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Lu G, Yepremyen A, Tamim K, Chen Y, Brook MA. Ascorbic Acid-Modified Silicones: Crosslinking and Antioxidant Delivery. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14225040. [PMID: 36433164 PMCID: PMC9693009 DOI: 10.3390/polym14225040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C is widely used as an antioxidant in biological systems. The very high density of functional groups makes it challenging to selectively tether this molecule to other moieties. We report that, following protection of the enediol as benzyl ethers, the introduction of an acrylate ester at C1 is straightforward. Ascorbic acid-modified silicones were synthesized via aza-Michael reactions of aminoalkylsilicones with ascorbic acrylate. Viscous oils formed when the amine/acrylate ratios were <1. However, at higher amine/acrylate ratios with pendent silicones, a double reaction occurred to give robust elastomers whose modulus is readily tuned simply by controlling the ascorbic acid amine ratio that leads to crosslinks. Reduction with H2/Pd removed the benzyl ethers and led to increased crosslinking, and either liberated the antioxidant small molecule or produced antioxidant elastomers. These pro-antioxidant elastomers show the power of exploiting natural materials as co-constituents of silicone polymers.
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Enescu CD, Bedford LM, Potts G, Fahs F. A review of topical vitamin C derivatives and their efficacy. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 21:2349-2359. [PMID: 34559950 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin C is a popular ingredient in over-the-counter cosmeceuticals due to its many biological functions in maintaining and improving skin health by treating UV damage, improving discoloration, and boosting collagen production. Several chemically modified derivatives of vitamin C have been developed in an attempt to increase the stability, percutaneous absorption, and overall activity of this ingredient in topical formulations. The goal of this review is to evaluate the differences between vitamin C derivatives that have been designed for cosmeceutical use and their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa M Bedford
- Department of Dermatology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Geoffrey Potts
- Department of Dermatology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Fatima Fahs
- Department of Dermatology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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Abe-Yutori M, Chikazawa T, Shibasaki K, Murakami S. Decreased expression of E-cadherin by Porphyromonas gingivalis-lipopolysaccharide attenuates epithelial barrier function. J Periodontal Res 2016; 52:42-50. [PMID: 27016120 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The gingival epithelium is a first line of defense against bacterial challenge. E-cadherin (E-cad) plays an important role in cell-cell adhesion as a barrier in the epithelium. Recently, a decrease in the expression of E-cad has been observed in inflamed gingival tissue. The aims of this study were to clarify the changes in E-cad expression and barrier function in human gingival epithelial cells stimulated with Porphyromonas gingivalis-lipopolysaccharide (P. gingivalis-LPS) and to evaluate the influence of these changes on the inflammatory reaction. Furthermore, to clarify the mechanism of the E-cad changes induced by P. gingivalis-LPS, we focused on reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are reported to induce a decrease in E-cad expression. MATERIAL AND METHODS Human gingival epithelial cells were incubated in Humedia-KG2 in the presence or absence of P. gingivalis-LPS and antioxidants to analyze ROS involvement in P. gingivalis-LPS-induced E-cad changes. E-cad protein expression was analyzed by immunofluorescence staining. To investigate barrier function and inflammatory changes, we performed transport and cytokine assays using gingival epithelial cells and macrophages co-culture model in transwell plates. Medium containing 10 μg/mL P. gingivalis-LPS (transport substance) was added to the upper compartment, which harvested gingival epithelial cells, and medium without P. gingivalis-LPS was added to the lower compartment, which harvested macrophages. In the transport assay, P. gingivalis-LPS penetration was analyzed using the Limulus amebocyte lysate test. In the cytokine assay, we examined the change in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production from the macrophages in the lower compartment using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Expression of E-cad in human gingival epithelial cells was decreased by P. gingivalis-LPS, and the decrease in E-cad accelerated the penetration of P. gingivalis-LPS through the monolayer. In addition, the concentration of TNF-α was higher under the E-cad reduced monolayer. Antioxidants, particularly vitamin E and l-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate magnesium salt, inhibited the decrease in E-cad expression, penetration of P. gingivalis-LPS and increase in TNF-α. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the decrease in E-cad caused by P. gingivalis-LPS leads to destruction of the epithelial barrier function in human gingival epithelial cells, and finally accelerates the inflammatory reaction under the barrier. Antioxidants, particularly vitamin E and l-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate magnesium salt, may restore the impaired function by scavenging ROS, which are related to the decrease in E-cad expression by P. gingivalis-LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Abe-Yutori
- Oral Care Research Laboratories, Lion Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Chikazawa
- Oral Care Research Laboratories, Lion Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Shibasaki
- Oral Care Research Laboratories, Lion Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Murakami
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
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Sawamura R, Sakurai H, Wada N, Nishiya Y, Honda T, Kazui M, Kurihara A, Shinagawa A, Izumi T. Bioactivation of loxoprofen to a pharmacologically active metabolite and its disposition kinetics in human skin. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2015; 36:352-363. [PMID: 25765700 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Loxoprofen (LX) is a prodrug-type non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug which is used not only as an oral drug but also as a transdermal formulation. As a pharmacologically active metabolite, the trans-alcohol form of LX (trans-OH form) is generated after oral administration to humans. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the generation of the trans-OH form in human in vitro skin and to identify the predominant enzyme for its generation. In the permeation and metabolism study using human in vitro skin, both the permeation of LX and the formation of the trans-OH form increased in a time- and dose-dependent manner after the application of LX gel to the skin. In addition, the characteristics of permeation and metabolism of both LX and the trans-OH form were examined by a mathematical pharmacokinetic model. The Km value was calculated to be 10.3 mm in the human in vitro skin. The predominant enzyme which generates the trans-OH form in human whole skin was identified to be carbonyl reductase 1 (CBR1) by immunodepletion using the anti-human CBR1 antibody. The results of the enzyme kinetic study using the recombinant human CBR1 protein demonstrated that the Km and Vmax values were 7.30 mm and 402 nmol/min/mg protein, respectively. In addition, it was found that no unknown metabolites were generated in the human in vitro skin. This is the first report in which LX is bioactivated to the trans-OH form in human skin by CBR1. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Sawamura
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Sakurai
- Discovery Science and Technology Department, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co., Ltd, Japan
| | - Naoya Wada
- Discovery Science and Technology Department, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co., Ltd, Japan
| | - Yumi Nishiya
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Honda
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Japan
| | - Miho Kazui
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kurihara
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Japan
| | - Akira Shinagawa
- Discovery Science and Technology Department, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co., Ltd, Japan
| | - Takashi Izumi
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Japan
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Kawabata A. [Targeting Ca(v)3.2 T-type calcium channels as a therapeutic strategy for chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2013; 141:81-4. [PMID: 23391547 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.141.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Hikima T, Tamura Y, Yamawaki Y, Yamamoto M, Tojo K. Skin accumulation and penetration of a hydrophilic compound by a novel gemini surfactant, sodium dilauramidoglutamide lysine. Int J Pharm 2013; 443:288-92. [PMID: 23291444 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated a novel peptide-based gemini amphiphilic compound, sodium dilauramidoglutamide lysine (DLGL), as a chemical enhancer for the skin penetration of l-ascorbic acid 2-glucoside (AAG). A three-dimensional cultured human skin product, TESTSKIN™ LSE-high (LSE-high), was used as a skin model. The penetration flux of AAG with DLGL and that obtained with sodium lauramidoglutamide (LG) as a conventional surfactant across LSE-high were increased by 12.56 and 69.29 times compared to the control, respectively. The ratio of AAG amount with DLGL in the skin (21.78% total dose) was significantly increased (p<0.05) compared to the control (7.23%) and to the AAG amount with LG (8.13%). The AAG amounts in receptor were 1.06% (control), 3.19% (+DLGL) and 21.00% (+LG). Thus, DLGL preserved AAG in skin, resulting in enhanced AAG penetration flux. However, LG might create the pathways through the skin. We conclude that DLGL is a gemini surfactant that accumulates a hydrophilic compound in skin and enhances the penetration flux. DLGL may therefore be a novel addition agent for skin local therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Hikima
- Kyushu Institute of Technology, Department of Biosciences and Bioinformatics, 680-4 Kawazu, Iizuka, Fukuoka 820-8502, Japan.
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Okubo K, Nakanishi H, Matsunami M, Shibayama H, Kawabata A. Topical application of disodium isostearyl 2-O-L-ascorbyl phosphate, an amphiphilic ascorbic acid derivative, reduces neuropathic hyperalgesia in rats. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 166:1058-68. [PMID: 22229645 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01835.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Ca(v) 3.2 T-type calcium channels, targeted by H(2) S, are involved in neuropathic hyperalgesia in rats and ascorbic acid inhibits Ca(v) 3.2 channels. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of intraplantar (i.pl.) administration of ascorbic acid or topical application of disodium isostearyl 2-O-L-ascorbyl phosphate (DI-VCP), a skin-permeable ascorbate derivative on hyperalgesia induced by NaHS, an H(2) S donor, and on neuropathic hyperalgesia. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH In rats mechanical hyperalgesia was evoked by i.pl. NaHS, and neuropathic hyperalgesia was induced by L5 spinal nerve cutting (L5SNC) or by repeated administration of paclitaxel, an anti-cancer drug. Dermal ascorbic acid levels were determined colorimetrically. KEY RESULTS The NaHS-evoked Ca(v) 3.2 channel-dependent hyperalgesia was inhibited by co-administered ascorbic acid. Topical application of DI-VCP, but not ascorbic acid, prevented the NaHS-evoked hyperalgesia, and also increased dermal ascorbic acid levels. Neuropathic hyperalgesia induced by L5SNC or paclitaxel was reversed by i.pl. NNC 55-0396, a selective T-type calcium channel blocker, ascorbic acid or DI-VCP, and by topical DI-VCP, but not by topical ascorbic acid. The effects of i.pl. ascorbic acid and topical DI-VCP in the paclitaxel-treated rats were characterized by the faster onset and greater magnitude, compared with their effects in the L5SNC rats. Dermal ascorbic acid levels in the hindpaw significantly decreased after paclitaxel treatment, but not L5SNC, which was reversed by topical DI-VCP. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Ascorbic acid, known to inhibit Ca(v) 3.2 channels, suppressed neuropathic hyperalgesia. DI-VCP ointment for topical application may be of benefit in the treatment of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumasa Okubo
- Division of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Kinki University School of Pharmacy, Higashi-Osaka, Japan
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Preservation of polyunsaturated fatty acyl glycerides via intramolecular antioxidant coupling. Chem Phys Lipids 2012; 165:530-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Valgimigli L, Gabbanini S, Berlini E, Lucchi E, Beltramini C, Bertarelli YL. Lemon (Citrus limon, Burm.f.) essential oil enhances the trans-epidermal release of lipid-(A, E) and water-(B6, C) soluble vitamins from topical emulsions in reconstructed human epidermis. Int J Cosmet Sci 2012; 34:347-56. [PMID: 22515469 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2012.00725.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Topical bioavailability of lipid- and water-soluble vitamins is a critical issue for protecting or anti-ageing formulations. Using 17-day-old SkinEthic(®) reconstructed human epidermis, we investigated (at 34°C) the role of lemon EO in enhancing the penetration of α-tocopherol (E) and retinyl acetate (A), pyridoxine (B(6)) and ascorbic acid (C), released from O/W or W/O emulsions. D-limonene, α-pinene and p-cymene (65.9, 2.2 and 0.5%w/w of the oil) had skin permeability coefficients Ps (10(-3) cm h(-1)) of 0.56 ± 0.03 (or 0.73 ± 0.02), 0.72 ± 0.05 (or 0.98 ± 0.05) and 0.84 ± 0.04 (or 1.14 ± 0.04), respectively, when incorporated in a W/O (or O/W) emulsion. Vitamins B6, C and A had Ps values of (3.0 ± 0.4) × 10(-3), (7.9 ± 0.6) × 10(-3) and (0.37 ± 0.02) × 10(-5) cm h(-1), respectively, and their flux through the skin was enhanced by a factor of 4.1, 3.4 and 5.8, respectively, in the presence of lemon EO. The penetration of vitamin E was nine-fold enhanced. Lemon EO produced only reversible modification of TEWL, and it is a safe and effective penetration enhancer for topical administration of lipid- and water-soluble vitamins.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Valgimigli
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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Fan L, Wang H, Zhang K, Cai Z, He C, Sheng X, Mo X. Vitamin C-reinforcing silk fibroin nanofibrous matrices for skin care application. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra20302b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Tsutsumi K, Fujikawa H, Kajikawa T, Takedachi M, Yamamoto T, Murakami S. Effects of L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate magnesium salt on the properties of human gingival fibroblasts. J Periodontal Res 2011; 47:263-71. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2011.01430.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ito Y, Maeda T, Fukushima K, Sugioka N, Takada K. Permeation enhancement of ascorbic acid by self-dissolving micropile array tip through rat skin. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2010; 58:458-63. [PMID: 20410623 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.58.458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (AA) loaded self-dissolving micropiles (SDMP) were prepared using chondroitin sulfate as the base for the percutaneous administration of AA. AA solution was added to dense solution of chondroitin solution, glue, and array tip, 1.0 cm(2), containing 100 SDMPs of which length was 500 microm and basal diameter was 300 microm, were prepared. Two kinds of AA array tips containing 1344.2+/-1.7 microg (high content ones) and 638.7+/-4.3 microg (low content ones) were used. In vitro dissolution study showed that more than 90% of AA were released from both SDMP array tips within 5 min. Stability experiment showed that 99.2-99.4% of AA was detected in SDMP array tips when stored at 23 degrees C for 1 week. When in vitro permeation experiments were performed after AA SDMP array was inserted to the isolated rat abdominal skin, extremely high amounts of AA, 1285.3+/-369.0 microg (95.3%) for high content SDMP tip and 405.6+/-84.3 microg (65.8%) for low content SDMP tip, were permeated for 6 h into the receptor compartment due to the break down of the skin barrier function. When AA SDMP array tip was administered to the rat skin under anesthetized condition with the different contact times, 10, 20 and 30 min, the permeated amount of AA was dependent on both the AA content in SDMP array tips and the contact time. When AA SDMP was contact to the skin for 30 min, permeated amounts of AA were 146.8+/-22.9 microg (10.9%) for high content-SDMP tip and 61.2+/-18.2 microg (9.6%) for low content SDMP tip. These results suggest the usefulness of SDMP array tip for the percutaneous absorption of AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Ito
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan.
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