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Wang L, Wei X. T Cell-Mediated Autoimmunity in Glaucoma Neurodegeneration. Front Immunol 2022; 12:803485. [PMID: 34975917 PMCID: PMC8716691 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.803485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma as the leading neurodegenerative disease leads to blindness in 3.6 million people aged 50 years and older worldwide. For many decades, glaucoma therapy has primarily focused on controlling intraocular pressure (IOP) and sound evidence supports its role in delaying the progress of retinal ganglial cell (RGC) damage and protecting patients from vision loss. Meanwhile, accumulating data point to the immune-mediated attack of the neural retina as the underlying pathological process behind glaucoma that may come independent of raised IOP. Recently, some scholars have suggested autoimmune aspects in glaucoma, with autoreactive T cells mediating the chief pathogenic process. This autoimmune process, as well as the pathological features of glaucoma, largely overlaps with other neurodegenerative diseases in the central nervous system (CNS), including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and multiple sclerosis. In addition, immune modulation therapy, which is regarded as a potential solution for glaucoma, has been boosted in trials in some CNS neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, novel insights into the T cell-mediated immunity and treatment in CNS neurodegenerative diseases may serve as valuable inspirations for ophthalmologists. This review focuses on the role of T cell-mediated immunity in the pathogenesis of glaucoma and discusses potential applications of relevant findings of CNS neurodegenerative diseases in future glaucoma research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Shangjin Nanfu Hospital, Chengdu, China
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Abstract
Although the precise pathogenesis and etiology of Behçet's disease (BD) still remains unknown, current evidence suggests that inflammatory reaction in BD arises from disruption of homeostasis in genetically susceptible individuals, resulting in altered innate and adaptive immunity responses, pathogenic T cell activation in the peripheral blood, and in inflammatory sites. Association with HLA-B51 is known as the strongest genetic susceptibility factor for BD. Recent GWAS (genome-wide association studies) have confirmed this relationship, and reported new susceptibility genes (IL-10, IL-23R, IL-12RB2) for the disease. A triggering infectious agent could operate through molecular mimicry, and the disease could subsequently be perpetuated by an abnormal immune response to an auto-antigen in the absence of ongoing infection. Several potential bacteria have been investigated but the most commonly implicated microorganism is Streptococcus sanguis. Recent data have showed that the T cell homeostasis perturbation consisted mainly of Th1 and Th17 expansions, while regulatory T cell response was suppressed. Cytokine such as IL-17, IL-23 and IL-21 play a significant role in the pathogenesis of BD. Inflammatory cells within BD inflammatory lesions include mostly neutrophils, CD4(+) T cells, and cytotoxic cells. Lastly, endothelium dysfunction has been clearly established. This improved understanding of the pathophysiology of BD will certainly lead to the development of new therapeutic agents, potentially more effective than current therapy. In this review, we have studied the etiopathogenesis of BD in the light of recent advances.
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DePaolo RW, Kamdar K, Khakpour S, Sugiura Y, Wang W, Jabri B. A specific role for TLR1 in protective T(H)17 immunity during mucosal infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 209:1437-44. [PMID: 22778390 PMCID: PMC3409496 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20112339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
TLR1/TLR2 complexes are required for induction of IL-6 and IL-23 to generate protective TH17-mediated immunity and IgA production after oral but not systemic Yersinia enterocolitica infection. The balance between regulatory and inflammatory immune responses is critical to maintain intestinal homeostasis. Furthermore, the nature of the inflammatory response needs to be tailored to the tissue to provide proper protective immunity while preserving host integrity. TLR2 (Toll-like receptor 2) is a unique TLR in that it has been shown to promote regulatory and inflammatory T cell responses. Using Yersinia enterocolitica, we show that oral infection promotes TH17 immunity, whereas systemic infection promotes TH1 immunity. Furthermore, induction of TH17 immunity during oral infection is dependent on TLR1 and results from the combinatorial effect of TLR2/TLR1-induced IL-6 and IL-23 and the presence of TGF-β in the intestinal environment. Interestingly, TLR2/TLR1 was not involved in TH1 immune responses during systemic infection, whereas the TLR2/TLR6 receptor complex induced IL-10+ regulatory T cell responses during both systemic and oral infections. Our results reveal that the route of infection is central in determining which pathways provide protective immunity. Furthermore, they also demonstrate that TLR2 has dual immune functions in the gut and identify TLR1 as a critical innate receptor for protective intestinal TH17 immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R William DePaolo
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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Animal Models in Behçet's Disease. PATHOLOGY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2012:273701. [PMID: 22482083 PMCID: PMC3316952 DOI: 10.1155/2012/273701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Behçet's disease is a chronic, recurrent, multisystemic, inflammatory disorder affecting mainly the oral and urogenital mucosa and the uveal tract. Although the etiology and pathogenesis of Behçet's disease are unknown, numerous etiologies have been proposed, including environmental, infectious, and immunological factors; an autoimmune basis, characterized by circulating immune complexes and complement activation, has gained increasing acceptance. To test and understand immunopathogenesis of Behçet's disease, animal models were developed based on enviromental pollutants, bacterial and human heat shock protein derived peptides, and virus injections. Using these animal models separately and/or concurrently allows for a more effective investigation into Behçet's disease. Animal models developed in the last 10 years aim at the development of efficient and safe treatment options.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To alert physician to timely recognition and current treatment of recurrent hypopyon iridocyclitis or panuveitis in ocular Behçet disease (OBD). RECENT FINDINGS Interferon-α, rituximab, intravitreal triamcinolone, and biological response modifiers by tumor necrosis factor inhibitors such as infliximab and adalimumab are being used increasingly for the treatment of severe sight-threatening ocular inflammation including retinal vasculitis and cystoid macular edema (CME). SUMMARY Biological agents offer tremendous potential in the treatment of OBD. Given that OBD predominantly afflicts the younger adults in their most productive years, dermatologist, rheumatologist, internist, or general practitioners supervising patients with oculo-articulo-oromucocutaneous syndromes should be aware of systemic Behçet disease. Early recognition of ocular involvement is important and such patients should strongly be instructed to visit immediately an ophthalmologist, as uveitis management differs from extraocular involvements with high ocular morbidity from sight-threatening complications due to relapsing inflammatory attacks in the posterior segment of the eye. A single infliximab infusion should be considered for the control of acute panuveitis, whereas repeated long-term infliximab infusions were proved to be more effective in reducing the number of episodes in refractory uveoretinitis with faster regression and complete remission of CME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cem Evereklioglu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Kayseri, Turkey
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Pathophysiology of the Behçet's Disease. PATHOLOGY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 2012:493015. [PMID: 21977335 PMCID: PMC3184427 DOI: 10.1155/2012/493015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Behçet's disease (BD) is a multisystemic disease of unknown etiology characterized by chronic relapsing oral-genital ulcers and uveitis. Multiple systemic associations including articular, gastrointestinal, cardiopulmonary, neurologic, and vascular involvement are also observed in BD. Although the etiopathogenesis of the disease remains unknown, increased neutrophil functions such as chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), including superoxide anion, which may be responsible for oxidative tissue damage seen in BD, and also immunological alterations, T lymphocyte abnormalities in both subpopulation and function have been considered to be correlated with the etiopathogenesis of BD. There is some clinical evidence suggesting that emotional stress and hormonal alterations can influence the course and disease activity of BD.
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Amoura Z, Guillaume M, Caillat-Zucman S, Wechsler B, Piette JC. Physiopathologie de la maladie de Behçet. Rev Med Interne 2006; 27:843-53. [PMID: 16828934 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2006.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2006] [Accepted: 02/22/2006] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
SUBJECT Pathophysiology of Behçet's disease (BD) is complex. Recent experimental data shed new light on the mechanisms leading to organ lesions. MAIN ISSUES Neutrophils and cytotoxic lymphocytes are now recognized as key effector cells in BD. Genetic susceptibility, environmental factors (virus and/or bacterial infections), inflammatory response abnormalities (heat shock proteins, dysregulated NO production) and abnormal immune response play also a major role in BD pathogeny. PERSPECTIVES Better understanding of the BD pathophysiology will allow the development of new therapies more specific of BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Amoura
- Centre national de référence maladies rares, service de médecine interne, hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France.
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Cancino-Diaz JC, Vargas-Rodríguez L, Grinberg-Zylberbaum N, Reyes-López MA, Domínguez-López ML, Pablo-Velazquez A, Cancino-Diaz ME. High levels of IgG class antibodies to recombinant HSP60 kDa of Yersinia enterocolitica in sera of patients with uveitis. Br J Ophthalmol 2004; 88:247-50. [PMID: 14736785 PMCID: PMC1772015 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2003.023390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the levels of IgG class antibodies to recombinant heat shock protein 60 kDa of Yersinia enterocolitica (rHSP60Ye), Klebsiella pneumoniae (rHSP60Kp), Escherichia coli (rHSP60Ec), Shigella flexneri (rHSP60Sf), and Streptococcus pyogenes (rHSP60Sp) in the serum of patients with HLA-B27 associated acute anterior uveitis (HLA-B27 associated AAU), idiopathic acute anterior uveitis (idiopathic AAU), pars planitis, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH), and healthy subjects. METHODS The genes that code for HSP60Ye, HSP60Kp, HSP60Ec, HSP60Sf, and HSP60Sp were cloned by PCR from genomic DNA. The rHSPs were purified by affinity using a Ni-NTA resin. The serum levels of IgG class antibodies to rHSP60s were determined by ELISA in patients with uveitis (n = 42) and in healthy subjects (n = 25). RESULTS The majority of patients with uveitis had higher levels of IgG class antibodies to rHSP60Ye compared with levels of healthy subjects (p = 0.01), although these differences were only observed in the HLA-B27 associated AAU (p = 0.005) and in pars planitis patients (p = 0.001). The levels of IgG antibodies to the rHSP60Kp, rHSP60Sf, rHSP60Ec, and rHSP60Sp were similar in patients with uveitis and in healthy subjects (p>0.05). CONCLUSION The results suggest that HSP60Ye could be involved in the aetiology of HLA-B27 associated AAU and pars planitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Cancino-Diaz
- Laboratorio de Inmunología ocular del Instituto de Oftalmología Fundación Conde de Valenciana, Mexico.
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Abstract
Behçet's syndrome is a multi-system inflammatory disease affecting mainly the oral and urogenital mucosa and the uveal tract. The etiology and pathogenesis of Behçet's syndrome are unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms are implicated. We initiated this work to identify self-antigens targeted by patients with Behçet's syndrome. We used patient sera to immuno-blot tissue lysates, and we found that some patients manifest antibodies to a 37-kDa band. The 37-kDa band was detected in extracts of skin, tongue, vagina, muscle and heart but not in brain, kidney, lung, liver, intestine and thymus. In-gel digestion and mass spectrometry revealed the band to be alpha-tropomyosin. Autoimmunity to alpha-tropomyosin can be pathogenic; immunized Lewis rats developed lesions in the uveal tract and skin, with features of Behçet's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Mor
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100 Israel.
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Boyd SR, Young S, Lightman S. Immunopathology of the noninfectious posterior and intermediate uveitides. Surv Ophthalmol 2001; 46:209-33. [PMID: 11738429 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-6257(01)00275-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The posterior and intermediate uveitides share an underlying immune etiology; however, they can be clinically and immunopathologically distinguished. Although the initiating stimuli for posterior and intermediate uveities are not known, it is believed that an exogenous agent (such as a bacterium or a virus) or an endogenous molecule may induce disease. In either case, T-helper lymphocytes in conjunction with human leukocyte antigens are likely to be involved. This review examines the epidemiology, histology, immunopathology, and theories of pathogenesis of several posterior and intermediate uveitides, including sympathetic ophthalmia, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, Behçet's disease, sarcoidosis, intermediate uveitis, white dot syndromes, and birdshot retinochoroidopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Boyd
- Department of Clinical Ophthalmology, Institute of Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
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Katori M, Tamaki T, Takahashi T, Tanaka M, Kawamura A, Kakita A. Prior induction of heat shock proteins by a nitric oxide donor attenuates cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury in the rat. Transplantation 2000; 69:2530-7. [PMID: 10910273 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200006270-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have demonstrated that nitric oxide (NO) releasers considerably increase heat shock proteins (HSPs) in the in vitro cell system, providing resistance to oxidant damage. This study was designed to examine the cellular responses of HSPs induced by prior administration of an NO releaser, FK409 (FK), in an in vivo transplantation model. METHODS Lewis rats received either saline or FK solution intravenously administered at different time points before graft harvesting (10 micromol/kg) or for 15 min during reperfusion (0.66 micromol/kg/min). Tissue specimens were taken to determine HSP70 and heme oxygenase-1/HSP32 (HO-1) expression, and glutathione content. After 24-hr preservation with University of Wisconsin solution, heterotopic cardiac transplantations were performed, and graft survival was determined at 14 days. Tissue samples for end labeling of nuclear DNA fragments (TdT-mediated d-uridine triphosphate biotin nick end labeling; TUNEL) and propidium iodide staining were taken 15 min after reperfusion. RESULTS The gene and protein expression of HSP70 after FK administration peaked at 12 min and 60-90 min, whereas those of HO-1 peaked at 6 min and 90 min, respectively. Then, representative cardiac grafts taken 60 min after FK treatment were examined for further assay. Localization of induced HSP70 and HO-1 molecules were observed in the myocardium and vascular endothelium, respectively. Prior treatment of FK was effective in preventing the reduction of tissue glutathione contents compared with control (P<0.05). Fewer TUNEL and propidium iodide-positive cells were also observed in the FK group (P<0.0005, vs. control). The graft survival rate was higher in the FK group (9/10 vs. 1/10 of control; P<0.001), whereas the groups either harvested 10 min after FK pretreatment or continuously infused for 15 min during reperfusion were inferior, similar to that of control. CONCLUSION Prior induction of HSP70 and HO-1 with a relatively low dose of FK administration attenuates ischemia and reperfusion injury, which was due to antioxidant and antiapoptotic activities augmented by such stress proteins. Thus, NO releasers as a pharmacological maneuver may provide an innovative approach for the prevention of ischemia and reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Katori
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
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Tanaka T, Yamakawa N, Koike N, Suzuki J, Mizuno F, Usui M. Behçet's disease and antibody titers to various heat-shock protein 60s. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 1999; 7:69-74. [PMID: 10420201 DOI: 10.1076/ocii.7.2.69.4018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that the 65 kDa heat-shock protein (HSP) of Streptococcus in recurrent aphthae within the oral cavity may be involved in the uveoretinitis of Behçet's disease, possibly through sensitization of the immune system. To investigate this possibility, we examined serum antibody titers for various members of the 60 kDa family of HSPs and their implications with regard to a role for HSP60s in Behçet's disease. We isolated HSP60 of Streptococcus pyogenes from the margin of oral aphthae in one Behçet's disease patient with severe uveoretinitis and the HSP60s of Yersinia enterocolitica, retinoblastoma cell line clone Y79, and bovine retinal extract and investigated the reaction of each of these HSP60s with 100-fold diluted serum samples from 20 Behçet's disease patients using anti-HSP60 antibody titers determined by ELISA. The anti- Streptococcus HSP60 antibody and anti-retinal HSP60 antibody titers of the 100-fold diluted serum samples from the Behçet's disease patients were both significantly higher than those of similarly diluted serum samples from healthy donors. The results of the ELISA antibody titer assay showed that, although the various HSP60s share a common basic antigenicity, they differed in reactivity to the anti-HSP60 antibodies in the sera of the Behçet's disease patients. The results indicate that subtle but significant differences exist in the antigenicity of the various HSP60s tested, all of which share a common basic antigenicity and are of approximately the same molecular weight, and suggest that an immuno-cross-reaction between retinal and streptococcal HSPs and a related autoimmune response may be involved in the development of Behçet's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tanaka
- Tokyo Medical College Department of Ophthalmology, Japan
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