI. CONCLUSION Ginsenoside Rg1 has a neuroprotective effect on SCI and can improve motor dysfunction caused by injury. The underlying mechanism may play antioxidative stress and anti-inflammatory effect by regulating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rui Mao
- Neurology, Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital
| | | | | | - Jie Xu
- Department of Institute of Clinical Medcine, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
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Sung M, Yoon Y, Lee J. Intestinal Lactobacillus species improve immune enhancement by ginsenoside Rb1 and ginsenoside Rb1 increases intestinal Akkermansia proportions. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Bell L, Whyte A, Duysburgh C, Marzorati M, Van den Abbeele P, Le Cozannet R, Fança-Berthon P, Fromentin E, Williams C. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial investigating the acute and chronic benefits of American Ginseng (Cereboost®) on mood and cognition in healthy young adults, including in vitro investigation of gut microbiota changes as a possible mechanism of action. Eur J Nutr 2021; 61:413-428. [PMID: 34396468 PMCID: PMC8783888 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02654-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Cereboost®, an American ginseng extract, has shown improved short-term memory and attention/alertness in healthy young and middle-aged individuals, potentially via modulation of the gut microbiome and upregulation of neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine. Here, we explored the effects of Cereboost® on cognition and mood in the first 6 h post intervention (acute), after 2 weeks daily supplementation (chronic), and whether 2 weeks daily supplementation altered the response to a single acute dose (acute-on-chronic). A concurrent in vitro study evaluated effects of repeated Cereboost® administration on human gut microbiota. Methods Cognitive effects of Cereboost® were assessed using a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial, with 61 healthy young adults. Modulation of the gut microbiome was concurrently modelled using the Simulator of the Human Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME®), using a young adult donor. Results Consistent with previous findings, Cereboost® improved working memory and attention during the immediate postprandial period; effects that were amplified following two weeks’ treatment (acute-on-chronic) compared to acute testing alone. Chronic supplementation improved cognition on an acetylcholine-sensitive attention task and improved mental fatigue and self-assurance aspects of mood. The parallel in vitro study revealed significantly increased acetate, propionate, and butyrate levels in simulated proximal and distal colon regions, linked with observed increases in Akkermansia muciniphila and Lactobacillus. Conclusion This study confirmed the promising effects of Cereboost® on cognitive function and mood, while suggesting a possible link to alterations of the gut microbiome and modulation of acetylcholine. Further studies will be required to unravel the underlying mechanisms that are involved. Registration The study was pre-registered at ClinicalTrials.gov on 6th July 2018 (Identifier: NCT03579095). Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00394-021-02654-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne Bell
- School of Psychology & Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Whiteknights Road, Reading, RG6 6ES, UK
| | - Adrian Whyte
- School of Psychology & Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Whiteknights Road, Reading, RG6 6ES, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Claire Williams
- School of Psychology & Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Whiteknights Road, Reading, RG6 6ES, UK.
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Kim CJ, Ryu HY, Lee S, Lee HJ, Chun YS, Kim JK, Yu CY, Ghimire BK, Lee JG. Neuroprotective Effect and Antioxidant Potency of Fermented Cultured Wild Ginseng Root Extracts of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer in Mice. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26103001. [PMID: 34070099 PMCID: PMC8158381 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26103001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild ginseng has better pharmacological effects than cultivated ginseng. However, its industrialization is limited by the inability to grow wild ginseng on a large scale. Herein, we demonstrate how to optimize ginseng production through cultivation, and how to enhance the concentrations of specific ginsenosides through fermentation. In the study, we also evaluated the ability of fermented cultured wild ginseng root extract (HLJG0701-β) to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE), as well as its neuroprotective effects and antioxidant activity. In invitro tests, HLJG0701-β inhibited AChE activity and exerted neuroprotective and antioxidant effects (showing increased catalyst activity but decreased reactive oxygen species concentration). In invivo tests, after HLJG0701-β was orally administered at doses of 0, 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg in an animal model of memory impairment, behavioral evaluation (Morris water maze test and Y-maze task test) was performed. The levels of AChE, acetylcholine (ACh), blood catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in brain tissues were measured. The results showed that HLJG0701-β produced the best results at a dose of 250 mg/kg or more. The neuroprotective mechanism of HLJG0701-β was determined to involve the inhibition of AChE activity and a decrease in oxidative stress. In summary, both invitro and invivo tests confirmed that HJG0701-β administration can lead to memory improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul-Joong Kim
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, HwajinBioCosmetics CO., LTD, Chuncheon 24232, Korea;
| | - Hyeon-Yeol Ryu
- Korea Conformity Laboratories, Yeonsu, Incheon 21999, Korea; (H.-Y.R.); (S.L.)
| | - Somin Lee
- Korea Conformity Laboratories, Yeonsu, Incheon 21999, Korea; (H.-Y.R.); (S.L.)
| | - Han-Joo Lee
- Aribio H&B CO.LTD, Yongin 16914, Korea; (H.-J.L.); (Y.-S.C.); (J.-K.K.)
| | - Yoon-Soek Chun
- Aribio H&B CO.LTD, Yongin 16914, Korea; (H.-J.L.); (Y.-S.C.); (J.-K.K.)
| | - Jong-Kyu Kim
- Aribio H&B CO.LTD, Yongin 16914, Korea; (H.-J.L.); (Y.-S.C.); (J.-K.K.)
| | - Chang-Yeon Yu
- Department of Bio-Resource Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 21341, Korea;
| | - Bimal Kumar Ghimire
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Gwangjin, Seoul 05029, Korea;
| | - Jae-Geun Lee
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, HwajinBioCosmetics CO., LTD, Chuncheon 24232, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-33-258-6801
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Ginsenoside Rb1 Improves Cognitive Impairment Induced by Insulin Resistance through Cdk5/p35-NMDAR-IDE Pathway. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:3905719. [PMID: 32550230 PMCID: PMC7256773 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3905719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between diabetes mellitus (DM) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) has attracted wide attention. Studies have reported that ginsenoside Rb1 can improve human cognitive ability and glucose tolerance during the development of diabetes. The mechanism behind the improvement in cognitive ability and glucose tolerance still remains unclear. In this study, streptozotocin- (STZ-) injected mice were used as models to explore the mechanisms behind the cognitive improvement of ginsenoside Rb1. According to the results of behavioral tests, ginsenoside Rb1 improved memory and cognitive ability of STZ-lesioned mice. In addition to that, ginsenoside Rb1 also relieved glucose intolerance induced by STZ injection by enhancing insulin sensitivity. These beneficial effects of ginsenoside Rb1 is most likely mediated by upregulating the expression of NMDAR1 and IDE in the hippocampus through inhibiting the activity of Cdk5/p35. This work will be of great importance in illustrating the mechanisms of ginsenoside Rb1 for improving cognitive ability, as well as revealing the relationship between diabetes and AD.
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Development of 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol-Loaded SNEDDS Preconcentrate Using Comprehensive Phase Diagram for the Enhanced Dissolution and Oral Bioavailability. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12040362. [PMID: 32326560 PMCID: PMC7238006 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12040362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to develop a 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (PPD)-loaded self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) preconcentrate (PSP) using comprehensive ternary phase diagrams for enhanced solubility, physical stability, dissolution, and bioavailability. Capmul MCM C8 and Capryol 90 were selected as the oil phase owing to the high solubility of PPD in these vehicles (>15%, w/w). Novel comprehensive ternary phase diagrams composed of selected oil, surfactant, and PPD were constructed, and the solubility of PPD and particle size of vehicle was indicated on them for the effective determination of PSP. PSPs were confirmed via particle size distribution, physical stability, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) with the dispersion of water. The optimized PSP (CAPRYOL90/Kolliphor EL/PPD = 54/36/10, weight%) obtained from the six possible comprehensive ternary phase diagrams showed a uniform nanoemulsion with the particle size of 125.07 ± 12.56 nm without any PPD precipitation. The PSP showed a dissolution rate of 94.69 ± 2.51% in 60 min at pH 1.2, whereas raw PPD showed negligible dissolution. In oral pharmacokinetic studies, the PSP group showed significantly higher Cmax and AUCinf values (by 1.94- and 1.81-fold, respectively) than the raw PPD group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the PSP formulation with outstanding solubilization, dissolution, and in-vivo oral bioavailability could be suggested using effective and comprehensive ternary phase diagrams.
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Barbosa CC, Rodrigues TC, Ataídes CFS, Santos ML, Ghedini PC, Dias Junior W, Andersen ML, Mazaro-Costa R. Protective effects of Hydrocotyle umbellata var. bonariensis Lam. (Araliaceae) on memory in sleep-impaired female mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 245:112183. [PMID: 31445134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Hydrocotyle umbellata var.bonariensis Lam. (Hb), popularly known in Brazil as acariçoba and outside Brazil Hb by a number of names including marsh-pennywort, and many-flower, has traditionally been used in Ayurvedic medicine in the retardation of aging (Rasayana effect). AIM OF THE STUDY The present study evaluated the effect of Hb treatment before and during paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD) and sleep restriction (SR) on learning, memory, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) brain activity. MATERIAL AND METHODS Adult Swiss nulliparous female mice were randomly distributed among the experimental groups. The treated groups received the aqueous solution of Hb leaves orally at concentrations of 500 and 1.000 mg/kg. PSD and SR were induced by the multiple platform method, in which the animals remained for 3-days in PSD or 15-days in SR for 22 h per day. The collection of the vaginal epithelium occurred daily to determine the estrous cycle. Body mass gain was determined. The animals were submitted to the passive avoidance test and were then euthanized for the collection of brain tissue and the determination of cerebral cholinesterase activity. RESULTS The aqueous solution of Hb was associated with a significant reduction in cholinesterase activity at both doses in the SR model, and at the dose of 1.000 mg/kg in the PSD model. Regarding the learning and memory test, the PSD group treated with 1.000 mg/kg presented significant improvement, whereas in the SR experiment none of the treated-groups showed any improvement in learning and memory. In the analysis of SR/PSD interference and/or Hb treatment on the estrous cycle, it was possible to observe that the treatment acted as a protector in the SR group, maintaining a normal cycle. CONCLUSIONS The analyses showed that Hb was safe to use during periods of SR or PSD, acting as an adaptogen for these situations, in addition to being able to reduce cholinesterase activity, which suggests its neuroprotective action. In relation to the estrous cycle, Hb can act as a protector in SR situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Barbosa
- Departamento de Farmacologia - Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiás, Brazil
| | - T C Rodrigues
- Departamento de Farmacologia - Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiás, Brazil
| | - C F S Ataídes
- Departamento de Farmacologia - Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiás, Brazil
| | - M L Santos
- Departamento de Farmacologia - Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiás, Brazil
| | - P C Ghedini
- Departamento de Farmacologia - Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiás, Brazil
| | - W Dias Junior
- Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Campus Ceres, Goiás, Brazil
| | - M L Andersen
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R Mazaro-Costa
- Departamento de Farmacologia - Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiás, Brazil.
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Davis MP, Behm B. Ginseng: A Qualitative Review of Benefits for Palliative Clinicians. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2019; 36:630-659. [PMID: 30686023 DOI: 10.1177/1049909118822704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginseng has been used for centuries to treat various diseases and has been commercially developed and cultivated in the past 300 years. Ginseng products may be fresh, dried (white), or dried and steamed (red). Extracts may be made using water or alcohol. There are over 50 different ginsenosides identified by chromatography. We did an informal systematic qualitative review that centered on fatigue, cancer, dementia, respiratory diseases, and heart failure, and we review 113 studies in 6 tables. There are multiple potential benefits to ginseng in cancer. Ginseng, in certain circumstances, has been shown to improve dementia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and heart failure through randomized trials. Most trials had biases or unknown biases and so most evidence is of low quality. We review the gaps in the evidence and make some recommendations regarding future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mellar P Davis
- 1 Palliative Care Department, Knapper Cancer Center, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Bertrand Behm
- 1 Palliative Care Department, Knapper Cancer Center, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, USA
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Kim H, Lee JH, Kim JE, Kim YS, Ryu CH, Lee HJ, Kim HM, Jeon H, Won HJ, Lee JY, Lee J. Micro-/nano-sized delivery systems of ginsenosides for improved systemic bioavailability. J Ginseng Res 2018; 42:361-369. [PMID: 29983618 PMCID: PMC6026383 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginsenosides, dammarane-type triterpene saponins obtained from ginseng, have been used as a natural medicine for many years in the Orient due to their various pharmacological activities. However, the therapeutic potential of ginsenosides has been largely limited by the low bioavailability of the natural products caused mainly by low aqueous solubility, poor biomembrane permeability, instability in the gastrointestinal tract, and extensive metabolism in the body. To enhance the bioavailability of ginsenosides, diverse micro-/nano-sized delivery systems such as emulsions, polymeric particles, and vesicular systems have been investigated. The delivery systems improved the bioavailability of ginsenosides by enhancing solubility, permeability, and stability of the natural products. This mini-review aims to provide comprehensive information on the micro-/nano-sized delivery systems for increasing the bioavailability of ginsenosides, which may be helpful for designing better delivery systems to maximize the versatile therapeutic potential of ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeongmin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Jong Hyuk Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Life and Health Sciences, Hoseo University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Eun Kim
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Management, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Su Kim
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Management, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Choong Ho Ryu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Management, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Joo Lee
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Management, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Min Kim
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Management, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojin Jeon
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Hyo-Joong Won
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Ji-Yun Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Jaehwi Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Management, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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So SH, Lee JW, Kim YS, Hyun SH, Han CK. Red ginseng monograph. J Ginseng Res 2018; 42:549-561. [PMID: 30337816 PMCID: PMC6190493 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng has been traditionally used for several millennia in Asian countries, including Korea, China, and Japan, not only as a nourishing and tonifying agent but also as a therapeutic agent for a variety of diseases. In recent years, the various effects of red ginseng including immunity improvement, fatigue relief, memory improvement, blood circulation improvement, antioxidation, mitigation of menopausal women's symptoms, and anticancer an effect have been reported in clinical as well as basic research. Around the world, there is a trend of the rising consumption of health functional foods on the level of disease prevention along with increased interest in maintaining health because of population aging and the awareness of lifestyle diseases and chronic diseases. Red ginseng occupies an important position as a health functional food. But till now, international ginseng monographs including those of the World Health Organization have been based on data on white ginseng and have mentioned red ginseng only partly. Therefore, the red ginseng monograph is needed for component of red ginseng, functionality certified as a health functional food in the Korea Food and Drug Administration, major efficacy, action mechanism, and safety. The present red ginseng monograph will contribute to providing accurate information on red ginseng to agencies, businesses, and consumers both in South Korea and abroad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Ho So
- Laboratory of Fundamental Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Won Lee
- Laboratory of Fundamental Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sook Kim
- Laboratory of Fundamental Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Hee Hyun
- Laboratory of Fundamental Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Kyun Han
- Laboratory of Fundamental Research, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Synergistic effect of Korean red ginseng and Pueraria montana var. lobata against trimethyltin-induced cognitive impairment. Food Sci Biotechnol 2018; 27:1193-1200. [PMID: 30263850 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-018-0362-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many edible plant extracts exhibit biological activities. For example, the ethanol extract of Pueraria montana var. lobata (P. montana) inhibits acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and red ginseng is well known for promoting health. In this study the authors investigated the synergistic effect of P. montana and red ginseng extracts on AChE activity in vitro and in mouse brain tissues and trimethyltin (TMT)-induced cognitive impairment in a mouse model of TMT-induced neurodegeneration. A diet containing a mixture of P. montana and red ginseng extracts reversed learning and memory impairments in Y-maze and passive avoidance behavioral tests. In addition, the mixture inhibited AChE activity and lipid peroxidation synergistically.
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Traditional Chinese medicinal herbs as potential AChE inhibitors for anti-Alzheimer’s disease: A review. Bioorg Chem 2017; 75:50-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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17
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Baicalin and ginsenoside Rb1 promote the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells in Alzheimer's disease model rats. Brain Res 2017; 1678:187-194. [PMID: 29038007 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to explore the effects of ginsenoside Rb1 and baicalin on the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells (NSC) in Alzheimer's disease model rats. METHOD The healthy Sprague Dawley male rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: control group, model group, ginsenoside Rb1 group and baicalin group. Besides, the animal model of dementia was induced by the injection of Aβ1-40. 2 weeks later, the rats in the baicalin and ginsenoside Rb1 groups were injected with baicalin and ginsenoside Rb1, respectively. The contents, expression sites of Nestin, GFAP and NSE and the percentage of viable cells were detected by immunohistochemistry. In addition, the expression levels of Nestin, GFAP and NSE in hippocampus of rats were detected by western-blot and metrology analysis was performed using quantity. RESULTS Injection of Aβ1-40 significantly reduced the number of neuronal cells (p < .05). In addition, compared with the control group, the percentages of positive cells of NSCs, astrocytes and neuronal were increased. Besides, compared with the model group, the percentage of positive neural cells was improved by ginsenoside Rb1 (p < .05), and the percentages of astrocytes and neuronal were increased by ginsenoside Rb1 and baicalin (p < .05). Moreover, the expressions of Nestin and NSE were enhanced by ginsenoside Rb1 and baicalin (p < .05), while the GFAP level was only affected by ginsenoside Rb1 (p < .05) when compared with the model group. CONCLUSION Ginsenoside Rb1 and baicalin might promote the proliferation and differentiation of endogenous NSCs in AD rat model.
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Wu Y, Liu J, Gu S, Lin L, Chen Y, Ma M, Chen B. Orthogonal strategy development using reversed macroporous resin coupled with hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography for the separation of ginsenosides from ginseng root extract. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:4128-4134. [PMID: 28838032 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenosides have been widely conceded as having various biological activities and are considered to be the active ingredient of ginseng. Nowadays, preparative high-performance liquid chromatography is considered to be a highly efficient method for ginseng saponins purification and preparation. However, in the process of practical application, due to the complex and varied composition of natural products and relatively simple pretreatment process, it is likely to block the chromatographic column and affect the separation efficiency and its service life. In this work, an orthogonal strategy was developed; in the first-dimension separation, reverse-phase macroporous resin was applied to remove impurities in ginseng crude extracts and classified ginseng extracts into protopanaxatriol and protopanaxadiol fractions. In the second-dimension separation, the obtained fractions were further separated by a preparative hydrophilic column, and finally yielded 11 pure compounds. Eight of them identified as ginsenoside Rh1 , Rg2 , Rd, Rc, Rb2 , Rb1 , Rg1 , and Re by standards comparison and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The purity of these ginsenosides was assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, P.R. China
| | - Su Gu
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Li Lin
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Yingzhuang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Ming Ma
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Bo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, P. R. China
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Guo S, Chen Y, Pang C, Wang X, Qi J, Mo L, Zhang H, An H, Zhan Y. Ginsenoside Rb1, a novel activator of the TMEM16A chloride channel, augments the contraction of guinea pig ileum. Pflugers Arch 2017; 469:681-692. [PMID: 28124133 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-1934-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Calcium-activated chloride channels (CaCCs) play important roles in many physiological processes, and the molecular basis of CaCCs has been identified as TMEM16A in many cell types. It is well established that TMEM16A is a drug target in many diseases, including cystic fibrosis, hypertension, asthma, and various tumors. Therefore, identifying potent and specific modulators of the TMEM16A channel is crucial. In this study, we identified the first natural activator of TMEM16A from traditional Chinese medicine and explored its mechanism. Our data showed that Ginsenoside Rb1 (GRb1) can activate TMEM16A directly from the intracellular side in a dose-dependent manner at an EC50 of 38.4 ± 2.14 μM. GRb1 specifically activated TMEM16A/B, but not the other previously proposed CaCC mediators such as CFTR and bestrophin. Moreover, GRb1 promoted proliferation of CHO cells stably expressing TMEM16A, in a concentration-dependent manner. Finally, we showed that GRb1 increased the amplitude and frequency of contractions in an isolated guinea pig ileum assay in vivo. In summary, GRb1 can be considered a lead compound for the development of novel drugs for the treatment of diseases caused by TMEM16A dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Hebei Province, Institute of Biophysics, School of Sciences, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, China.,School of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, China
| | - Yafei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Hebei Province, Institute of Biophysics, School of Sciences, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, China
| | - Chunli Pang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Hebei Province, Institute of Biophysics, School of Sciences, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, China
| | - Xuzhao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Hebei Province, Institute of Biophysics, School of Sciences, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, China
| | - Jinlong Qi
- Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology for New Drug, Hebei Province, Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Li Mo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Hebei Province, Institute of Biophysics, School of Sciences, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, China
| | - Hailin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology for New Drug, Hebei Province, Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Hailong An
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Hebei Province, Institute of Biophysics, School of Sciences, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, China.
| | - Yong Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Hebei Province, Institute of Biophysics, School of Sciences, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, China.
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A silk peptide fraction restores cognitive function in AF64A-induced Alzheimer disease model rats by increasing expression of choline acetyltransferase gene. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 314:48-54. [PMID: 27871887 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of a silk peptide fraction obtained by incubating silk proteins with Protease N and Neutrase (SP-NN) on cognitive dysfunction of Alzheimer disease model rats. In order to elucidate underlying mechanisms, the effect of SP-NN on the expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) mRNA was assessed in F3.ChAT neural stem cells and Neuro2a neuroblastoma cells; active amino acid sequence was identified using HPLC-MS. The expression of ChAT mRNA in F3.ChAT cells increased by 3.79-fold of the control level by treatment with SP-NN fraction. The active peptide in SP-NN was identified as tyrosine-glycine with 238.1 of molecular weight. Male rats were orally administered with SP-NN (50 or 300mg/kg) and challenged with a cholinotoxin AF64A. As a result of brain injury and decreased brain acetylcholine level, AF64A induced astrocytic activation, resulting in impairment of learning and memory function. Treatment with SP-NN exerted recovering activities on acetylcholine depletion and brain injury, as well as cognitive deficit induced by AF64A. The results indicate that, in addition to a neuroprotective activity, the SP-NN preparation restores cognitive function of Alzheimer disease model rats by increasing the release of acetylcholine.
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Abstract
The use of herbal medicinals has grown tremendously in the last several years. Unfortunately, there is little knowledge about the safety of these products. There have been several reports of psychiatric side effects associated with the use of herbal medicinals. Manic symptoms have been reported with the use of St. John's wort, yohimbe, ginseng, and ma huang or its synthetically produced alkaloids. Ma huang or its alkaloids have also been associated with psychotic symptoms. Worsening anxiety and panic attacks have been reported with yohimbe. Recommendations for the use of these phytomedicinals and for future research are included.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shelly M. Spollen
- Department of Psychiatry, Eugene J. Towbin V. A. Medical Center, 2200 Ft. Roots Drive, North Little Rock, AR 72114
| | - John S. Markowitz
- Institute of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President St., Charleston, SC 29425
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22
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A Role of Ginseng and Its Constituents in the Treatment of Central Nervous System Disorders. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:2614742. [PMID: 27630732 PMCID: PMC5007341 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2614742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ginseng, a perennial plant belonging to the Panax genus of the Araliaceae family, has been used in China, Korea, and Japan as a traditional herbal medicine for thousands of years. Ginseng is recorded to have exhibited a wide variety of beneficial pharmacological effects and has become a popular and worldwide known health supplement and drug. The protective effects of ginseng on central nervous system are discussed in this review. Ginseng species and ginsenosides and their intestinal metabolism and bioavailability are concisely introduced. The molecular mechanisms of the effects of ginseng on central nervous system, mainly focused on the neuroprotection properties of ginseng, memory, and learning enhanced properties, and the effects on neurodegenerative disorders are presented. Thus, ginseng and its constituents are of potential merits in the treatment of cerebral disorders.
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Ahmed T, Raza SH, Maryam A, Setzer WN, Braidy N, Nabavi SF, de Oliveira MR, Nabavi SM. Ginsenoside Rb1 as a neuroprotective agent: A review. Brain Res Bull 2016; 125:30-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Shin K, Guo H, Cha Y, Ban YH, Seo DW, Choi Y, Kim TS, Lee SP, Kim JC, Choi EK, Yon JM, Kim YB. Cereboost™, an American ginseng extract, improves cognitive function via up-regulation of choline acetyltransferase expression and neuroprotection. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 78:53-8. [PMID: 27112419 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In Alzheimer disease (AD), amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides induce the degeneration of presynaptic cholinergic system, in which decreased activity of enzyme choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) responsible for acetylcholine synthesis is observed. Cereboost™, an extract of American ginseng extract, contains a high concentration of Rb1 ginsenoside which is a well-known ingredient improving human cognitive function. We investigated the effects of Cereboost™ on learning and memory function of mice challenged with an Aβ1-42 peptide and the underlying mechanisms in vitro. Cereboost™ protected against Aβ1-42-induced cytotoxicity in F3.ChAT stem cells, and enhanced the ChAT gene expression. Aβ1-42 injection into the mouse brain impaired the cognitive function, which was recovered by oral administration of Cereboost™. In addition, Cereboost™ restored brain microtubule-associated protein 2 and synaptophysin as well as acetylcholine concentration. The results demonstrate that Cereboost™ administration recovered the cognitive function of AD model animals by enhancing acetylcholine level via ChAT gene expression and neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungha Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, South Korea
| | - Haiyu Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, South Korea
| | - Yeseul Cha
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, South Korea
| | - Young-Hwan Ban
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, South Korea
| | - Da Woom Seo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, South Korea
| | - Youngjin Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, South Korea
| | - Tae-Su Kim
- Anydoctor Healthcare Co., Ltd., Cheonan, Chungnam 31066, South Korea
| | - Sung-Pyo Lee
- Anydoctor Healthcare Co., Ltd., Cheonan, Chungnam 31066, South Korea
| | - Jong-Choon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Ehn-Kyoung Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, South Korea
| | - Jung-Min Yon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, South Korea.
| | - Yun-Bae Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, South Korea.
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Bak DH, Kim HD, Kim YO, Park CG, Han SY, Kim JJ. Neuroprotective effects of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol against glutamate-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in PC12 cells. Int J Mol Med 2015; 37:378-86. [PMID: 26709399 PMCID: PMC4716797 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Mey.) is commonly used in traditional oriental medicine for its wide spectrum of medicinal properties, including anti-inflammatory, antitumorigenic, adaptogenic and anti-aging properties. 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol (PPD), the main intestinal metabolite of ginsenosides, is one of the active ingredients in ginseng. In this study, we aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of PPD on PC12 cells; however, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. We examined cell viability by MTT assay and the morphological changes of PC12 cells following glutamate-induced cell damage and evaluated the anti-apoptotic effects of PPD using Hoechst 33258 staining, western blot analysis and Muse™ Cell Analyzer and the antioxidant effects of PPD using FACS analysis and immunofluorescence. Furthermore, PPD exerted protective effects on PC12 cells via the inhibition of mitochondrial damage against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity using immunofluorescence, electron microscopy and FACS analysis. We demonstrate that treatment with PPD suppresses apoptosis, which contributes to the neuroprotective effects of PPD against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in PC12 cells. Treatment with PPD inhibited nuclear condensation and decreased the number of Annexin V-positive cells. In addition, PPD increased antioxidant activity and mitochondrial homeostasis in the glutamate-exposed cells. These antioxidant effects were responsible for the neuroprotection and enhanced mitochondrial function following treatment with PPD. Furthermore, PD inhibited the glutamate-induced morphological changes in the mitochondria and scavenged the mitochondrial and cytosolic reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by glutamate. In addition, mitochondrial function was significantly improved in terms of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and enhanced mitochondrial mass compared with the cells exposed to glutamate and not treated with PPD. Taken together, the findings of our study indicate that the antioxidant effects and the enhanced mitochondrial function triggered by PPD contribute to the inhibition of apoptosis, thus leading to a neuroprotective response, as a novel survival mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ho Bak
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 302-718, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Don Kim
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science (NIHHS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Eumseong, Chungbuk 369-873, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ock Kim
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science (NIHHS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Eumseong, Chungbuk 369-873, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun Geun Park
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science (NIHHS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Eumseong, Chungbuk 369-873, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yun Han
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 302-718, Republic of Korea
| | - Jwa-Jin Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 302-718, Republic of Korea
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26
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Bersani FS, Coviello M, Imperatori C, Francesconi M, Hough CM, Valeriani G, De Stefano G, Bolzan Mariotti Posocco F, Santacroce R, Minichino A, Corazza O. Adverse Psychiatric Effects Associated with Herbal Weight-Loss Products. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:120679. [PMID: 26457296 PMCID: PMC4589574 DOI: 10.1155/2015/120679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and overeating are among the most prevalent health concerns worldwide and individuals are increasingly using performance and image-enhancing drugs (PIEDs) as an easy and fast way to control their weight. Among these, herbal weight-loss products (HWLPs) often attract users due to their health claims, assumed safety, easy availability, affordable price, extensive marketing, and the perceived lack of need for professional oversight. Reports suggest that certain HWLPs may lead to onset or exacerbation of psychiatric disturbances. Here we review the available evidence on psychiatric adverse effects of HWLPs due to their intrinsic toxicity and potential for interaction with psychiatric medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Saverio Bersani
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Marialuce Coviello
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Imperatori
- Department of Human Sciences, European University of Rome, 00163 Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Francesconi
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Christina M. Hough
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Giuseppe Valeriani
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gianfranco De Stefano
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Rita Santacroce
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, Gabriele D'Annunzio University, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Amedeo Minichino
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Ornella Corazza
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK
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Ossoukhova A, Owen L, Savage K, Meyer M, Ibarra A, Roller M, Pipingas A, Wesnes K, Scholey A. Improved working memory performance following administration of a single dose of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) to healthy middle-age adults. Hum Psychopharmacol 2015; 30:108-22. [PMID: 25778987 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A ginsenoside-rich extract of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.), Cereboost(TM), was previously shown to improve working memory and mood in healthy young individuals. The present study represented a partial replication investigating whether these effects extended to healthy middle-aged individuals. METHODS Fifty-two healthy volunteers (40-60 years old, mean age 51.63) received 200 mg of P. quinquefolius or a matching placebo according to a double-blind, placebo-controlled, balanced, crossover design. The Cognitive Drug Research battery and the Computerised Mental Performance Assessment System were used to evaluate cognitive performance at baseline then 1, 3 and 6 h following treatment. Blood glucose and mood were co-monitored. RESULTS Compared with placebo, P. quinquefolius improved cognitive performance on 'Working Memory' factor at 3 h. Similar effects were observed in one of the two tasks making up this factor, spatial working memory. There were no significant effects on mood or blood glucose levels. CONCLUSIONS These data confirm that P. quinquefolius can acutely benefit working memory and extend the age range of this effect to middle-aged individuals. These changes are unlikely to be underpinned by modulation of blood glucose in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Ossoukhova
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, Victoria,, Australia
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28
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Kim M, Kim SO, Lee M, Park Y, Kim D, Cho KH, Kim SY, Lee EH. Effects of ginsenoside Rb1 on the stress-induced changes of BDNF and HSP70 expression in rat hippocampus. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 38:257-262. [PMID: 24975446 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rb1 (GRb1) has been determined to exert diverse neuromodulatory effects including antistress effects in the brain. The hippocampus is a key brain structure for memory, learning, and cognition and is especially vulnerable to neurotoxic effects associated with stress. The aim of this study was to further explore neuroprotective potential of GRb1 on stress-mediated changes in hippocampal gene expression. Recent studies recognize agents that inducing brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and heat shock protein (HSP) 70 as important neuroprotective approaches. Thus, we specifically determined the effects of GRb1 on mRNA expression of BDNF and HSP70, in a model of immobilization stress. In agreement with these reports, acute immobilization stress led to a decrease and an increase in the mRNA levels of the BDNF and HSP70, respectively, in the hippocampus. When pretreated orally, GRb1 significantly inhibited the stress-mediated decline of BDNF level whereas it further increased the stress-mediated elevation of HSP70 level. Our results strongly suggest GRb1 effective in controlling stress-related hippocampal dysfunction. Our finding also contributes further understanding of medicinal usefulness of GRb1 targeting hippocampal network alteration which is commonly observed in aging and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Kim
- Department of Cardiovascular & Neurologic Diseases (Stroke Center), Hospital of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ok Kim
- College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu 706-060, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonsung Lee
- Department of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeri Park
- Department of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Danhyo Kim
- Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Ho Cho
- Department of Cardiovascular & Neurologic Diseases (Stroke Center), Hospital of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Yeou Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 406-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjoo H Lee
- Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 446-701, Republic of Korea.
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Preparation and characterization of mucoadhesive enteric-coating ginsenoside-loaded microparticles. Arch Pharm Res 2014; 38:761-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-014-0395-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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Wu JG, Wang YY, Zhang ZL, Yu B. Herbal medicine in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Chin J Integr Med 2014; 21:102-7. [PMID: 24752473 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-014-1337-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Associated with the aging of our world population is a sharp increase in the incidence of Alzheimer's disease, which not only poses a significant health issue but also presents a serious social problem. Although pharmacological treatments were developed based on existing hypotheses, the disease pathogenesis remains to be fully elucidated. Given the complexity of Alzheimer's disease, Chinese herbal medicine appears to have therapeutic potential for Alzheimer's disease through multi-target and multi-pathway approach at cellular and molecular levels and holistic adjustment of the body at organ system levels. Recently, a significant breakthrough has been made in the research of Chinese medicine for Alzheimer's disease. In this article, we review the experimental research progress in understanding how Chinese medicine could be used for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-guo Wu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Medicine, Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
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31
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Kim MS, Yu JM, Kim HJ, Kim HB, Kim ST, Jang SK, Choi YW, Lee DI, Joo SS. Ginsenoside Re and Rd enhance the expression of cholinergic markers and neuronal differentiation in Neuro-2a cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2014; 37:826-33. [PMID: 24599032 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b14-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), extensive neuronal loss and a deficiency of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) are the major characteristics during pathogenesis in the brain. In the present study, we aimed to investigate whether representative ginsenosides from ginseng can regulate choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), which are required for cholinergic neurotransmission. Our results revealed that Re and Rd induced effectively the expression of ChAT/VAChT genes in Neuro-2a cells as well as ACh elevation. Microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP-2), nerve growth factor receptor (p75), p21, and TrkA genes and proteins were also significantly expressed. Moreover, both activated extracelullar signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) and Akt were inhibited by K252a, a selective Trk receptor inhibitor. These findings strongly indicate that Re and Rd play an important role in neuronal differentiation and the nerve growth factor (NGF)-TrkA signaling pathway. High performance liquid chromatography analysis showed that Re and Rd administered orally were transported successfully into brain tissue and increased the level of ChAT and VAChT mRNA. The present study demonstrates that Re and Rd are selective candidates for upregulation of the expression of cholinergic markers, which may counter the symptoms and progress of AD.
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32
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Yuan CS, Wang CZ, Wicks SM, Qi LW. Chemical and pharmacological studies of saponins with a focus on American ginseng. J Ginseng Res 2014; 34:160-7. [PMID: 21359120 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2010.34.3.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) are the two most recognized ginseng botanicals. It is believed that the ginseng saponins called ginsenosides are the major active constituents in both ginsengs. Although American ginseng is not as extensively studied as Asian ginseng, it is one of the best selling herbs in the U.S., and has garnered increasing attention from scientists in recent years. In this article, after a brief introduction of the distribution and cultivation of American ginseng, we discuss chemical analysis of saponins from these two ginsengs, i.e., their similarities and differences. Subsequently, we review pharmacological effects of the saponins, including the effects on the cardiovascular system, immune system, and central nervous system as well as the antidiabetes and anti-cancer effects. These investigations were mainly derived from American ginseng studies. We also discuss evidence suggesting that chemical modifications of ginseng saponins would be a valuable approach to develop novel compounds in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Su Yuan
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 4028, Chicago, Illinois 60637, U.S.A
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33
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Oliynyk S, Oh S. Actoprotective effect of ginseng: improving mental and physical performance. J Ginseng Res 2013; 37:144-66. [PMID: 23717168 PMCID: PMC3659633 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2013.37.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Actoprotectors are preparations that increase the mental performance and enhance body stability against physical loads without increasing oxygen consumption. Actoprotectors are regarded as a subclass of adaptogens that hold a significant capacity to increase physical performance. The focus of this article is studying adaptogen herbs of genus Panax (P. ginseng in particular) and their capabilities as actoprotectors. Some animal experiments and human studies about actoprotective properties of genus Panax attest that P. ginseng (administered as an extract) significantly increased the physical and intellectual work capacities, and the data provided suggests that ginseng is a natural source of actoprotectors. Preparations of ginseng can be regarded as potential actoprotectors which give way to further research of its influence on physical and mental work capacity, endurance and restoration after exhaustive physical loads while compared with reference actoprotectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergiy Oliynyk
- Department of Neuroscience and Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Korea
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34
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Kim HJ, Kim P, Shin CY. A comprehensive review of the therapeutic and pharmacological effects of ginseng and ginsenosides in central nervous system. J Ginseng Res 2013; 37:8-29. [PMID: 23717153 PMCID: PMC3659622 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2013.37.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng is one of the most widely used herbal medicines in human. Central nervous system (CNS) diseases are most widely investigated diseases among all others in respect to the ginseng’s therapeutic effects. These include Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, cerebral ischemia, depression, and many other neurological disorders including neurodevelopmental disorders. Not only the various types of diseases but also the diverse array of target pathways or molecules ginseng exerts its effect on. These range, for example, from neuroprotection to the regulation of synaptic plasticity and from regulation of neuroinflammatory processes to the regulation of neurotransmitter release, too many to mention. In general, ginseng and even a single compound of ginsenoside produce its effects on multiple sites of action, which make it an ideal candidate to develop multi-target drugs. This is most important in CNS diseases where multiple of etiological and pathological targets working together to regulate the final pathophysiology of diseases. In this review, we tried to provide comprehensive information on the pharmacological and therapeutic effects of ginseng and ginsenosides on neurodegenerative and other neurological diseases. Side by side comparison of the therapeutic effects in various neurological disorders may widen our understanding of the therapeutic potential of ginseng in CNS diseases and the possibility to develop not only symptomatic drugs but also disease modifying reagents based on ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jin Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Advanced Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
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35
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Chen EYH, Hui CLM. HT1001, a proprietary North American ginseng extract, improves working memory in schizophrenia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Phytother Res 2011; 26:1166-72. [PMID: 22213250 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that HT1001™, a proprietary North American ginseng extract containing known levels of active ginsenosides, may improve cognitive function. Importantly, individuals with schizophrenia show marked deficits in working memory, which are believed to be predictive of functional outcome in this population. The present study aimed to characterize the effect of HT1001 on working memory in a group of stable individuals with schizophrenia. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study design, a total of 64 individuals satisfying DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia were randomly assigned to receive either HT100 or placebo for 4 weeks. Verbal working memory and visual working memory were assessed at baseline and again at the end of the treatment phase using the Letter-Number Span Test and Visual Pattern Test, respectively. Symptoms and medication side effects were also measured at baseline and post-treatment. Visual working memory was significantly improved in the HT1001 group, but not in the placebo group. Furthermore, extrapyramidal symptoms were significantly reduced after 4 weeks treatment with HT1001, whereas no difference in extrapyramidal effects was observed in the placebo group. These results provide a solid foundation for the further investigation of HT1001 as an adjunct therapy in schizophrenia, as an improvement in working memory and a reduction in medication-related side effects has considerable potential to improve functional outcome in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Y H Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, S.A.R., China.
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36
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Liu L, Hoang-Gia T, Wu H, Lee MR, Gu L, Wang C, Yun BS, Wang Q, Ye S, Sung CK. Ginsenoside Rb1 improves spatial learning and memory by regulation of cell genesis in the hippocampal subregions of rats. Brain Res 2011; 1382:147-54. [PMID: 21276426 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1) is known to improve learning and memory in hippocampus-dependent tasks. However, the cellular mechanism remains unknown. Cell genesis in hippocampus is involved in spatial learning and memory. In the present study, Rb1 was orally administrated to adult rats for 30days. The behavioral training tests indicated that Rb1 improved spatial cognitive performance of rats in Morris water maze (MWM). Furthermore, we investigated the effects of Rb1 on cell genesis in adult rats' hippocampus, using thymidine analog bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) as a marker for dividing cells. It has been shown that hippocampal cell genesis can be influenced by several factors such as learning and exercise. In order to avoid the effects of the interfering factors, only the rats treated with Rb1 without training in MWM were used to investigate cell genesis in hippocampus. When BrdU was given to the rats 30days prior to being killed, it was shown that oral administration of Rb1 significantly increased cell survival in dentate gyrus and hippocampal subregion CA3. However, when BrdU was injected 2h prior to sacrifice, the results indicated that Rb1 had no significant influence on cell proliferation in the hippocampal subregions. Thus, an increase of cell survival in hippocampus stimulated by Rb1 may be one of the mechanisms by which ginseng facilitates spatial learning and memory. Our study also indicates that Rb1 may be developed as a therapeutic agent for patients with memory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejon 305-764, Republic of Korea
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Wang Q, Sun LH, Jia W, Liu XM, Dang HX, Mai WL, Wang N, Steinmetz A, Wang YQ, Xu CJ. Comparison of ginsenosides Rg1 and Rb1 for their effects on improving scopolamine-induced learning and memory impairment in mice. Phytother Res 2010; 24:1748-54. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Bae MY, Cho JH, Choi IS, Park HM, Lee MG, Kim DH, Jang IS. Compound K, a metabolite of ginsenosides, facilitates spontaneous GABA release onto CA3 pyramidal neurons. J Neurochem 2010; 114:1085-96. [PMID: 20524959 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06833.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rb1, a major ingredient of ginseng saponins, can affect various brain functions, including learning and memory. When ingested orally, ginsenoside Rb1 is not found in plasma as well as urine, but its metabolite compound K (ComK) reaches the systemic circulation in animals and human. Nevertheless, the pharmacological actions of ComK are still poorly known. In the present study, we investigated the effect of ComK on GABAergic spontaneous miniature inhibitory post-synaptic currents (mIPSCs) in acutely isolated rat hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons using a conventional whole-cell patch-clamp technique. While ComK significantly increased mIPSC frequency in a concentration-dependent manner, it had no effect on the current amplitude, suggesting that ComK acts pre-synaptically to increase the probability of spontaneous GABA release. ComK still increased mIPSC frequency even in a Ca(2+) -free external solution, suggesting that the ComK-induced increase spontaneous GABA release is not related to Ca(2+) influx from the extracellular space. However, the ComK-induced increase mIPSC frequency was significantly decreased after the blockade of either sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) -ATPase or Ca(2+) release channels. These results strongly suggest that ComK enhances spontaneous GABA release by increasing intraterminal Ca(2+) concentration via Ca(2+) release from pre-synaptic Ca(2+) stores. The ComK-induced modulation of inhibitory transmission onto CA3 pyramidal neurons could have a broad impact on the excitability of CA3 pyramidal neurons and affect the physiological functions mediated by the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Yeol Bae
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Jung-gu, Daegu, Korea
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39
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Kim SO, You JM, Yun SJ, Son MS, Nam KN, Hong JW, Kim SY, Choi SY, Lee EH. Ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg3 Attenuate Glucocorticoid-Induced Neurotoxicity. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2010; 30:857-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-010-9513-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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40
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Scholey A, Ossoukhova A, Owen L, Ibarra A, Pipingas A, He K, Roller M, Stough C. Effects of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) on neurocognitive function: an acute, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2010; 212:345-56. [PMID: 20676609 PMCID: PMC2952762 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-1964-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Over the last decade, Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) has been shown to improve aspects of human cognitive function. American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) has a distinct ginsenoside profile from P. ginseng, promising cognitive enhancing properties in preclinical studies and benefits processes linked to human cognition. OBJECTIVES The availability of a highly standardised extract of P. quinquefolius (Cereboost™) led us to evaluate its neurocognitive properties in humans for the first time. METHODS This randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial (N = 32, healthy young adults) assessed the acute mood, neurocognitive and glycaemic effects of three doses (100, 200 400 mg) of Cereboost™ (P. quinquefolius standardised to 10.65% ginsenosides). Participants' mood, cognitive function and blood glucose were measured 1, 3 and 6 h following administration. RESULTS There was a significant improvement of working memory (WM) performance associated with P. quinquefolius. Corsi block performance was improved by all doses at all testing times. There were differential effects of all doses on other WM tasks which were maintained across the testing day. Choice reaction time accuracy and 'calmness' were significantly improved by 100 mg. There were no changes in blood glucose levels. CONCLUSIONS This preliminary study has identified robust working memory enhancement following administration of American ginseng. These effects are distinct from those of Asian ginseng and suggest that psychopharmacological properties depend critically on ginsenoside profiles. These results have ramifications for the psychopharmacology of herbal extracts and merit further study using different dosing regimens and in populations where cognition is fragile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Scholey
- NICM Centre for the Study of Natural Medicines and Neurocognition, Brain Sciences Institute, Swinburne University, Melbourne, Vic 3122, Australia.
| | - Anastasia Ossoukhova
- NICM Centre for the Study of Natural Medicines and Neurocognition, Brain Sciences Institute, Swinburne University, Melbourne, Vic 3122 Australia
| | - Lauren Owen
- NICM Centre for the Study of Natural Medicines and Neurocognition, Brain Sciences Institute, Swinburne University, Melbourne, Vic 3122 Australia
| | - Alvin Ibarra
- Naturex Inc., 375 Huyler St., South Hackensack, NJ 07606 USA
| | - Andrew Pipingas
- NICM Centre for the Study of Natural Medicines and Neurocognition, Brain Sciences Institute, Swinburne University, Melbourne, Vic 3122 Australia
| | - Kan He
- Naturex Inc., 375 Huyler St., South Hackensack, NJ 07606 USA
| | - Marc Roller
- Naturex Inc., 375 Huyler St., South Hackensack, NJ 07606 USA
| | - Con Stough
- NICM Centre for the Study of Natural Medicines and Neurocognition, Brain Sciences Institute, Swinburne University, Melbourne, Vic 3122 Australia
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41
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Lü JM, Yao Q, Chen C. Ginseng compounds: an update on their molecular mechanisms and medical applications. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2009; 7:293-302. [PMID: 19601854 DOI: 10.2174/157016109788340767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Ginseng is one of the most widely used herbal medicines and is reported to have a wide range of therapeutic and pharmacological applications. Ginsenosides, the major pharmacologically active ingredients of ginseng, appear to be responsible for most of the activities of ginseng including vasorelaxation, antioxidation, anti-inflammation and anti-cancer. Approximately 40 ginsenoside compounds have been identified. Researchers now focus on using purified individual ginsenoside to reveal the specific mechanism of functions of ginseng instead of using whole ginseng root extracts. Individual ginsenosides may have different effects in pharmacology and mechanisms due to their different chemical structures. Among them the most commonly studied ginsenosides are Rb1, Rg1, Rg3, Re, Rd and Rh1. The molecular mechanisms and medical applications of ginsenosides have attracted much attention and hundreds of papers have been published in the last few years. The general purpose of this update is to provide information of recently described effects of ginsenosides on antioxidation, vascular system, signal transduction pathways and interaction with receptors. Their therapeutic applications in animal models and humans as well as the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of ginsenosides are also discussed in this review. This review concludes with some thoughts for future directions in the further development of ginseng compounds as effective therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ming Lü
- Molecular Surgeon Research Center, Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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42
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Lü JM, Yao Q, Chen C. Ginseng compounds: an update on their molecular mechanisms and medical applications. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2009. [PMID: 19601854 DOI: 10.2174/15701609788340767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ginseng is one of the most widely used herbal medicines and is reported to have a wide range of therapeutic and pharmacological applications. Ginsenosides, the major pharmacologically active ingredients of ginseng, appear to be responsible for most of the activities of ginseng including vasorelaxation, antioxidation, anti-inflammation and anti-cancer. Approximately 40 ginsenoside compounds have been identified. Researchers now focus on using purified individual ginsenoside to reveal the specific mechanism of functions of ginseng instead of using whole ginseng root extracts. Individual ginsenosides may have different effects in pharmacology and mechanisms due to their different chemical structures. Among them the most commonly studied ginsenosides are Rb1, Rg1, Rg3, Re, Rd and Rh1. The molecular mechanisms and medical applications of ginsenosides have attracted much attention and hundreds of papers have been published in the last few years. The general purpose of this update is to provide information of recently described effects of ginsenosides on antioxidation, vascular system, signal transduction pathways and interaction with receptors. Their therapeutic applications in animal models and humans as well as the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of ginsenosides are also discussed in this review. This review concludes with some thoughts for future directions in the further development of ginseng compounds as effective therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ming Lü
- Molecular Surgeon Research Center, Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Wang YH, Du GH. Ginsenoside Rg1 inhibits beta-secretase activity in vitro and protects against Abeta-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2009; 11:604-612. [PMID: 20183297 DOI: 10.1080/10286020902843152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rg1 (1) is a major active component of Panax notoginseng, a Chinese herb widely used in traditional Chinese medicine to improve learning and memory function. Increasing evidence suggests that beta-amyloid peptide (Abeta) plays a central role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). To elucidate the mechanism of 1 on improving the ability of learning and memory, we investigated whether 1 could affect Abeta generation or protect Abeta-induced neurotoxicity. The results showed that 1 could inhibit beta-secretase activity in vitro and also protect the PC12 cells against injuries caused by exposure of PC12 cells to 50 microM Abeta(25-35) for 48 h. The cell death, LDH release, NO release, ROS production, lipid peroxidation, intracellular calcium elevation, and apoptosis are associated events induced by Abeta that can be rescued by 1 in PC12 cells. In conclusion, 1 may be a promising agent for AD, and the mechanism is related to beta-secretase inhibition and protection against Abeta-induced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Hua Wang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Neuroprotective and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Phenolic Compounds in Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. J Ginseng Res 2009. [DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2009.33.2.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Christensen LP. Ginsenosides chemistry, biosynthesis, analysis, and potential health effects. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2008; 55:1-99. [PMID: 18772102 DOI: 10.1016/s1043-4526(08)00401-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenosides are a special group of triterpenoid saponins that can be classified into two groups by the skeleton of their aglycones, namely dammarane- and oleanane-type. Ginsenosides are found nearly exclusively in Panax species (ginseng) and up to now more than 150 naturally occurring ginsenosides have been isolated from roots, leaves/stems, fruits, and/or flower heads of ginseng. Ginsenosides have been the target of a lot of research as they are believed to be the main active principles behind the claims of ginsengs efficacy. The potential health effects of ginsenosides that are discussed in this chapter include anticarcinogenic, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, antiatherosclerotic, antihypertensive, and antidiabetic effects as well as antistress activity and effects on the central nervous system. Ginsensoides can be metabolized in the stomach (acid hydrolysis) and in the gastrointestinal tract (bacterial hydrolysis) or transformed to other ginsenosides by drying and steaming of ginseng to more bioavailable and bioactive ginsenosides. The metabolization and transformation of intact ginsenosides, which seems to play an important role for their potential health effects, are discussed. Qualitative and quantitative analytical techniques for the analysis of ginsenosides are important in relation to quality control of ginseng products and plant material and for the determination of the effects of processing of plant material as well as for the determination of the metabolism and bioavailability of ginsenosides. Analytical techniques for the analysis of ginsenosides that are described in this chapter are thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined with various detectors, gas chromatography (GC), colorimetry, enzyme immunoassays (EIA), capillary electrophoresis (CE), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and spectrophotometric methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars P Christensen
- Research Center Aarslev, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Aarhus, Kirstinebjergvej 10, DK-5792 Aarslev, Denmark
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Xiong J, Guo J, Huang L, Meng B, Ping Q. Self-micelle formation and the incorporation of lipid in the formulation affect the intestinal absorption of Panax notoginseng. Int J Pharm 2008; 360:191-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2007] [Revised: 03/20/2008] [Accepted: 04/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Heo JH, Lee ST, Chu K, Oh MJ, Park HJ, Shim JY, Kim M. An open-label trial of Korean red ginseng as an adjuvant treatment for cognitive impairment in patients with Alzheimers disease. Eur J Neurol 2008; 15:865-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02157.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chang Y, Wang SJ. Ginsenoside Rg1 and Rb1 enhance glutamate exocytosis from rat cortical nerve terminals by affecting vesicle mobilization through the activation of protein kinase C. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 590:74-9. [PMID: 18571158 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Revised: 05/02/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study showed that ginsenoside Rg1 and Rb1, the active ingredients of ginseng, facilitated depolarization-evoked glutamate release from isolated rat cortical nerve terminals by increasing voltage-dependent Ca(2+) entry. However, it remains to be clarified whether ginsenoside Rg1 and Rb1 possess an action at the exocytotic machinery itself, downstream of a Ca(2+) influx. We now show that ionomycin-induced glutamate release and KCl-evoked FM1-43 dye release were facilitated by ginsenoside Rg1 and Rb1 in rat cortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes), suggesting that some steps after Ca(2+) entry are regulated by ginsenoside Rg1 or Rb1. The activation of protein kinase C is essential for ginsenoside Rg1 or Rb1 action, since protein kinase C inhibitors GF109203X and Ro318220 abolished the facilitatory effect of ginsenoside Rg1 or Rb1 on ionomycin-evoked glutamate release. Furthermore, ginsenoside Rg1 or Rb1 increased ionomycin-evoked protein kinase C or its presynaptic target myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS) phosphorylation. Additionally, ginsenoside Rg1 or Rb1-mediated facilitation of ionomycin-evoked glutamate release was occluded by cytochalasin D, a membrane-permeant inhibitor of actin polymerization. Together, these results suggest that ginsenoside Rg1 or Rb1-mediated facilitation of glutamate release involves the modulation of some exocytotic steps, possibly through the activation of protein kinase C and disassembly of cytoskeleton, resulting in an increase in synaptic vesicle availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chang
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, 510, Chung-Cheng Rd., Hsin-Chuang, Taipei Hsien, 24205 Taiwan
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Xiong J, Guo J, Huang L, Meng B, Ping Q. The use of lipid-based formulations to increase the oral bioavailability of Panax notoginseng saponins following a single oral gavage to rats. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008; 34:65-72. [PMID: 18214757 DOI: 10.1080/03639040701508292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This article was intended to improve the absorption of ginsenoside Rg1 and Rb1 of Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS). METHODS PNS-Phospholipid complex and a lipid-based formulation by dissolving the complex in the medium chain fattyglycerides were prepared, and their oral relative bioavailability was determined in rats and compared with an aqueous solution of PNS for each component. RESULTS The study gave evidence that the phospholipids could combine with the two active constitutes of PNS and form a PNS-phospholipid complex. The complex efficiently increased the solubility of hydrophilic ginsenoside Rg1 and Rb1 in some selected hydrophobic esters, such as fatty glycerides, and constructed the lipid-based formulations of PNS. The experimental result in rats in vivo showed that the oral relative bioavailability was enhanced remarkably by these lipid-based formulations composed of the PNS-Phospholipid complex and various esters. The absorption enhancement of the medium-chain glyceride (Labrafac cc and Capmul MCM (3:1)) was somewhat greater than that of other fatty glyceride. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) of ginsenoside Rg1 and Rb1 of the PNS-complex in the medium-chain glyceride were 27.38 microg.mL-1.h and 600.08 microg.mL-1.h, compared with 2.52 microg.mL-1.h and 92.29 microg.mL-1.h of the PNS aqueous solution, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The oral relative bioavailability of ginsenoside Rg1 and Rb1 of PNS was enhanced remarkably by the lipid-based formulations. These findings reveal a new strategy to increase oral bioavailability by lipophilicity enhancement for some highly water-soluble but poorly absorbed drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xiong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
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Chang Y, Huang WJ, Tien LT, Wang SJ. Ginsenosides Rg1 and Rb1 enhance glutamate release through activation of protein kinase A in rat cerebrocortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes). Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 578:28-36. [PMID: 17949708 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2007] [Revised: 09/19/2007] [Accepted: 09/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effect of ginsenoside Rg1 or Rb1, the active ingredients of ginseng, on the release of endogenous glutamate from glutamatergic nerve terminals purified from rat cerebral cortex. Result showed that the Ca(2+)-dependent release of glutamate evoked by 4-aminopyridine was facilitated by ginsenoside Rg1 or Rb1 in a concentration-dependent manner. Sequential experiments reveal that ginsenoside Rg1 or Rb1-mediated facilitation of glutamate release (i) results from an enhancement of vesicular exocytosis; (ii) is not due to an alternation of synaptosomal excitability; (iii) is associated with an increase in Ca(2+) influx through presynaptic N- and P/Q-type voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels; (iv) appears to involve a protein kinase A pathway. These results conclude that ginsenoside Rg1 or Rb1 exerts their presynaptic facilitatory effect, likely through the activation of protein kinase A, which subsequently enhances Ca(2+) entry to cause an increase in evoked glutamate release from rat cortical synaptosomes. This finding might provide important information regarding the action of ginseng in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chang
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, 510, Chung-Cheng Rd., Hsin-Chuang, Taipei Hsien 24205, Taiwan
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