Rapid identification of some coumarin derivatives in deterpenated citrus peel oil by gas chromatography

Generally on the gas chromatogram of a volatile essential oil, terpenes, oxygenated compounds and sesquiterpenes appear. With temperature programming, it was shown that some non-volatiles are present with the volatiles. They are simple coumarin (2H-1-benzopyran-2-one) derivatives such as citropten (5,7-dimethoxycoumarin) and furocoumarins (psoralen, 7H-furo[3,2-g][1]benzopyran-7-one) such as bergapten (5-methoxypsoralen), some of which are phototoxic. Terpeneless oils are used in perfumes and cosmetics, so it is important to be able to establish rapidly if they contain phototoxic compounds.

Quantitative assessment of UV-induced changes in microcirculatory flow by laser Doppler velocimetry

Objective measurements of blood flow changes following UV irradiation in the skin of human volunteers have been made with the noninvasive technique of laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV). This optical procedure allowed perfusion (number of red cells X velocity) alterations in the cutaneous microcirculation to be monitored after exposure of the skin to UVA and UVB + UVC radiation. Response curves were obtained in 6 subjects following irradiation at 4 times the minimal UVB + UVC erythema dose (MED). Measurements were made on control (untreated) skin and on skin pretreated with a sunscreen lotion. It was found that: (1) the lotion vehicle had no protective effect, (2) the active sunscreen constituent (2-ethylhexylcinnamate, 5%) was significantly protective, and (3) the presence of bergapten (5-methoxypsoralen, 30 ppm) did not enhance or diminish the cinnamate protective effect. LDV measurements in 5 subjects were also taken during and subsequent to 5 daily exposures to 1 MED of UVB + UVC radiation. Control and pretreated skin sites were again studied and similar protective effects were observed. However, on subsequent reexposure of these sites to 4 MED of UVB + UVC, 14 days after the first of the 5 single MED doses, no significant change in skin blood perfusion was detected at either control or pretreated sites. In a separate series of experiments, LDV data were collected after UVA radiation exposures up to 15 J/cm2. No changes in microcirculation perfusion were detected in any of the situations considered. All LDV measurements were made with 2 instruments of slightly different design and were compared to subjective assessments of erythema performed by a single observer. The results suggest that LDV has significant potential as a means to quantify (1) UV exposures in excess of the MED and (2) the inhibition of UV-induced changes in microcirculatory flow by chemical protectants.