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Holzinger D, Weber C, Fellinger J. Validity and feasibility of a predictive language screening tool in 2-year-old children in primary pediatric care. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:865457. [PMID: 36147818 PMCID: PMC9485630 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.865457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the predictive validity and feasibility of the newly developed language screening tool, SPES-2 (Sprachentwicklungsscreening), for 2-year-old children in pediatric primary care. METHODS A prospective cohort study recruited 2,044 non-selected German-speaking children undergoing a regular well-baby check-up at the age of 2 years. Thirty primary care pediatricians spread over urban and rural areas screened the children using a short parent-reported questionnaire and direct assessment of word comprehension. To validate the screening tool, language skills were assessed using a standardized language screening tool in the complete sample 1 year later. Data of a random sample of 621 children were analyzed. Feasibility of the screening tool was evaluated using questionnaires completed by the participating pediatricians. RESULTS The new screening tool, SPES-2, demonstrated good diagnostic accuracy with AUC (Area under the Roc Curve) of 0.885, a sensitivity of 0.74, and specificity of 0.86, using a parent-reported questionnaire (expressive vocabulary, two-word combinations, parental concerns) as stage 1, followed by a stage 2 direct assessment of word comprehension by the pediatrician. The second stage was restricted to children who failed the parental screening. The screening identified children with high, moderate, and low risk of significant language deficits (SLD) at the age of 3 years, permitting tailored follow-up assessment and parental counseling. Practicality and acceptability of the screening were mostly rated as high. Pediatricians regarded the availability of follow-up diagnostic services and parent guidance as most important for a general implementation of the new instrument. CONCLUSION The language screening tool, SPES-2, was valid for the identification of significant language deficits 1 year later, and considered as feasible within primary pediatric care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Holzinger
- Institute of Neurology of Senses and Language, Hospital of St. John of God, Linz, Austria.,Research Institute for Developmental Medicine, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria.,Institute of Linguistics, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Weber
- Research Institute for Developmental Medicine, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria.,Department for Inclusive Education, University of Education Upper Austria, Linz, Austria
| | - Johannes Fellinger
- Institute of Neurology of Senses and Language, Hospital of St. John of God, Linz, Austria.,Research Institute for Developmental Medicine, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria.,Division of Social Psychiatry, University Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Holzinger D, Weber C, Barbaresi W, Beitel C, Fellinger J. Language Screening in 3-Year-Olds: Development and Validation of a Feasible and Effective Instrument for Pediatric Primary Care. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:752141. [PMID: 34888268 PMCID: PMC8650498 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.752141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The study was aimed at evaluating the validity and feasibility of SPES-3 (Sprachentwicklungsscreening), a language screening in 3-year-old children within the constraints of regular preventive medical check-ups. Methods: A four-component screening measure including parental reports on the child's expressive vocabulary and grammar based on the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory and pediatrician-administered standardized assessments of noun plurals and sentence comprehension was used in a sample of 2,044 consecutively seen children in 30 pediatric offices. One-hundred forty-four children (70 who failed and 74 who passed the screener) comprised the validation sample and also underwent follow-up gold standard assessment. To avoid verification and spectrum bias multiple imputation of missing diagnosis for children who did not undergo gold standard assessment was used. Independent diagnoses by two experts blinded to the screening results were considered gold standard for diagnosing language disorder. Screening accuracy of each of the four subscales was analyzed using receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves. Feasibility was assessed by use of a questionnaire completed by the pediatricians. Results: The two parental screening subscales demonstrated excellent accuracy with area under the curve (AUC) scores of 0.910 and 0.908 whereas AUC scores were significantly lower for the subscales directly administered by the pediatricians (0.816 and 0.705). A composite score based on both parental screening scales (AUC = 0.946) outperformed single subscales. A cut off of 41.69 on a T-scale resulted in about 20% positive screens and showed good sensitivity (0.878) and specificity (0.876). Practicability, acceptability and sustainability of the screening measure were mostly rated as high. Conclusion: The parent-reported subscales of the SPES-3 language screener are a promising screening tool for use in primary pediatric care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Holzinger
- Institute of Neurology of Senses and Language, Hospital of St. John of God, Linz, Austria
- Research Institute for Developmental Medicine, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
- Institute of Linguistics, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Weber
- Research Institute for Developmental Medicine, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
- Department for Inclusive Education, University of Education Upper Austria, Linz, Austria
| | - William Barbaresi
- Research Institute for Developmental Medicine, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Christoph Beitel
- Institute of Neurology of Senses and Language, Hospital of St. John of God, Linz, Austria
| | - Johannes Fellinger
- Institute of Neurology of Senses and Language, Hospital of St. John of God, Linz, Austria
- Research Institute for Developmental Medicine, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
- Division of Social Psychiatry, University Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Sansavini A, Favilla ME, Guasti MT, Marini A, Millepiedi S, Di Martino MV, Vecchi S, Battajon N, Bertolo L, Capirci O, Carretti B, Colatei MP, Frioni C, Marotta L, Massa S, Michelazzo L, Pecini C, Piazzalunga S, Pieretti M, Rinaldi P, Salvadorini R, Termine C, Zuccarini M, D’Amico S, De Cagno AG, Levorato MC, Rossetto T, Lorusso ML. Developmental Language Disorder: Early Predictors, Age for the Diagnosis, and Diagnostic Tools. A Scoping Review. Brain Sci 2021; 11:654. [PMID: 34067874 PMCID: PMC8156743 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11050654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) is frequent in childhood and may have long-term sequelae. By employing an evidence-based approach, this scoping review aims at identifying (a) early predictors of DLD; (b) the optimal age range for the use of screening and diagnostic tools; (c) effective diagnostic tools in preschool children. METHODS We considered systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and primary observational studies with control groups on predictive, sensitivity and specificity values of screening and diagnostic tools and psycholinguistic measures for the assessment of DLD in preschool children. We identified 37 studies, consisting of 10 systematic reviews and 27 primary studies. RESULTS Delay in gesture production, receptive and/or expressive vocabulary, syntactic comprehension, or word combination up to 30 months emerged as early predictors of DLD, a family history of DLD appeared to be a major risk factor, and low socioeconomic status and environmental input were reported as risk factors with lower predictive power. Optimal time for screening is suggested between age 2 and 3, for diagnosis around age 4. Because of the high variability of sensitivity and specificity values, joint use of standardized and psycholinguistic measures is suggested to increase diagnostic accuracy. CONCLUSIONS Monitoring risk situations and employing caregivers' reports, clinical assessment and multiple linguistic measures are fundamental for an early identification of DLD and timely interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Sansavini
- Department of Psychology “Renzo Canestrari”, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 5, 40127 Bologna, Italy;
- CLASTA—Communication & Language Acquisition Studies in Typical & Atypical Population, Piazza Epiro 12D, 00183 Roma, Italy; (S.D.); (M.C.L.)
| | - Maria Elena Favilla
- Department of Education and Human Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Viale Allegri 9, 42121 Reggio Emilia, Italy;
| | - Maria Teresa Guasti
- Department of Psychology, University Milano-Bicocca, Piazza Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20121 Milano, Italy;
| | - Andrea Marini
- Department of Language and Literatures, Communication, Education and Society, Università di Udine, Via Margreth, 3, 33100 Udine, Italy;
- Scientific Institute IRCCS “Eugenio Medea”, San Vito al Tagliamento, 33078 Pordenone, Italy
| | | | - Maria Valeria Di Martino
- Health Professions Integrated Service, Azienda Ospedaliera dei Colli di Napoli, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Simona Vecchi
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, Via Cristoforo Colombo, 112, 00154 Rome, Italy;
| | - Nadia Battajon
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Mother and Child Department, Ca’ Foncello Hospital, Via Sant’Ambrogio di Fiera, 37, 31100 Treviso, Italy;
| | - Laura Bertolo
- AIRIPA Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca e l’Intervento nella Psicopatologia dell’Apprendimento, Via Astichello, 10, 35135, Padova, Galleria G. Berchet, 3, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Olga Capirci
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Via Nomentana 56, 00161 Rome, Italy; (O.C.); (P.R.)
| | - Barbara Carretti
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Maria Paola Colatei
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Public Health, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Palazzo Camponeschi, Piazza Santa Margherita 2, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy;
| | - Cristina Frioni
- Studio di Psicoterapia e Riabilitazione dell’età evolutiva, Via Annone 1, 00199 Roma, Italy;
| | - Luigi Marotta
- Department of Intensive and Robotic Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Lungomare Marconi 36, 00058 S. Marinella, Roma, Italy;
| | - Sara Massa
- Azienda Usl Toscana Centro, Piazza Santa Maria Nuova 1, 50121 Firenze, Italy;
| | - Letizia Michelazzo
- Federazione Logopedisti Italiani, Via Daniello Bartoli, 00152 Roma, Italy; (L.M.); (M.P.); (A.G.D.C.); (T.R.)
| | - Chiara Pecini
- Department of Education, Languages, Intercultures, Literatures and Psychology, University of Florence, Complesso di San Salvi, Padiglione 26, Via di San Salvi 12, 50135 Firenze, Italy;
| | - Silvia Piazzalunga
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G.B.Grassi, 74, 20157 Milano, Italy;
| | - Manuela Pieretti
- Federazione Logopedisti Italiani, Via Daniello Bartoli, 00152 Roma, Italy; (L.M.); (M.P.); (A.G.D.C.); (T.R.)
| | - Pasquale Rinaldi
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Via Nomentana 56, 00161 Rome, Italy; (O.C.); (P.R.)
| | - Renata Salvadorini
- UO Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Viale del Tirreno 331, 56128 Calambrone, Italy;
| | - Cristiano Termine
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Via Ravasi 2, 21100 Varese, Italy;
| | - Mariagrazia Zuccarini
- Department of Psychology “Renzo Canestrari”, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 5, 40127 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Simonetta D’Amico
- CLASTA—Communication & Language Acquisition Studies in Typical & Atypical Population, Piazza Epiro 12D, 00183 Roma, Italy; (S.D.); (M.C.L.)
- Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, P.le S. Tommasi, 1, 67100 Coppito, Italy
| | - Anna Giulia De Cagno
- Federazione Logopedisti Italiani, Via Daniello Bartoli, 00152 Roma, Italy; (L.M.); (M.P.); (A.G.D.C.); (T.R.)
| | - Maria Chiara Levorato
- CLASTA—Communication & Language Acquisition Studies in Typical & Atypical Population, Piazza Epiro 12D, 00183 Roma, Italy; (S.D.); (M.C.L.)
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Tiziana Rossetto
- Federazione Logopedisti Italiani, Via Daniello Bartoli, 00152 Roma, Italy; (L.M.); (M.P.); (A.G.D.C.); (T.R.)
| | - Maria Luisa Lorusso
- Department of Child Psychopathology, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Via Don Luigi Monza 20, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy;
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Schaal NK, Politimou N, Franco F, Stewart L, Müllensiefen D. The German Music@Home: Validation of a questionnaire measuring at home musical exposure and interaction of young children. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235923. [PMID: 32776926 PMCID: PMC7416926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study introduces the German version of the original version of the Music@Home questionnaire developed in the UK, which systematically evaluates musical engagement in the home environment of young children. Two versions are available, an Infant version for children aged three to 23 months and a Preschool version for children aged two to five and a half years. For the present study, the original Music@Home questionnaire was translated from English into German and 656 caregivers completed the questionnaire online. A confirmatory factor analysis showed moderate to high fit indices for both versions, confirming the factor structure of the original questionnaire. Also, the reliability coefficients for the subscales (Parental beliefs, Child engagement with music, Parent initiation of singing, Parent initiation of music-making for the Infant version and Parental beliefs, Child engagement with music, Parent initiation of music behavior and Breadth of musical exposure for the Preschool version) ranged from moderate to high fits. Furthermore, the test-retest analysis (N = 392) revealed high correlations for the general factor and all subscales confirming their internal reliability. Additionally, we included language questionnaires for children of two and three years of age. Results showed that higher scores on the Music@Home questionnaire were moderately associated with better language skills in two-year-olds (N = 118). In sum, the study presents the validated German Music@Home questionnaire, which shows good psychometric properties. The two versions of the questionnaire are available for use in order to assess home musical engagement of young children, which could be of interest in many areas of developmental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora K. Schaal
- Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Nina Politimou
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fabia Franco
- Department of Psychology, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren Stewart
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Müllensiefen
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths University of London, London, United Kingdom
- University of Music, Drama and Media, Hanover, Germany
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Dias DC, Rondon-Melo S, Molini-Avejonas DR. Sensitivity and specificity of a low-cost screening protocol for identifying children at risk for language disorders. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2020; 75:e1426. [PMID: 32294668 PMCID: PMC7137860 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2020/e1426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the diagnostic accuracy of a low-cost screening test for identifying children at risk for language disorders with that of a specific language assessment. METHODS The study was conducted during a polio vaccination campaign in basic health units in western São Paulo, Brazil. The parents/guardians of 1000 children aged between 0 and 5 years were asked to answer questions of a specific screening test. The instrument consisted of a uniform set of questions about the main milestones in language development (from 0 to 5 years of age) with scaled scores to assess responses. There were no exclusion criteria. After the screening test, the children were referred to a specific language assessment by ABFW, following a determined flow of referrals. The results obtained in the screening were compared to those obtained in the specific language assessment; then, the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and positive and negative predictive values were determined for the screening test. Children who failed the screening test also underwent an audiological evaluation. The statistical significance was set at 5%. RESULTS The majority of the participants were aged between 4 and 5 years (21.82%) and were male (51.6%). The sensitivity and specificity values were 82.5% and 98.93%, respectively. The area under the curve was 0.907 (0.887-0.925), and the screening test showed 96% accuracy. CONCLUSIONS The screening test showed high diagnostic efficiency in determining the risk of language disorders in children aged between 0 and 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Cardilli Dias
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Fonoaudiologia e Terapia Ocupacional, Faculdade de Medicina (FMUSP), Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Silmara Rondon-Melo
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Fonoaudiologia e Terapia Ocupacional, Faculdade de Medicina (FMUSP), Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Daniela Regina Molini-Avejonas
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Fonoaudiologia e Terapia Ocupacional, Faculdade de Medicina (FMUSP), Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- Corresponding author. E-mail:
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Abstract
The identification of developmental problems in a child's acquisition of speech, language and/or communication is a core activity in child surveillance. These are common difficulties with up to 15% of toddlers being 'late talkers' and 7% of children entering school with persisting impairments of their language development. These delays can confer disadvantages in the long term, adversely affecting language, cognition, academic attainment, behaviour and mental health. All children presenting with significant speech and language delay should be investigated with a comprehensive hearing assessment and be considered for speech and language therapy assessment. Socioeconomic adversity correlates with delayed language development. Clinical assessment should confirm that the presentation is definitely not acquired (see part 2) and will also guide whether the difficulty is primary, in which there are often familial patterns, or secondary, from a very wide range of aetiologies. Symptoms may be salient, such as the regression of communication in <3-year-olds which 'flags up' autism spectrum disorder. Further investigation will be informed from this clinical assessment, for example, genetic investigation for sex aneuploidies in enduring primary difficulties. Management of the speech and language difficulty itself is the realm of the speech and language therapist, who has an ever-increasing evidence-based choice of interventions. This should take place within a multidisciplinary team, particularly for children with more severe conditions who may benefit from individualised parental and educational supports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne O'Hare
- Department of Child Life & Health, Salvesen Mindroom Centre, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lynne Bremner
- Speech and Hearing Sciences, Queen Margaret University, Queen Margaret University Drive, Edinburgh, UK
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