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Kim JH, Jung K, Kim J, Lee J, Kim H, Song H, Han K, Park S, Ahn C, Kim CW. Development of a rabbit monocyte activation test as an alternative to the rabbit pyrogen test and its application in the analysis of plasma-derived products. Biologicals 2021; 71:20-30. [PMID: 33994086 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The rabbit pyrogen test (RPT) is a safety test conducted as a part of mandatory requirements of regulatory agencies. RPT is currently performed for routine quality control (QC) by manufacturers and for national lot release of biological products, such as plasma-derived products. However, RPT involves the use of many rabbits, counter to the international efforts to minimize the use of animals in research. Furthermore, pyrogen amount cannot be discerned from the test results and the results may be considerably affected by various factors. Therefore, a need exists for substituting RPT with in vitro assays. As a viable alternative to RPT, we here established a rabbit monocyte activation test (RMAT) based on the human MAT in the European Pharmacopoeia. RMAT uses rabbit peripheral blood mononuclear cells as the source of monocytes instead of live animals. The test detected endotoxin, lipoteichoic acid, peptidoglycan, and zymosan with high sensitivity, showing high correlation with the in vivo RPT results. The results of RMAT and RPT testing of non-pyrogenic plasma-derived products were also consistent. Furthermore, RMAT showed satisfactory recovery rates in an interference test with product samples and spiked-in pyrogens. We conclude that RMAT could replace the existing RPT for routine QC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hye Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 1, 5-ka, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-ku, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, Chuncheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kikyung Jung
- National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, Chuncheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jaeok Kim
- National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, Chuncheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jiyoung Lee
- National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, Chuncheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea.
| | - HyunJeong Kim
- National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, Chuncheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hojin Song
- National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, Chuncheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kiwon Han
- National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, Chuncheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sangmi Park
- National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, Chuncheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea; Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University College of Pharmacy, 194-21, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28160, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chiyoung Ahn
- National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, Chuncheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chan-Wha Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 1, 5-ka, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-ku, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Palma L, Rossetti F, Dominici S, Buondelmonte C, Rocchi MB, Rizzardi GP, Vallanti G, Magnani M. Determination of Interference DuringIn VitroPyrogen Detection: Development and Characterization of a Cell-Based Assay. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2017; 15:64-76. [DOI: 10.1089/adt.2016.758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Palma
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo,” Urbino, Italy
| | | | - Sabrina Dominici
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo,” Urbino, Italy
| | - Costantina Buondelmonte
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo,” Urbino, Italy
| | - Marco B.L. Rocchi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo,” Urbino, Italy
| | | | | | - Mauro Magnani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo,” Urbino, Italy
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Blad S, Welin AK, Kjellmer I, Rosén K, Mallard C. ECG and Heart Rate Variability Changes in Preterm and Near-Term Fetal Lamb Following LPS Exposure. Reprod Sci 2008; 15:572-83. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719107314060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Blad
- Perinatal Center, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology,
| | | | - Ingemar Kjellmer
- Pediatrics, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Carina Mallard
- Perinatal Center, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology
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Daneshian M, Guenther A, Wendel A, Hartung T, von Aulock S. In vitro pyrogen test for toxic or immunomodulatory drugs. J Immunol Methods 2006; 313:169-75. [PMID: 16730742 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2006.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2006] [Revised: 04/11/2006] [Accepted: 04/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Pyrogenic contaminations of some classes of injectable drugs, e.g. toxic or immunomodulatory as well as false-positive drugs, represent a major risk which cannot yet be excluded due to the limitations of current tests. Here we describe a modification of the In vitro Pyrogen Test termed AWIPT (Adsorb, Wash, In vitro Pyrogen Test), which addresses this problem by introducing a pre-incubation step in which pyrogenic contaminations in the test sample are adsorbed to albumin-coated beads. After rinsing, the beads are incubated with human whole blood and the release of the endogenous pyrogen interleukin-1beta is measured as a marker of pyrogenic activity. Intentional contaminations with lipopolysaccharide were retrieved from the chemotherapeutic agents paclitaxel, cisplatin and liposomal daunorubicin, the antibiotic gentamicin, the antifungal agent liposomal amphotericin B, and the corticosteroid prednisolone at lower dilutions than in the standard in vitro pyrogen test. This represents a promising new approach for the detection of pyrogenic contamination in drugs or in drugs containing interfering additives and should lead to improved safety levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mardas Daneshian
- Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, POB M668 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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Hartung T, Aaberge I, Berthold S, Carlin G, Charton E, Coecke S, Fennrich S, Fischer M, Gommer M, Halder M, Haslov K, Jahnke M, Montag-Lessing T, Poole S, Schechtman L, Wendel A, Werner-Felmayer G. Novel pyrogen tests based on the human fever reaction. The report and recommendations of ECVAM Workshop 43. European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods. European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods. Altern Lab Anim 2001; 29:99-123. [PMID: 11262757 DOI: 10.1177/026119290102900203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Hartung
- Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, P.O. Box M 655, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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Visvanathan K, Charles A, Bannan J, Pugach P, Kashfi K, Zabriskie JB. Inhibition of bacterial superantigens by peptides and antibodies. Infect Immun 2001; 69:875-84. [PMID: 11159981 PMCID: PMC97965 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.2.875-884.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pyrogenic exotoxins of group A streptococci and staphylococcal enterotoxins are a family of structurally related superantigens with similar biological activity. Two distinct areas have been identified which have a highly conserved amino acid homology in all of the toxin families. A number of peptides were constructed from these regions, some of which were concatenated and polymerized to enhance their immunogenicity in animals. Antibodies prepared against these polymerized peptides were used to serologically identify the majority of the superantigen toxins, block the biological activities of the superantigens, and protect an experimental animal model against shock. In addition certain peptides were able per se to block up to 90% of the proliferative responses induced by the toxins. The peptide also proved protective in a septic shock model in mice. Binding experiments indicate that the peptide binds tightly to the major histocompatibility complex class II molecule, thus preventing binding and hence activation of the superantigen. The selective and rapid binding of the peptide to the major histocompatibility complex class II molecule may lead to a novel therapeutic modality in treatment of superantigen-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Visvanathan
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) produces heat by oxidation of fatty acids. This takes place when the tissue is stimulated by norepinephrine; the molecular background for the ability of BAT to produce heat is the tissue-specific mitochondrial protein UCP1. In the classic view of BAT with respect to fever, BAT is an effector organ, producing heat especially during the onset phase of the fever. There is good evidence that BAT thermogenesis is stimulated via a lipopolysaccharide (LPS), interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6, prostaglandin E cascade. Under physiologic conditions of constantly stimulated activity, BAT is expected to be recruited, but in fevers this is only evident in thyroxine fever. However, BAT may be more than merely an effector. There are indications of a correlation between the amount of BAT and the intensity of fevers, and brown adipocytes can indeed produce IL-1 alpha and IL-6. Furthermore, brown adipocytes are directly sensitive to LPS; this LPS sensitivity is augmented in brown adipocytes from IL-1 beta-deficient mice. Thus, BAT may also have a controlling role in thermoregulation. The existence of transgenic mice with ablations of proteins central in fever and in BAT thermogenesis opens up possibilities for identification and elucidation of this putative new role for brown adipose tissue as an endocrine organ involved in the control of fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Cannon
- The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Josef Houstek
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Nedergaard
- The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Fraifeld V, Kaplanski J. Brain eicosanoids and LPS fever: species and age differences. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1998; 115:141-57. [PMID: 9632934 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)62034-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The results of the present study, summarized in Table 2, demonstrate that different species and strains of rodents (rats and mice) and birds (chickens) exhibit rather specific fever response. Systemic administration of LPS caused monophasic elevation in Tb of chickens, biphasic changes in Tb of rats (initial drop followed by an increase in Tb), whereas mice failed to develop hyperthermia and responded by a decreased Tb. The LPS-induced alterations in hypothalamic prostanoid synthesis were also rather species-specific and differ markedly even between the two strains of mice. We failed to find a common direct correlation between LPS-induced changes in Tb and hypothalamic prostanoid production in rodents (rats and mice). This observation is supported by our recent study on age-related changes in fever response in rats, where we found that hypothalami of LPS-treated old and young adult rats produced similar amounts of PGE2 and PGI2, in spite of more pronounced and prolonged hypothermia, and a delayed elevation in Tb of old rats, as compared with young (Fraifeld et al., 1995b). Moreover, the hypothalamus of febrile chickens did not display any detectable activation of PGE2 production, suggesting that PGE2 is not a common central mediator of fever in homeotherms (Fraifeld et al., 1995a). Apparently, the actual body temperature not always reflects the functional state of central thermostat, and increased PGE2 production in hypothalamus would not directly, at least in rodents, lead to body temperature elevation. Furthermore, peripheral effects, including PG-mediated ones, of pyrogens can interfere and even overcome their centrally-mediated effects (Morimoto et al., 1991; Burysek et al., 1993). Previously, we have shown that no additional elevation in hypothalamic PGE2 production occurs in response to doses of LPS over 10 micrograms in rats and 25 micrograms in mice, while the increased doses led to further changes in Tb response (Kaplanski et al., 1993). Morimoto et al. (1991) have considered that PGE2 acts centrally to cause fever and peripherally to cause hypothermia, and, hence, these opposing actions, both being induced by LPS, may act together to determine the final thermoregulatory response. Other possibilities could be related to counterbalance of endogenous antipyretics (Kluger, 1991; Kozak et al., 1995), that may occur not only at the level of thermoregulatory center but also outside the CNS (Klir et al., 1995), and to the existence of PG-independent mechanisms of LPS fever. The latter have been shown for IL-8 (Rothwell et al., 1990; Zampronio et al., 1994) and MIP-1 (Davatelis et al., 1989; Minano et al., 1990; Hayashi et al., 1995; Lopez-Valpuesta and Myers, 1995), which are, apparently, mediated via CRF (Strijbos et al., 1992; Zampronio et al., 1994), and INF-alpha, mediated via the opioid receptor mechanisms (Hori et al., 1991, 1992). However, it has been shown recently that in different species the same pyrogenic cytokines (IL-8) may induced fever via different, PG-independent (in rats; Zampronio et al., 1994) or PG-dependent (in rabbits; Zampronio et al., 1995) mechanisms. It should be noted that fever response is not always accompanied by an elevation in Tb. The final effect of pyrogens on body temperature depends upon the balance between heat production and heat loss, which in turn is highly dependent upon body size and ambient temperature, especially in small animals. Perhaps, the hypothermic response observed in our mice and rats at 22 degrees C may be in part attributed to ambient temperature, which was below a thermoneutral zone. The reduced febrile response is considered, at least in part, to contribute to an increased mortality and prolonged recovery from infections (Kluger, 1986). From this point, it is difficult to suggest whether the hypothermia observed in our mice and rats could be of somewhat adaptive significance. It has been shown that at the ambient temperature of 30 degrees C, Swiss Webster mice can re
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Affiliation(s)
- V Fraifeld
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Kaplanski J, Fraifeld V, Rubin M. Body temperature and hypothalamic PGE2 response to LPS in developing rats. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1997; 813:474-9. [PMID: 9100923 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb51735.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Kaplanski
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Corob Center for Medical Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Coceani F, Bishai I, Engelberts D, House RV, Adamson SL. Response of newborn and adult sheep to pyrogens: relation between fever and brain eicosanoid changes. Brain Res 1995; 700:191-204. [PMID: 8624710 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(95)00946-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether the weak febrile response to pyrogens in newborns is due to a diminished activation of the putative pyrogen mediator, prostaglandin (PG)E2. Indwelling cannulas in the third ventricle of lambs (age, 5-31 days) and adult ewes were used to collect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for radioimmunoassay of PGE2. Intravenous (i.v.) endotoxin caused a smaller increase in body temperature but a larger increase in CSF PGE2 in lambs compared to adults. PGE2 by intracarotid infusion raised body temperature in 5 of 7 trials in 3 lambs and in 4 of 4 trials in 1 adult. Endotoxin given intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) induced a rise in temperature and CSF PGE2 in the lamb but, in the adult, these responses were delayed and smaller. Interleukin-1 i.c.v. and PGE2 i.c.v. were weak pyretic agents at both ages. We conclude that the lamb's diminished febrile response to endotoxin i.v. is not caused by a lesser rise in CSF PGE2, rather it may be due, at least in part, to reduced responsiveness to this putative mediator. Regardless of age, the sheep differs from other species in that pyrogen/PGE2 coupling occurs primarily at a site in brain that is better accessible from blood than CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Coceani
- Division of Neurosciences, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont. Canada
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