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Wiberg ME, Saari SA, Westermarck E. Exocrine pancreatic atrophy in German Shepherd Dogs and Rough-coated Collies: an end result of lymphocytic pancreatitis. Vet Pathol 1999; 36:530-41. [PMID: 10568434 DOI: 10.1354/vp.36-6-530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Previously published studies of the pathology of canine exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) have been based on morphological findings during the clinical phase of the disease, when atrophy of acinar parenchyma occurs. Recently, low serum trypsinlike immunoreactivity (TLI) concentration has been shown to precede clinical signs, making it possible to diagnose EPI prior to onset of the clinical disease. This study presents histological and ultrastructural findings of pancreatic biopsies from 11 German Shepherd Dogs and 2 Rough-coated Collies with subclinical EPI (SEPI). These findings were compared with those from dogs with clinical EPI (n = 11) and healthy control dogs (n = 5). Biopsied tissue from dogs with SEPI typically contained both normal and atrophied acinar parenchyma. The most significant finding was the marked lymphocytic infiltration, which was most prevalent at the border zone of affected and nonaffected parenchyma but had spread into the normal acinar tissue. Numerous intraacinar lymphocytes were found. Most of the lymphocytes were positive by immunostaining for CD3. In more advanced stages of destruction, the findings were characteristic of pancreatic acinar atrophy. In the atrophied parenchyma, the inflammatory reaction, if present, was less prominent. Ultrastructural changes were in accordance with those of the histological study showing infiltration of lymphocytes both in affected acini and in acini that revealed no obvious ultrastructural changes. Progressive degenerative changes of acinar cells were considered a nonspecific finding. Apoptotic death of acinar cells was occasionally found. The inflammatory reaction was clearly shown to precede the pancreatic acinar atrophy, and the findings suggested that lymphocytic pancreatitis leads to atrophy of the pancreas. The possibility that EPI is an immune-mediated disease in German Shepherd Dogs and Rough-coated Collies is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Wiberg
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Ramsingh AI, Lee WT, Collins DN, Armstrong LE. Differential recruitment of B and T cells in coxsackievirus B4-induced pancreatitis is influenced by a capsid protein. J Virol 1997; 71:8690-7. [PMID: 9343227 PMCID: PMC192333 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.11.8690-8697.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Two genetically similar variants of coxsackievirus B4, CB4-P and CB4-V, cause distinct disease syndromes in mice. A multidisciplinary approach was used to examine the events occurring in situ. The CB4-P variant induced acute pancreatitis, followed by repair of the exocrine tissues, while the CB4-V variant induced chronic pancreatitis, characterized by extensive destruction of the exocrine tissues. Since CB4-V replicated more efficiently than CB4-P in vivo, the more extensive tissue injury associated with CB4-V infection could be explained as the result of a higher level of viral replication. However, the fact that CB4-V replicated more efficiently in a mouse strain that survives infection than in a strain that succumbs to infection suggests that immune-mediated mechanisms as well as viral cytolysis may contribute to pancreatic tissue injury. To address the role of the immune system in virus-induced pancreatitis, the cell types within the inflammatory infiltrate were analyzed by flow cytometry. B cells (34 to 75%) were the most abundant, followed by T cells (10 to 30%), natural killer cells (4 to 8%), and macrophages (0 to 6%). Recruitment (and perhaps proliferation) of B and T cells to the pancreatic tissues was influenced by viral strain. Differential recruitment of T and B cells may reflect altered antigenic sites between CB4-P and CB4-V. The viral sequence that affected T- and B-cell recruitment was identified as a threonine residue at position 129 of the VP1 capsid protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Ramsingh
- Wadsworth Center for Laboratories and Research, New York State Department of Health, Albany 12201-2002, USA.
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Ballagh RH, Kudryk KG, Lampe HB, Moriarty B, Mackay A, Burford-Mason AP, Dardick I. The pathobiology of salivary gland. III. PCNA-localization of cycling cells induced in rat submandibular gland by low-dose x-radiation. ORAL SURGERY, ORAL MEDICINE, AND ORAL PATHOLOGY 1994; 77:27-35. [PMID: 7906408 DOI: 10.1016/s0030-4220(06)80103-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Application of ionizing radiation to adult rat major salivary glands tested tenets of the bicellular reserve cell hypothesis for the induction of salivary gland tumors, namely, that stem cells preferentially located to luminal cells of the intercalated duct and basal cells of the excretory duct in normal salivary glands. The effect of a single, low dose (3000 cGy) of x-radiation administered to the parotid and submandibular glands was followed with the use of immunocytochemistry and an antibody to the cell cycle-related protein proliferating cell nuclear antigen to detect the kinetics and localization of cycling cells up to 15 days postirradiation. Maximal responses occurred in acinar cells (12.6-fold increase) of submandibular glands on day 7 postirradiation. Similar but less dramatic concurrent increases in proliferating cells were evident in intercalated (3.4-fold) and striated (2.2-fold) duct cells, but little response was seen in basal or luminal cells of submandibular gland excretory ducts. A limited but maximal proliferative response again occurred on day 7 in the parotid gland. Neither in the steady state nor irradiated submandibular gland was there evidence of specific stem ("reserve") cells associated with the intercalated or excretory ducts. It appears unnecessary to invoke stem cells in a model of cellular proliferation in salivary glands. Therefore current concepts of salivary gland tumorigenesis require modification because all cell types, including acinar cells, are at risk in the carcinogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Ballagh
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Western Ontario
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Burford-Mason AP, Cummins MM, Brown DH, MacKay AJ, Dardick I. Immunohistochemical analysis of the proliferative capacity of duct and acinar cells during ligation-induced atrophy and subsequent regeneration of rat parotid gland. J Oral Pathol Med 1993; 22:440-6. [PMID: 7907370 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.1993.tb00122.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
To study the proliferative capacity of salivary gland, an animal model of regeneration was developed. A clamp, which induced atrophy in parotid gland by obstructing the main excretory duct but allowed restoration of duct patency following removal, was implanted in a series of rats. When it was removed (Day 7), the weight of the glands was reduced by 50% and acinar cells had decreased from 93.8% to 8.2% of total cell population. Regeneration occurred rapidly following removal of the clamp. The number and location of cycling intercalated, striated, and excretory duct cells and acinar cells were monitored using an antibody to proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). All cell types were induced to cycle but the predominant cell to cycle was the acinar cell. During regeneration the number of PCNA+ acinar cells increased 38.7-fold from steady-state values. Results demonstrate that acinar cells have a significant potential for cycling, contrary to current histogenetic theories of salivary gland tumourigenesis which exclude acinar cells as potential progenitor cells on the grounds of their putative limited cycling capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Burford-Mason
- Conacher Head and Neck Cancer Research Unit, Toronto Hospital, Ontario, Canada
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Dardick I, Burford-Mason AP. Current status of histogenetic and morphogenetic concepts of salivary gland tumorigenesis. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ORAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORAL BIOLOGISTS 1993; 4:639-77. [PMID: 8292713 DOI: 10.1177/10454411930040050201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Because of their complexity and relative infrequency, salivary gland tumors commonly result in diagnostic problems. Histogenetic and morphogenetic concepts of tumorigenesis in these glands are reviewed and their relevance to routine diagnosis and classification of salivary gland tumors evaluated. Evidence is presented from animal and human studies that under steady-state and pathophysiological conditions, all cell types present in the normal gland, including acinar cells, are capable of rapidly entering the cell cycle and are, therefore, possible targets for neoplastic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Dardick
- Department of Pathology, Banting Institute, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Nonomura A, Kono N, Mizukami Y, Nakanuma Y, Matsubara F. Duct-acinar-islet cell tumor of the pancreas. Ultrastruct Pathol 1992; 16:317-29. [PMID: 1316659 DOI: 10.3109/01913129209061361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Two cases of pancreatic tumor consisting of duct, acinar, and islet components are reported. Both tumors measured about 1.0 cm in diameter and were without definite fibrous encapsulation. Histologic, immunocytochemical, and electron microscopic studies revealed three distinct cell populations: duct, acinar, and islet cells. Both endocrine and exocrine components were seen within the same cell nest. Islet components predominated in both cases. Nearly all the cells in the islet component were positive for insulin. Few cells positive for glucagon, somatostatin, or pancreatic polypeptide were present within the tumor cell nests. Duct cells were the least conspicuous cellular element of the tumor; they were positive for mucin and immunoreactive for cytokeratin and carcinoembryonic antigens (CEA). The acinar component was the minor element of the tumor in both cases. Electron microscopic study also confirmed three different cell populations in the tumor: duct cells arranged in a ductal structure with intercellular attachments and microvilli, islet cells containing beta granules, and acinar cells with zymogen granules. The tumors presented herein indicate that both their endocrine and exocrine components might have been derived from a common precursor. The implication and significance of the differentiation of different cells within the same tumor is discussed in relation to the concept of an amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD) system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nonomura
- Pathology Section, Kanazawa University Hospital, Japan
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Burford-Mason A, Byard RW, Dardick I, van Nostrand AW. The pathobiology of salivary gland. I. Growth and development of rat submandibular gland organoids cultured in a collagen gel matrix. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. A, PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY AND HISTOPATHOLOGY 1991; 418:387-400. [PMID: 2035253 DOI: 10.1007/bf01605924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Fragments of rat submandibular gland (organoids) which maintained the topological organization of the parent tissue were cultured in a three-dimensional collagen gel matrix for up to 30 days. At 48 h, vigorous peripheral outgrowth had occurred around each organoid. This was accompanied by central necrosis and the bridging of adjacent organoids. By day 5, large cyst-like spaces occupied the centre of many organoids. Bromodeoxyuridine labelling indicated that a considerable proportion of the lining cells were proliferating. Organoid growth peaked at between 5 and 10 days. Thereafter, the number of viable colonies and proliferating cells declined. Addition of isoproterenol after 24 h culture resulted in marked morphological alterations, with earlier and more prolific outgrowth and a greater tendency for organoids to flatten and grow out over the surface of the gel with squamous differentiation. Ultrastructurally, nuclear and cytoplasmic features of isoproterenol-treated and untreated cultures were similar. The secretory granules and extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum of terminal tubule cells, evident in organoids immediately after isolation, were infrequent after 24 h and absent by 48 h. Similar alterations occurred in the few acinar cells, so by 5 days the cultures were composed entirely of a uniform population of primitive, dedifferentiated cells. Further uses of this culture systems will include the study of diseases and disorders of the salivary glands as well as normal growth and differentiation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Burford-Mason
- Department of Pathology, University of Toronto, Banting Institute, Ontario, Canada
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Arias AE, Bendayan M. Secretagogue induction of cell differentiation in pancreatic acinar cells in vitro. Exp Cell Res 1991; 195:199-206. [PMID: 1711472 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(91)90517-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The effect of two different types of secretagogues on rat pancreatic acinar cells cultured onto a reconstituted basement membrane was studied. Cells cultured without any secretagogue were able to reaggregate but did not form monolayer patches. Most of them lost their differentiated ultrastructural characteristics but regained their polarity. In contrast, when CCK, caerulein, or carbamylcholine was added to the culture medium cells developed both acini-like structures and cell monolayer patches. The cells retained the differentiated ultrastructural appearance and polarity resembling their in situ morphology. Furthermore, secretagogue-conditioned cells presented higher amylase contents. The use of secretagogue antagonists such as L-364,718 and L-365,260 for caerulein, or atropine and mecamylamine for carbamylcholine, did not profoundly modify the cultures and the morphological effects triggered by the secretagogues alone. However, both CCK antagonists and cholinergic antagonists inhibited to a certain degree the secretory stimulation. Our data support the theory that a major role is played by secretagogues in conjunction with the basement membrane for the maintenance of differentiation in pancreatic acinar cells in vitro which appears to be independent from their secretory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Arias
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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Reddy JK, Rao MS, Yeldandi AV, Tan XD, Dwivedi RS. Pancreatic hepatocytes. An in vivo model for cell lineage in pancreas of adult rat. Dig Dis Sci 1991; 36:502-9. [PMID: 2007367 DOI: 10.1007/bf01298883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Multiple foci of hepatocytes differentiate in the pancreas of adult rats subjected to a copper depletion-repletion regimen. Copper deficiency for seven to nine weeks causes an irreversible depletion of over 80% of the acinar cells in the pancreas. When transferred to a normal diet, these rats exhibit only a minimal and spotty acinar cell recovery. This disruption of tissue organization appears to trigger a profound change in cellular commitment, which leads to hepatocyte differentiation in the "oval cells" in the periductal interstitium and the epithelial cells lining the small pancreatic ductules. Pancreatic hepatocytes express several liver-specific genes including albumin, a2u-globulin, carbamoylphosphate synthetase-I, and urate oxidase. Both carbamoylphosphate synthetase-I and glutamine synthetase, the ammonia-metabolizing enzymes, are expressed by all pancreatic hepatocytes; in liver, these are expressed by different populations of hepatocytes. The magnitude of hepatocyte differentiation in this model should facilitate studies on the molecular events regulating changes in cell lineage or differentiation commitment within the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Reddy
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611
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Rao MS, Yeldandi AV, Reddy JK. Stem cell potential of ductular and periductular cells in the adult rat pancreas. CELL DIFFERENTIATION AND DEVELOPMENT : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGISTS 1990; 29:155-63. [PMID: 2190679 DOI: 10.1016/0922-3371(90)90118-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M S Rao
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611
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