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Turek I, Nguyen TH, Galea C, Abad I, Freihat L, Manallack DT, Velkov T, Irving H. Mutations in the Vicinity of the IRAK3 Guanylate Cyclase Center Impact Its Subcellular Localization and Ability to Modulate Inflammatory Signaling in Immortalized Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108572. [PMID: 37239919 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 3 (IRAK3) modulates the magnitude of cellular responses to ligands perceived by interleukin-1 receptors (IL-1Rs) and Toll-like receptors (TLRs), leading to decreases in pro-inflammatory cytokines and suppressed inflammation. The molecular mechanism of IRAK3's action remains unknown. IRAK3 functions as a guanylate cyclase, and its cGMP product suppresses lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell (NFκB) activity. To understand the implications of this phenomenon, we expanded the structure-function analyses of IRAK3 through site-directed mutagenesis of amino acids known or predicted to impact different activities of IRAK3. We verified the capacity of the mutated IRAK3 variants to generate cGMP in vitro and revealed residues in and in the vicinity of its GC catalytic center that impact the LPS-induced NFκB activity in immortalized cell lines in the absence or presence of an exogenous membrane-permeable cGMP analog. Mutant IRAK3 variants with reduced cGMP generating capacity and differential regulation of NFκB activity influence subcellular localization of IRAK3 in HEK293T cells and fail to rescue IRAK3 function in IRAK3 knock-out THP-1 monocytes stimulated with LPS unless the cGMP analog is present. Together, our results shed new light on the mechanism by which IRAK3 and its enzymatic product control the downstream signaling, affecting inflammatory responses in immortalized cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Turek
- Department of Rural Clinical Sciences, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3552, Australia
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3552, Australia
| | - Trang H Nguyen
- Department of Rural Clinical Sciences, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3552, Australia
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3552, Australia
| | - Charles Galea
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Isaiah Abad
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Lubna Freihat
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - David T Manallack
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Tony Velkov
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Helen Irving
- Department of Rural Clinical Sciences, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3552, Australia
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3552, Australia
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
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2
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Feng L, Tian R, Mu X, Chen C, Zhang Y, Cui J, Song Y, Liu Y, Zhang M, Shi L, Sun Y, Li L, Yi W. Identification of Genes Linking Natural Killer Cells to Apoptosis in Acute Myocardial Infarction and Ischemic Stroke. Front Immunol 2022; 13:817377. [PMID: 35432334 PMCID: PMC9012496 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.817377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are a type of innate lymphoid cell that are involved in the progression of acute myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. Although multiple forms of programmed cell death are known to play important roles in these diseases, the correlation between NK cells and apoptosis-related genes during acute myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke remains unclear. In this study, we explored the distinct patterns of NK cell infiltration and apoptosis during the pathological progression of acute myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke using mRNA expression microarrays from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Since the abundance of NK cells correlated positively with apoptosis in both diseases, we further examined the correlation between NK cell abundance and the expression of apoptosis-related genes. Interestingly, APAF1 and IRAK3 expression correlated negatively with NK cell abundance in both acute myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke, whereas ATM, CAPN1, IL1B, IL1R1, PRKACA, PRKACB, and TNFRSF1A correlated negatively with NK cell abundance in acute myocardial infarction. Together, these findings suggest that these apoptosis-related genes may play important roles in the mechanisms underlying the patterns of NK cell abundance and apoptosis in acute myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. Our study, therefore, provides novel insights for the further elucidation of the pathogenic mechanism of ischemic injury in both the heart and the brain, as well as potential useful therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Feng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ruofei Tian
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xingdou Mu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Internal Medicine, Central Health Center of Huilong Town, Shangluo, China
| | - Yuxi Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jun Cui
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yujie Song
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yingying Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- The Second Clinical Medicine College, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Yang Sun, ; Ling Li, ; Wei Yi,
| | - Ling Li
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Yang Sun, ; Ling Li, ; Wei Yi,
| | - Wei Yi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Yang Sun, ; Ling Li, ; Wei Yi,
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Tong J, Wang X, Liu Y, Ren X, Wang A, Chen Z, Yao J, Mao K, Liu T, Meng FL, Pan W, Zou Q, Liu J, Zhou Y, Xia Q, Flavell RA, Zhu S, Li HB. Pooled CRISPR screening identifies m 6A as a positive regulator of macrophage activation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/18/eabd4742. [PMID: 33910903 PMCID: PMC8081357 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd4742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
m6A RNA modification is implicated in multiple cellular responses. However, its function in the innate immune cells is poorly understood. Here, we identified major m6A "writers" as the top candidate genes regulating macrophage activation by LPS in an RNA binding protein focused CRISPR screening. We have confirmed that Mettl3-deficient macrophages exhibited reduced TNF-α production upon LPS stimulation in vitro. Consistently, Mettl3 flox/flox;Lyzm-Cre mice displayed increased susceptibility to bacterial infection and showed faster tumor growth. Mechanistically, the transcripts of the Irakm gene encoding a negative regulator of TLR4 signaling were highly decorated by m6A modification. METTL3 deficiency led to the loss of m6A modification on Irakm mRNA and slowed down its degradation, resulting in a higher level of IRAKM, which ultimately suppressed TLR signaling-mediated macrophage activation. Our findings demonstrate a previously unknown role for METTL3-mediated m6A modification in innate immune responses and implicate the m6A machinery as a potential cancer immunotherapy target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyu Tong
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine-Yale Institute for Immune Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Department of Pediatrics and Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Xuefei Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine-Yale Institute for Immune Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yongbo Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine-Yale Institute for Immune Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xingxing Ren
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, 230027 Hefei, China
| | - Anmin Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, 230027 Hefei, China
| | - Zonggui Chen
- Institute for Advanced Studies, State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jiameng Yao
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Kaiqiong Mao
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine-Yale Institute for Immune Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fei-Long Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wen Pan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, 230027 Hefei, China
| | - Qiang Zou
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jun Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Institute for Advanced Studies, State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Qiang Xia
- Department of Liver Surgery and State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China.
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8055, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8055, USA
| | - Shu Zhu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, 230027 Hefei, China.
| | - Hua-Bing Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine-Yale Institute for Immune Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Department of Liver Surgery and State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
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Nguyen TH, Turek I, Meehan-Andrews T, Zacharias A, Irving H. Analysis of interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase-3 (IRAK3) function in modulating expression of inflammatory markers in cell culture models: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244570. [PMID: 33382782 PMCID: PMC7774834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND IRAK3 is a critical modulator of inflammation in innate immunity. IRAK3 is associated with many inflammatory diseases, including sepsis, and is required in endotoxin tolerance to maintain homeostasis of inflammation. The impact of IRAK3 on inflammatory markers such as nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in cell culture models remains controversial. OBJECTIVE To analyse temporal effects of IRAK3 on inflammatory markers after one- or two-challenge interventions in cell culture models. METHODS A systematic search was performed to identify in vitro cell studies reporting outcome measures of expression of IRAK3 and inflammatory markers. Meta-analyses were performed where sufficient data were available. Comparisons of outcome measures were performed between different cell lines and human and mouse primary cells. RESULTS The literature search identified 7766 studies for screening. After screening titles, abstracts and full-texts, a total of 89 studies were included in the systematic review. CONCLUSIONS The review identifies significant effects of IRAK3 on decreasing NF-κB DNA binding activity in cell lines, TNF-α protein level at intermediate time intervals (4h-15h) in cell lines or at long term intervals (16h-48h) in mouse primary cells following one-challenge. The patterns of TNF-α protein expression in human cell lines and human primary cells in response to one-challenge are more similar than in mouse primary cells. Meta-analyses confirm a negative correlation between IRAK3 and inflammatory cytokine (IL-6 and TNF-α) expression after two-challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang Hong Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ilona Turek
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
| | - Terri Meehan-Andrews
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anita Zacharias
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen Irving
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
Despite recent advances in the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, unmet medical needs in some areas still exist. One of the main therapeutic approaches to alleviate dysregulated inflammation has been to target the activity of kinases that regulate production of inflammatory mediators. Small-molecule kinase inhibitors have the potential for broad efficacy, convenience and tissue penetrance, and thus often offer important advantages over biologics. However, designing kinase inhibitors with target selectivity and minimal off-target effects can be challenging. Nevertheless, immense progress has been made in advancing kinase inhibitors with desirable drug-like properties into the clinic, including inhibitors of JAKs, IRAK4, RIPKs, BTK, SYK and TPL2. This Review will address the latest discoveries around kinase inhibitors with an emphasis on clinically validated autoimmunity and inflammatory pathways. Unmet medical needs in the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases still exist. This Review discusses the activity of kinases that regulate production of inflammatory mediators and the recent advances in developing inhibitors to target such kinases.
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Lyu C, Zhang Y, Gu M, Huang Y, Liu G, Wang C, Li M, Chen S, Pan S, Gu Y. IRAK-M Deficiency Exacerbates Ischemic Neurovascular Injuries in Experimental Stroke Mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:504. [PMID: 30622459 PMCID: PMC6308305 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Innate immune response to neuronal death is one of the key events of the pathogenesis of ischemic brain injury. Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK)-M, encoded by gene Irak3, negatively regulates toll-like receptor signaling by interacting with the MyD88–IRAK-4–IRAK-1 complex and blocking the phosphorylation and dissociation of IRAK-1. Its function in the ischemic stroke is unknown. Objective: This study aims to investigate whether IRAK-M deficiency could exacerbate neuroinflammation and neurovascular injuries during cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Methods: Male C57BL/6 mice and Irak3 knockout mice were subjected to 45 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion and 4 or 24 h of reperfusion. Transcription of Irak3 gene was evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Then, infarct volume, neurological score, brain water content, and Evans blue leakage were compared between knock-out and wild-type mice after reperfusion. Through the observation of gross brain specimen after cerebral ischemia, the incidence of hemorrhage transformation was compared between KO and WT mice. To explore underlying signaling pathways involved in IRAK-M deficiency, major proinflammatory cytokines and NF-κB signaling were measured by qRT-PCR and Western blot. Results: The expression of IRAK-M peaked at 1 h after reperfusion, and then gradually decreased within the first 24 h, which was abolished by blocking the expression of hypoxia induced factor 1α. IRAK-M deficiency increased infarct volume, brain edema, the incidence of hemorrhage transformation, and the permeability of blood–brain barrier. In addition, the NF-κB-mediated expressions of proinflammatory cytokines and the activation of microglia in the ipsilateral brain from knock-out mice were much higher than those in wild-type littermates. Conclusion: IRAK-M deletion exacerbates neurovascular damages which are related to the pronounced activation of NF-κB signaling and neuroinflammatory responses during cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in mice. Our study indicates that IRAK-M has neuroprotective effect and has potential to facilitate the development of new pharmaceuticals that reduce neurovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenfei Lyu
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongfang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minhua Gu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yusheng Huang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanghui Liu
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Miaodan Li
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shumin Chen
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Suyue Pan
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Gu
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Encephalopathy, Hainan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Haikou, China
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7
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Li YW, Han R, Wang JL, Yang M, Dan XM, Li AX. Molecular identification and functional characterization of IRAK-3 from a teleost fish, the orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 81:383-389. [PMID: 30010020 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-3 (IRAK-3) is a unique IRAK family member, which negatively regulates the TLR-mediated immune response in mammals. However, the function of IRAK-3 remains to be elucidated in fish. In the present study, an IRAK-3 cDNA sequence (EcIRAK-3) with an ORF of 1776 bp encoding 591 amino acids was identified in the orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). Sequence analysis indicated that EcIRAK-3 shared the conserved structure characteristics and functional sites of vertebrate IRAK-3, and has a high sequence identity and phylogenetic relationship with that of other fish species. The genomic EcIRAK-3 ORF contained 13 exons and 12 introns, which was similar to that of most other fish species. In healthy grouper, EcIRAK-3 was ubiquitously expressed in seven tested tissues with the highest expression in the gills. Following Cryptocaryon irritans infection, the EcIRAK-3 transcript was up-regulated in the gills during the course of the experiment, but down-regulated in the spleen at an earlier point in time. EcIRAK-3 was localized in both the cytoplasm and nucleus in a condensed form, and its cellular distribution was affected by the death domain and ProST domain. In addition, EcIRAK-3 significantly increased MyD88-mediated NF-κB activity, and its function was ProST domain and kinase domain dependent. Taken together, the results obtained here have contributed to the understanding of the function of IRAK-3 in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510275, PR China; Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Rui Han
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Jiu-Le Wang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Man Yang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Xue-Ming Dan
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China.
| | - An-Xing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510275, PR China.
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8
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Evaluation of the TLR negative regulatory network in CVID patients. Genes Immun 2018; 20:198-206. [PMID: 29618830 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-018-0022-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), a clinically symptomatic primary immunodeficiency disease (PID), is characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia leading to recurrent infections and various complications. Recently, some defects in the signaling of TLRs have been identified in CVID patients which led us to investigate the expression of TLR4 and 9 negative regulatory molecules and their upregulation status following their activation. Using TaqMan real-time PCR, SOCS1, TNFAIP3, RFN216, and IRAK-M transcripts among peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were measured with/without TLR4 and 9 activations. TLR4 and 9 were activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and unmethylated CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN), respectively. Production of IFN-α and TNF-α cytokines, as a part of the functional response of mentioned TLRs, was also measured using ELISA. Deficient transcripts of IRAK-M and TNFAIP3 in unstimulated PBMCs and lower production of TNF-α and IFN-α after treatments were observed. Upregulation of RFN216 and TNFAIP3 after TLR9 activation was abnormal compared to healthy individuals. Significant correlations were found between abnormal IRAK-M and TNFAIP3 transcripts, and lymphadenopathy and inflammatory scenarios in patients, respectively. It seems that the transcriptional status of some negative regulatory molecules is disturbed in CVID patients, and this could be caused by the underlying pathogenesis of CVID and could involve complications like autoimmunity and inflammatory responses.
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Yin X, Gong X, Zhang L, Jiang R, Kuang G, Wang B, Chen X, Wan J. Glycyrrhetinic acid attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced fulminant hepatic failure in d -galactosamine-sensitized mice by up-regulating expression of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-M. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 320:8-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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10
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Rothschild DE, Zhang Y, Diao N, Lee CK, Chen K, Caswell CC, Slade DJ, Helm RF, LeRoith T, Li L, Allen IC. Enhanced Mucosal Defense and Reduced Tumor Burden in Mice with the Compromised Negative Regulator IRAK-M. EBioMedicine 2016; 15:36-47. [PMID: 27939424 PMCID: PMC5233813 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant inflammation is a hallmark of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer. IRAK-M is a critical negative regulator of TLR signaling and overzealous inflammation. Here we utilize data from human studies and Irak-m-/- mice to elucidate the role of IRAK-M in the modulation of gastrointestinal immune system homeostasis. In human patients, IRAK-M expression is up-regulated during IBD and colorectal cancer. Further functional studies in mice revealed that Irak-m-/- animals are protected against colitis and colitis associated tumorigenesis. Mechanistically, our data revealed that the gastrointestinal immune system of Irak-m-/- mice is highly efficient at eliminating microbial translocation following epithelial barrier damage. This attenuation of pathogenesis is associated with expanded areas of gastrointestinal associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), increased neutrophil migration, and enhanced T-cell recruitment. Further evaluation of Irak-m-/- mice revealed a splice variant that robustly activates NF-κB signaling. Together, these data identify IRAK-M as a potential target for future therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Rothschild
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Na Diao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Christina K Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Keqiang Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Clayton C Caswell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Daniel J Slade
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Richard F Helm
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Tanya LeRoith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Liwu Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States.
| | - Irving C Allen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States.
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Ichikawa K, Ohshima D, Sagara H. Regulation of signal transduction by spatial parameters: a case in NF-κB oscillation. IET Syst Biol 2016; 9:41-51. [PMID: 26672147 DOI: 10.1049/iet-syb.2013.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
NF-κB is a transcription factor regulating expression of more than 500 genes, and its dysfunction leads to the autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. In malignant cancer cells, NF-κB is constitutively activated. Thus the elucidation of mechanisms for NF-κB regulation is important for the establishment of therapeutic treatment caused by incorrect NF-κB responses. Cytoplasmic NF-κB translocates to the nucleus by the application of extracellular stimuli such as cytokines. Nuclear NF-κB is known to oscillate with the cycle of 1.5-4.5 h, and it is thought that the oscillation pattern regulates the expression profiles of genes. In this review, first we briefly describe regulation mechanisms of NF-κB. Next, published computational simulations on the oscillation of NF-κB are summarised. There are at least 60 reports on the computational simulation and analysis of NF-κB oscillation. Third, the importance of a 'space' for the regulation of oscillation pattern of NF-κB is discussed, showing altered oscillation pattern by the change in spatial parameters such as diffusion coefficient, nuclear to cytoplasmic volume ratio (N/C ratio), and transport through nuclear membrane. Finally, simulations in a true intracellular space (TiCS), which is an intracellular 3D space reconstructed in a computer with organelles such as nucleus and mitochondria are discussed.
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12
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Deconstructing innate immune signaling in myelodysplastic syndromes. Exp Hematol 2015; 43:587-598. [PMID: 26143580 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of immune-related genes is widely reported in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs), and chronic immune stimulation increases the risk for developing MDS. Aberrant innate immune activation, such as that caused by increased toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, in MDS can contribute to systemic effects on hematopoiesis, in addition to cell-intrinsic defects on hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSPC) function. This review will deconstruct aberrant function of TLR signaling mediators within MDS HSPCs that may contribute to cell-intrinsic consequences on hematopoiesis and disease pathogenesis. We will discuss the contribution of chronic TLR signaling to the pathogenesis of MDS based on evidence from patients and mouse genetic models.
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Du J, Nicolaes GA, Kruijswijk D, Versloot M, van der Poll T, van 't Veer C. The structure function of the death domain of human IRAK-M. Cell Commun Signal 2014; 12:77. [PMID: 25481771 PMCID: PMC4273448 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-014-0077-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND IRAK-M is an inhibitor of Toll-like receptor signaling that acts by re-directing IRAK-4 activity to TAK1 independent NF-κB activation and by inhibition of IRAK-1/IRAK-2 activity. IRAK-M is expressed in monocytes/macrophages and lung epithelial cells. Lack of IRAK-M in mice greatly improves the resistance to nosocomial pneumonia and lung tumors, which entices IRAK-M as a potential therapeutic target. IRAK-M consists of an N-terminal death domain (DD), a dysfunctional kinase domain and unstructured C-terminal domain. Little is known however on IRAK-M's structure-function relationships. RESULTS Since death domains provide the important interactions of IRAK-1, IRAK-2 and IRAK-4 molecules, we generated a 3D structure model of the human IRAK-M-DD (residues C5-G119) to guide mutagenesis studies and predict protein-protein interaction points. First we identified the DD residues involved in the endogenous capacity of IRAK-M to activate NF-κB that is displayed upon overexpression in 293T cells. W74 and R97, at distinct interfaces of the IRAK-M-DD, were crucial for this endogenous NF-κB activating capacity, as well as the C-terminal domain (S445-E596) of IRAK-M. Resulting anti-inflammatory A20 and pro-inflammatory IL-8 transcription in 293T cells was W74 dependent, while IL-8 protein expression was dependent on R97 and the TRAF6 binding motif at P478. The IRAK-M-DD W74 and R97 binding interfaces are predicted to interact with opposite sides of IRAK-4-DD's. Secondly we identified DD residues important for the inhibitory action of IRAK-M by stable overexpression of mutants in THP-1 macrophages and H292 lung epithelial cells. IRAK-M inhibited TLR2/4-mediated cytokine production in macrophages in a manner that is largely dependent on W74. R97 was not involved in inhibition of TNF production but was engaged in IL-6 down-regulation by IRAK-M. Protein-interactive residues D19-A23, located in between W74 and R97, were also observed to be crucial for inhibition of TLR2/4 mediated cytokine induction in macrophages. Remarkably, IRAK-M inhibited TLR5 mediated IL-8 production by lung epithelial cells independent of W74 and R97, but dependent on D19-A23 and R70, two surface-exposed regions that harbor predicted IRAK-2-DD interaction points of IRAK-M. CONCLUSION IRAK-M employs alternate residues of its DD to inhibit the different inflammatory mediators induced by varying TLRs and cells.
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Noncanonical Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB) Signaling and Potential for Therapeutics in Sepsis. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2013; 15:364-71. [PMID: 23975688 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-013-0362-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
NF-κB signaling plays a central role in the pathophysiology of severe sepsis and septic shock. Despite tremendous and missed efforts, novel therapeutics for severe sepsis and septic shock are still needed. Many drugs have been designed to target the canonical NF-κB signaling pathway with limited success, potentially due to the nonspecificity of the drugs for other kinases and the interaction of canonical signaling with other pathways. Here, we review the canonical and noncanonical signaling pathways of NF-κB, the cross talk and negative regulation of the two pathways, and the potential for therapeutics arising from the noncanonical NF-κB pathway in relation to the pathophysiology of septic shock.
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15
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Gantier MP, Stunden HJ, McCoy CE, Behlke MA, Wang D, Kaparakis-Liaskos M, Sarvestani ST, Yang YH, Xu D, Corr SC, Morand EF, Williams BRG. A miR-19 regulon that controls NF-κB signaling. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:8048-58. [PMID: 22684508 PMCID: PMC3439911 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fine-tuning of inflammatory responses by microRNAs (miRNAs) is complex, as they can both enhance and repress expression of pro-inflammatory mediators. In this study, we investigate inflammatory responses following global miRNA depletion, to better define the overall contribution of miRNAs to inflammation. We demonstrate that miRNAs positively regulate Toll-like receptor signaling using inducible Dicer1 deletion and global miRNA depletion. We establish an important contribution of miR-19b in this effect, which potentiates nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activity in human and mouse cells. Positive regulation of NF-κB signaling by miR-19b involves the coordinated suppression of a regulon of negative regulators of NF-κB signaling (including A20/Tnfaip3, Rnf11, Fbxl11/Kdm2a and Zbtb16). Transfection of miR-19b mimics exacerbated the inflammatory activation of rheumatoid arthritis primary fibroblast-like synoviocytes, demonstrating its physiological importance in the pathology of this disease. This study constitutes, to our knowledge, the first description of a miR-19 regulon that controls NF-κB signaling, and suggests that targeting this miRNA and linked family members could regulate the activity of NF-κB signaling in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Gantier
- Centre for Cancer Research, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia, Biomedical Center, Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospitals, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany, Integrated DNA Technologies Inc., Coralville, Iowa 52241, USA, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia and School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - H. James Stunden
- Centre for Cancer Research, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia, Biomedical Center, Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospitals, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany, Integrated DNA Technologies Inc., Coralville, Iowa 52241, USA, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia and School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Claire E. McCoy
- Centre for Cancer Research, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia, Biomedical Center, Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospitals, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany, Integrated DNA Technologies Inc., Coralville, Iowa 52241, USA, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia and School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark A. Behlke
- Centre for Cancer Research, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia, Biomedical Center, Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospitals, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany, Integrated DNA Technologies Inc., Coralville, Iowa 52241, USA, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia and School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Die Wang
- Centre for Cancer Research, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia, Biomedical Center, Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospitals, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany, Integrated DNA Technologies Inc., Coralville, Iowa 52241, USA, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia and School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Maria Kaparakis-Liaskos
- Centre for Cancer Research, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia, Biomedical Center, Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospitals, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany, Integrated DNA Technologies Inc., Coralville, Iowa 52241, USA, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia and School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Soroush T. Sarvestani
- Centre for Cancer Research, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia, Biomedical Center, Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospitals, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany, Integrated DNA Technologies Inc., Coralville, Iowa 52241, USA, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia and School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Yuan H. Yang
- Centre for Cancer Research, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia, Biomedical Center, Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospitals, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany, Integrated DNA Technologies Inc., Coralville, Iowa 52241, USA, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia and School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dakang Xu
- Centre for Cancer Research, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia, Biomedical Center, Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospitals, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany, Integrated DNA Technologies Inc., Coralville, Iowa 52241, USA, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia and School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sinéad C. Corr
- Centre for Cancer Research, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia, Biomedical Center, Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospitals, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany, Integrated DNA Technologies Inc., Coralville, Iowa 52241, USA, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia and School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eric F. Morand
- Centre for Cancer Research, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia, Biomedical Center, Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospitals, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany, Integrated DNA Technologies Inc., Coralville, Iowa 52241, USA, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia and School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Bryan R. G. Williams
- Centre for Cancer Research, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia, Biomedical Center, Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospitals, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany, Integrated DNA Technologies Inc., Coralville, Iowa 52241, USA, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia and School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +613 9594 7166; Fax: +613 9594 7167;
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De Carvalho DD, Sharma S, You JS, Su SF, Taberlay PC, Kelly TK, Yang X, Liang G, Jones PA. DNA methylation screening identifies driver epigenetic events of cancer cell survival. Cancer Cell 2012; 21:655-667. [PMID: 22624715 PMCID: PMC3395886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells typically exhibit aberrant DNA methylation patterns that can drive malignant transformation. Whether cancer cells are dependent on these abnormal epigenetic modifications remains elusive. We used experimental and bioinformatic approaches to unveil genomic regions that require DNA methylation for survival of cancer cells. First, we surveyed the residual DNA methylation profiles in cancer cells with highly impaired DNA methyltransferases. Then, we clustered these profiles according to their DNA methylation status in primary normal and tumor tissues. Finally, we used gene expression meta-analysis to identify regions that are dependent on DNA methylation-mediated gene silencing. We further showed experimentally that these genes must be silenced by DNA methylation for cancer cell survival, suggesting these are key epigenetic events associated with tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D De Carvalho
- Department of Urology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9181, USA
| | - Shikhar Sharma
- Department of Urology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9181, USA; Program in Genetic, Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9181, USA
| | - Jueng Soo You
- Department of Urology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9181, USA
| | - Sheng-Fang Su
- Department of Urology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9181, USA; Program in Genetic, Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9181, USA
| | - Phillippa C Taberlay
- Department of Urology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9181, USA
| | - Theresa K Kelly
- Department of Urology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9181, USA
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- Department of Urology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9181, USA
| | - Gangning Liang
- Department of Urology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9181, USA
| | - Peter A Jones
- Department of Urology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9181, USA.
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Glaros T, Fu Y, Xing J, Li L. Molecular mechanism underlying persistent induction of LCN2 by lipopolysaccharide in kidney fibroblasts. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34633. [PMID: 22514649 PMCID: PMC3326042 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin 2 (LCN2) is a critical inflammatory mediator persistently induced during endotoxemia, contributing to tubular damage and kidney failure. The intracellular process responsible for persistent induction of LCN2 by bacterial endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is not well understood. Using primary kidney fibroblasts, we observed that LPS-induced LCN2 expression requires a coupled circuit involving an early transient phase of AP-1 path and a late persistent phase of C/EBPδ path, both of which are dependent upon the interleukin 1 receptor associated kinase 1 (IRAK-1). Using immunoprecipitation analysis we observed transient binding of AP-1 to the promoters of both TNFα and C/ebpδ. On the other hand, we only observed persistent binding of C/EBPδ to its own promoter but not on TNFα. Blockage of new protein synthesis using cyclohexamide significantly reduced the expression of C/EBPδ as well as LCN2. By chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses, we demonstrated that LPS recruited C/EBPδ to the Lcn2 promoter in WT, but not IRAK-1 deficient fibroblasts. A differential equation-based computational model captured the dynamic circuit leading to the persistent induction of LCN2. In vivo, we observed elevated levels of LCN2 in kidneys harvested from LPS-injected WT mice as compared to IRAK-1 deficient mice. Taken together, this study has identified an integrated intracellular network involved in the persistent induction of LCN2 by LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Glaros
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Inflammation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Biological Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Yan Fu
- Department of Biological Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Program of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jianhua Xing
- Department of Biological Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Liwu Li
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Inflammation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Biological Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Atianand MK, Harton JA. Uncoupling of Pyrin-only protein 2 (POP2)-mediated dual regulation of NF-κB and the inflammasome. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:40536-47. [PMID: 21976665 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.274290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of transcription factor NF-κB and inflammasome-directed caspase-1 cleavage of IL-1β are key processes in the inflammatory response to pathogen or host-derived signals. Pyrin-only proteins (POPs) are restricted to Old World monkeys, apes, and humans and have previously been shown to impair inflammasome assembly and/or NF-κB p65 transcriptional activity in transfected epithelial cells. However, the biological role of POP2 and the molecular basis for its observed functions are not well understood. In this report we demonstrate that POP2 regulates TNFα and IL-1β responses in human monocytic THP-1 cells and in stable transfectants of mouse J774A.1 macrophages. Deletion analysis of POP2 revealed that the first α-helix (residues 1-19) is necessary and sufficient for both inflammasome and NF-κB inhibitory functions. Further, key acidic residues Glu(6), Asp(8), and Glu(16), believed critical for Pyrin/Pyrin domain interaction, are important for inflammasome inhibition. Moreover, these mutations did not reduce the effect of POP2 upon NF-κB, indicating that the inflammasome and NF-κB inhibitory properties of POP2 can be uncoupled mechanistically. Collectively, these data demonstrate that POP2 acts as a regulator of inflammatory signals and exerts its two known functions through distinct modalities employed by its first α-helix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maninjay K Atianand
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208, USA
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19
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Abstract
Antigen presenting cells (APCs) of the innate immune system sense a wide range of pathogens via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Engagement of certain PRRs can induce production of pro-inflammatory mediators that facilitate effective clearance of pathogen. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a well described group of PRRs that belong to the TLR/Interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) superfamily. However, TLR/IL-1R induction of pro-inflammatory mediators must be regulated to prevent excessive inflammation and tissue damage. One molecule of recent interest that is known to inhibit TLR/IL-1R signaling is interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase (IRAK)-M, also known as IRAK-3. IRAK-M is expressed in a number of immune and epithelial cells types, and through its inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine production, IRAK-M can regulate immune homeostasis and tolerance in a number of infectious and non-infectious diseases. Furthermore, use of IRAK-M deficient animals has increased our understanding of the importance of IRAK-M in regulating immune responsiveness to a variety of pathogens. Although IRAK-M expression is typically induced through TLR signaling, IRAK-M can also be expressed in response to various endogenous and exogenous soluble factors as well as cell surface and intracellular signaling molecules. This review will focus on clinical scenarios in which expression of IRAK-M is beneficial (as in early sepsis) and those situations where IRAK-M expression is harmful to the host (as in cancer and following bone marrow transplant). There is strong rationale for therapeutic targeting of IRAK-M for clinical benefit. However, effective targeting will require a greater understanding of the transcriptional regulation of this gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah L N Hubbard
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
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20
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The interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinases: critical regulators of innate immune signalling. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:1981-91. [PMID: 20599782 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The interleukin receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) family are involved in regulating Toll-like receptor (TLR) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) signalling pathways. TLRs are pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune response that are responsible for sensing pathogens and initiating immunity, while IL-1 is one of the key cytokines that mediates inflammation. As such, IL-1/TLR signalling pathways and the IRAK family are critical in anti-pathogen responses, inflammation and autoimmunity. The family comprises of four members, IRAK-1, IRAK-2, IRAK-M (IRAK-3) and IRAK-4, and has a role in both positive and negative regulation of signal transduction. While it was once thought that the family displayed some redundancy, each member of the family is emerging as a distinct and vital contributor to IL-1/TLR signalling mechanisms. Knockout mouse studies have explored the relative contribution of each of the IRAKs in IL-1/TLR signalling, while the recent generation of kinase-inactive knock-in IRAK-4 mice have revealed which of IRAK-4 functions require its kinase activity. IRAK-2, previously thought of as a pseudokinase, has recently been proposed to have kinase activity that is essential for TLR signalling. Not surprisingly given their critical role in IL-1/TLR signalling, the IRAK family members have been implicated in certain disease models including human immunodeficiencies. Thus the potential targeting of these essential protein kinases therapeutically is also discussed.
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Villar J, Cabrera N, Casula M, Flores C, Valladares F, Muros M, Blanch L, Slutsky AS, Kacmarek RM. Mechanical ventilation modulates Toll-like receptor signaling pathway in a sepsis-induced lung injury model. Intensive Care Med 2010; 36:1049-57. [PMID: 20397011 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-010-1799-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental and clinical studies on sepsis have demonstrated activation of the innate immune response following the initial host-bacterial interaction. In addition, mechanical ventilation (MV) can induce a pulmonary inflammatory response. How these two responses interact when present simultaneously remains to be elucidated. We hypothesized that MV modulates innate host response during sepsis by influencing Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. DESIGN Prospective, randomized, controlled animal study. SUBJECTS Male, septic Sprague-Dawley rats. INTERVENTIONS Sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and perforation. At 18 h, surviving animals had the cecum removed and were randomized to spontaneous breathing or two strategies of MV for 4 h: high (20 ml/kg) tidal volume (V (T)) with no positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) versus low V (T) (6 ml/kg) plus 10 cmH(2)O PEEP. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Histological evaluation, TLR-2, TLR-4, inhibitory kappaB alpha (IkappaBalpha), interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-3 (IRAK-3) gene expression, protein levels and immunohistochemical lung localization, inflammatory cytokines gene expression, and protein serum concentrations were analyzed. MV with low V (T) plus PEEP attenuated sepsis-associated TLR-4 activation, and produced a significant decrease of IRAK-3 gene expression and protein levels, a significant increase of IkappaBalpha, and a decrease in lung gene expression and serum levels of cytokines. High-V (T) MV caused a significant increase of TLR-4 and IRAK-3 protein levels, lung and systemic cytokines, and mortality, and a significant decrease of IkappaBalpha. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest a novel mechanism that could partially explain how MV modulates the innate immune response in the lung by interfering with cellular signaling pathways that are activated in response to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Villar
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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22
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Villar J, Cabrera NE, Casula M, Flores C, Valladares F, Díaz-Flores L, Muros M, Slutsky AS, Kacmarek RM. Mechanical ventilation modulates TLR4 and IRAK-3 in a non-infectious, ventilator-induced lung injury model. Respir Res 2010; 11:27. [PMID: 20199666 PMCID: PMC2841148 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-11-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous experimental studies have shown that injurious mechanical ventilation has a direct effect on pulmonary and systemic immune responses. How these responses are propagated or attenuated is a matter of speculation. The goal of this study was to determine the contribution of mechanical ventilation in the regulation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling and interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase-3 (IRAK-3) during experimental ventilator-induced lung injury. METHODS Prospective, randomized, controlled animal study using male, healthy adults Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 300-350 g. Animals were anesthetized and randomized to spontaneous breathing and to two different mechanical ventilation strategies for 4 hours: high tidal volume (VT) (20 ml/kg) and low VT (6 ml/kg). Histological evaluation, TLR2, TLR4, IRAK3 gene expression, IRAK-3 protein levels, inhibitory kappa B alpha (IkappaBalpha), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL6) gene expression in the lungs and TNF-alpha and IL-6 protein serum concentrations were analyzed. RESULTS High VT mechanical ventilation for 4 hours was associated with a significant increase of TLR4 but not TLR2, a significant decrease of IRAK3 lung gene expression and protein levels, a significant decrease of IkappaBalpha, and a higher lung expression and serum concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSIONS The current study supports an interaction between TLR4 and IRAK-3 signaling pathway for the over-expression and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines during ventilator-induced lung injury. Our study also suggests that injurious mechanical ventilation may elicit an immune response that is similar to that observed during infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Villar
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain.
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Abstract
The stimulation of TLR4 by LPS activates two distinct signaling pathways leading to the expression of diverse inflammatory genes. Intensive studies over the past decade have revealed the components involved in these signaling pathways, however, more recently the focus has shifted somewhat towards the components that regulate these pathways. Several regulatory mechanisms, including localisation of components, splice variants and inhibitory molecules will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne F McGettrick
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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