1
|
Chen T, Liu WB, Ren X, Li YF, Li W, Hang CH, Wang YH. Whole Body Vibration Attenuates Brain Damage and Neuroinflammation Following Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:847859. [PMID: 35465331 PMCID: PMC9022659 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.847859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is still a major public health problem worldwide, and the research of neuroprotective drugs has encountered great difficulties. Whole body vibration (WBV) is a safe and powerful rehabilitative intervention in various clinical settings, but its effect on neurological diseases is not well documented. In this study, we investigated the effects of WBV pretreatment on brain damage following experimental TBI mimicked by controlled cortical impact (CCI) in mice. C57BL/6 J male mice were expose to WBV at 30 Hz twice per day for 20 days and injured by CCI. WBV had no effect on animal body weight, but significantly reduced the TBI-induced brain edema in the cortex. The results of immunostaining showed that the activation of microglia and astrocytes induced by TBI in brain sections was attenuated by WBV. In consistent, WBV markedly inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, while increased the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10 (IL-10). In addition, WBV pretreatment alleviated neuronal apoptosis in the cortex and suppressed the cleavage of the apoptotic executive molecule caspase-1. The neurological dysfunction following TBI was determined by open field test and Morris Water Maze (MWM) assay. The results showed that motor activity, learning and memory ability were preserved by WBV compared to TBI-injured mice. In summary, our present data identified WBV as a clinically potent strategy with which to attenuate TBI-related brain damage through regulating neuroinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 904th Hospital of PLA, Medical School of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Central Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Wen-Bo Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 904th Hospital of PLA, Medical School of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, China
- Central Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xu Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 904th Hospital of PLA, Medical School of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yun-Fei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 904th Hospital of PLA, Medical School of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chun-Hua Hang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Yu-Hai Wang, ; Chun-Hua Hang,
| | - Yu-Hai Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 904th Hospital of PLA, Medical School of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, China
- *Correspondence: Yu-Hai Wang, ; Chun-Hua Hang,
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hwang J, Strange N, Mazraani R, Phillips MJ, Gamble AB, Huston WM, Tyndall JDA. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of P2-modified proline analogues targeting the HtrA serine protease in Chlamydia. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 230:114064. [PMID: 35007862 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.114064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
High temperature requirement A (HtrA) serine proteases have emerged as a novel class of antibacterial target, which are crucial in protein quality control and are involved in the pathogenesis of a wide array of bacterial infections. Previously, we demonstrated that HtrA in Chlamydia is essential for bacterial survival, replication and virulence. Here, we report a new series of proline (P2)-modified inhibitors of Chlamydia trachomatis HtrA (CtHtrA) developed by proline ring expansion and Cγ-substitutions. The structure-based drug optimization process was guided by molecular modelling and in vitro pharmacological evaluation of inhibitory potency, selectivity and cytotoxicity. Compound 25 from the first-generation 4-substituted proline analogues increased antiCtHtrA potency and selectivity over human neutrophil elastase (HNE) by approximately 6- and 12-fold, respectively, relative to the peptidic lead compound 1. Based on this compound, second-generation substituted proline residues containing 1,2,3-triazole moieties were synthesized by regioselective azide-alkyne click chemistry. Compound 49 demonstrated significantly improved antichlamydial activity in whole cell assays, diminishing the bacterial infectious progeny below the detection limit at the lowest dose tested. Compound 49 resulted in approximately 9- and 22-fold improvement in the inhibitory potency and selectivity relative to 1, respectively. To date, compound 49 is the most potent HtrA inhibitor developed against Chlamydia spp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Hwang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Natalie Strange
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rami Mazraani
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew J Phillips
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Allan B Gamble
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - Wilhelmina M Huston
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Optimization of peptide-based inhibitors targeting the HtrA serine protease in Chlamydia: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of pyridone-based and N-Capping group-modified analogues. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 224:113692. [PMID: 34265463 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) is responsible for the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection and is the leading cause of preventable blindness, representing a major global health burden. While C. trachomatis infection is currently treatable with broad-spectrum antibiotics, there would be many benefits of a chlamydia-specific therapy. Previously, we have identified a small-molecule lead compound JO146 [Boc-Val-Pro-ValP(OPh)2] targeting the bacterial serine protease HtrA, which is essential in bacterial replication, virulence and survival, particularly under stress conditions. JO146 is highly efficacious in attenuating infectivity of both human (C. trachomatis) as well as koala (C. pecorum) species in vitro and in vivo, without host cell toxicity. Herein, we present our continuing efforts on optimizing JO146 by modifying the N-capping group as well as replacing the parent peptide structure with the 2-pyridone scaffold at P3/P2. The drug optimization process was guided by molecular modelling, enzyme and cell-based assays. Compound 18b from the pyridone series showed improved inhibitory activity against CtHtrA by 5-fold and selectivity over human neutrophil elastase (HNE) by 109-fold compared to JO146, indicating that 2-pyridone is a suitable bioisostere of the P3/P2 amide/proline for developing CtHtrA inhibitors. Most pyridone-based inhibitors showed superior anti-chlamydial potency to JO146 especially at lower doses (25 and 50 μM) in C. trachomatis and C. pecorum cell culture assays. Modifications of the N-capping group of the peptidyl inhibitors did not have much influence on the anti-chlamydial activities, providing opportunities for more versatile alterations and future optimization. In summary, we present 2-pyridone based analogues as a new generation of non-peptidic CtHtrA inhibitors, which hold better promise as anti-chlamydial drug candidates.
Collapse
|
4
|
Dong X, Zhang W, Hou J, Ma M, Zhu C, Wang H, Hou S. Chlamydial-Secreted Protease Chlamydia High Temperature Requirement Protein A (cHtrA) Degrades Human Cathelicidin LL-37 and Suppresses Its Anti-Chlamydial Activity. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e923909. [PMID: 32634134 PMCID: PMC7366784 DOI: 10.12659/msm.923909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular pathogen that can cause severe reproductive tract complications while ascending infection occurs. When spreading from cell to cell in a host, C. trachomatis utilizes various survival strategies to offset host defense mechanisms. One such strategy is to degrade host antimicrobial defense proteins before they can attack the invading C. trachomatis cells. Material/Methods We expressed and purified recombinant chlamydia high temperature requirement protein A (cHtrA) including 2 cHtrA mutants (MT-H143A and MT-S247A), and also extracted endogenous cHtrA. Proteins were identified and their purity evaluated by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. The anti-chlamydial activity and degradation of 5 antimicrobial peptides (cathelicidin LL-37, α-defensin-1 and -3, and β-defensin-2 and -4) by cHtrA and 2 cHtrA mutants (MT-H143A and MT-S247A) were tested by immunoassay and Western blot. Results Of the 5 antimicrobial peptides (cathelicidin LL-37, α-defensin-1 and -3, and β-defensin-2 and -4) tested, cathelicidin LL-37 showed the strongest anti-chlamydial activity. Interestingly, cHtrA effectively and specifically degraded LL-37, suppressing its anti-chlamydial activity. The 2 cHtrA mutants (MT-H143A and MT-S247A) were unable to degrade LL-37. Comparison of cHtrA activity from C. trachomatis D, L2, and MoPn strains on LL-37 showed similar responses. Conclusions cHtrA may contribute to C. trachomatis pathogenicity by clearing the passage of invasion by specific LL-37 degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Dong
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Wanxing Zhang
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Jianmei Hou
- Department of Pharmacy, Chinese Traditional Medicine Hospital of Lanling County, Linyi, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Miaomiao Ma
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Congzhong Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Huiping Wang
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Shuping Hou
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Agbowuro AA, Hwang J, Peel E, Mazraani R, Springwald A, Marsh JW, McCaughey L, Gamble AB, Huston WM, Tyndall JD. Structure-activity analysis of peptidic Chlamydia HtrA inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:4185-4199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
6
|
Whole Body Vibration Therapy after Ischemia Reduces Brain Damage in Reproductively Senescent Female Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092749. [PMID: 30217051 PMCID: PMC6164360 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A risk of ischemic stroke increases exponentially after menopause. Even a mild-ischemic stroke can result in increased frailty. Frailty is a state of increased vulnerability to adverse outcomes, which subsequently increases risk of cerebrovascular events and severe cognitive decline, particularly after menopause. Several interventions to reduce frailty and subsequent risk of stroke and cognitive decline have been proposed in laboratory animals and patients. One of them is whole body vibration (WBV). WBV improves cerebral function and cognitive ability that deteriorates with increased frailty. The goal of the current study is to test the efficacy of WBV in reducing post-ischemic stroke frailty and brain damage in reproductively senescent female rats. Reproductively senescent Sprague-Dawley female rats were exposed to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) and were randomly assigned to either WBV or no-WBV groups. Animals placed in the WBV group underwent 30 days of WBV (40 Hz) treatment performed twice daily for 15 min each session, 5 days each week. The motor functions of animals belonging to both groups were tested intermittently and at the end of the treatment period. Brains were then harvested for inflammatory markers and histopathological analysis. The results demonstrate a significant reduction in inflammatory markers and infarct volume with significant increases in brain-derived neurotrophic factor and improvement in functional activity after tMCAO in middle-aged female rats that were treated with WBV as compared to the no-WBV group. Our results may facilitate a faster translation of the WBV intervention for improved outcome after stroke, particularly among frail women.
Collapse
|
7
|
Stereochemical basis for the anti-chlamydial activity of the phosphonate protease inhibitor JO146. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
8
|
Marsh JW, Ong VA, Lott WB, Timms P, Tyndall JDA, Huston WM. CtHtrA: the lynchpin of the chlamydial surface and a promising therapeutic target. Future Microbiol 2017; 12:817-829. [PMID: 28593794 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2017-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is the most prevalent sexually transmitted bacterial infection worldwide and the leading cause of preventable blindness. Reports have emerged of treatment failure, suggesting a need to develop new antibiotics to battle Chlamydia infection. One possible candidate for a new treatment is the protease inhibitor JO146, which is an effective anti-Chlamydia agent that targets the CtHtrA protein. CtHtrA is a lynchpin on the chlamydial cell surface due to its essential and multifunctional roles in the bacteria's stress response, replicative phase of development, virulence and outer-membrane protein assembly. This review summarizes the current understanding of CtHtrA function and presents a mechanistic model that highlights CtHtrA as an effective target for anti-Chlamydia drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James W Marsh
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, 2007, NSW, Australia
| | - Vanissa A Ong
- Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, 4059, QLD, Australia
| | - William B Lott
- Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, 4059, QLD, Australia
| | - Peter Timms
- Faculty of Science, Health, Education & Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, 4558, QLD, Australia
| | - Joel DA Tyndall
- National School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Wilhelmina M Huston
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, 2007, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhu Y, Pham TH, Nhiep THN, Vu NMT, Marcellin E, Chakrabortti A, Wang Y, Waanders J, Lo R, Huston WM, Bansal N, Nielsen LK, Liang ZX, Turner MS. Cyclic-di-AMP synthesis by the diadenylate cyclase CdaA is modulated by the peptidoglycan biosynthesis enzyme GlmM in Lactococcus lactis. Mol Microbiol 2015; 99:1015-27. [PMID: 26585449 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The second messenger cyclic-di-adenosine monophosphate (c-di-AMP) plays important roles in growth, virulence, cell wall homeostasis, potassium transport and affects resistance to antibiotics, heat and osmotic stress. Most Firmicutes contain only one c-di-AMP synthesizing diadenylate cyclase (CdaA); however, little is known about signals and effectors controlling CdaA activity and c-di-AMP levels. In this study, a genetic screen was employed to identify components which affect the c-di-AMP level in Lactococcus. We characterized suppressor mutations that restored osmoresistance to spontaneous c-di-AMP phosphodiesterase gdpP mutants, which contain high c-di-AMP levels. Loss-of-function and gain-of-function mutations were identified in the cdaA and gdpP genes, respectively, which led to lower c-di-AMP levels. A mutation was also identified in the phosphoglucosamine mutase gene glmM, which is commonly located within the cdaA operon in bacteria. The glmM I154F mutation resulted in a lowering of the c-di-AMP level and a reduction in the key peptidoglycan precursor UDP-N-acetylglucosamine in L. lactis. C-di-AMP synthesis by CdaA was shown to be inhibited by GlmM(I154F) more than GlmM and GlmM(I154F) was found to bind more strongly to CdaA than GlmM. These findings identify GlmM as a c-di-AMP level modulating protein and provide a direct connection between c-di-AMP synthesis and peptidoglycan biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhu
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thi Huong Pham
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,University of Science and Technology, The University of Danang, Da Nang, Vietnam
| | - Thi Hanh Nguyen Nhiep
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ngoc Minh Thu Vu
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Esteban Marcellin
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alolika Chakrabortti
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuanliang Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jennifer Waanders
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Raquel Lo
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wilhelmina M Huston
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nidhi Bansal
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lars K Nielsen
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Zhao-Xun Liang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mark S Turner
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Marsh JW, Wee BA, Tyndall JDA, Lott WB, Bastidas RJ, Caldwell HD, Valdivia RH, Kari L, Huston WM. A Chlamydia trachomatis strain with a chemically generated amino acid substitution (P370L) in the cthtrA gene shows reduced elementary body production. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:194. [PMID: 26424482 PMCID: PMC4590699 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0533-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chlamydia (C.) trachomatis is the most prevalent bacterial sexually transmitted infection worldwide and the leading cause of preventable blindness. Genetic approaches to investigate C. trachomatis have been only recently developed due to the organism’s intracellular developmental cycle. HtrA is a critical stress response serine protease and chaperone for many bacteria and in C. trachomatis has been previously shown to be important for heat stress and the replicative phase of development using a chemical inhibitor of the CtHtrA activity. In this study, chemically-induced SNVs in the cthtrA gene that resulted in amino acid substitutions (A240V, G475E, and P370L) were identified and characterized. Methods SNVs were initially biochemically characterized in vitro using recombinant protein techniques to confirm a functional impact on proteolysis. The C. trachomatis strains containing the SNVs with marked reductions in proteolysis were investigated in cell culture to identify phenotypes that could be linked to CtHtrA function. Results The strain harboring the SNV with the most marked impact on proteolysis (cthtrAP370L) was detected to have a significant reduction in the production of infectious elementary bodies. Conclusions This provides genetic evidence that CtHtrA is critical for the C. trachomatis developmental cycle. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-015-0533-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James W Marsh
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia.
| | - Bryan A Wee
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia.
| | - Joel D A Tyndall
- National School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.
| | - William B Lott
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia.
| | - Robert J Bastidas
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - Harlan D Caldwell
- Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA.
| | - Raphael H Valdivia
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - L Kari
- Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA.
| | - Wilhelmina M Huston
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Evidence of a conserved role for Chlamydia HtrA in the replication phase of the chlamydial developmental cycle. Microbes Infect 2014; 16:690-4. [PMID: 25066238 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Identification of the HtrA inhibitor JO146 previously enabled us to demonstrate an essential function for HtrA during the mid-replicative phase of the Chlamydia trachomatis developmental cycle. Here we extend our investigations to other members of the Chlamydia genus. C. trachomatis isolates with distinct replicative phase growth kinetics showed significant loss of viable infectious progeny after HtrA was inhibited during the replicative phase. Mid-replicative phase addition of JO146 was also significantly detrimental to Chlamydia pecorum, Chlamydia suis and Chlamydia cavie. These data combined indicate that HtrA has a conserved critical role during the replicative phase of the chlamydial developmental cycle.
Collapse
|
12
|
Ong VA, Marsh JW, Lawrence A, Allan JA, Timms P, Huston WM. The protease inhibitor JO146 demonstrates a critical role for CtHtrA for Chlamydia trachomatis reversion from penicillin persistence. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 3:100. [PMID: 24392355 PMCID: PMC3866801 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Chlamydia trachomatis serine protease HtrA (CtHtrA) has recently been demonstrated to be essential during the replicative phase of the chlamydial developmental cycle. A chemical inhibition strategy (serine protease inhibitor JO146) was used to demonstrate this essential role and it was found that the chlamydial inclusions diminish in size and are lost from the cell after CtHtrA inhibition without formation of viable elementary bodies. The inhibitor (JO146) was used in this study to investigate the role of CtHtrA for penicillin persistence and heat stress conditions for Chlamydia trachomatis. JO146 addition during penicillin persistence resulted in only minor reductions (~1 log) in the final viable infectious yield after persistent Chlamydia were reverted from persistence. However, JO146 treatment during the reversion and recovery from penicillin persistence was completely lethal for Chlamydia trachomatis. JO146 was completely lethal when added either during heat stress conditions, or during the recovery from heat stress conditions. These data together indicate that CtHtrA has essential roles during some stress environments (heat shock), recovery from stress environments (heat shock and penicillin persistence), as well as the previously characterized essential role during the replicative phase of the chlamydial developmental cycle. Thus, CtHtrA is an essential protease with both replicative phase and stress condition functions for Chlamydia trachomatis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanissa A Ong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - James W Marsh
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Amba Lawrence
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - John A Allan
- The Wesley Research Institute, Wesley Hospital Auchenflower, QLD, Australia ; The Wesley Reproductive Medicine and Gynaecological Surgery Unit, The Wesley Hospital Auchenflower, QLD, Australia
| | - Peter Timms
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Wilhelmina M Huston
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology Brisbane, QLD, Australia ; The Wesley Research Institute, Wesley Hospital Auchenflower, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bartolini E, Ianni E, Frigimelica E, Petracca R, Galli G, Berlanda Scorza F, Norais N, Laera D, Giusti F, Pierleoni A, Donati M, Cevenini R, Finco O, Grandi G, Grifantini R. Recombinant outer membrane vesicles carrying Chlamydia muridarum HtrA induce antibodies that neutralize chlamydial infection in vitro. J Extracell Vesicles 2013; 2:20181. [PMID: 24009891 PMCID: PMC3760637 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v2i0.20181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are spheroid particles released by all Gram-negative bacteria as a result of the budding out of the outer membrane. Since they carry many of the bacterial surface-associated proteins and feature a potent built-in adjuvanticity, OMVs are being utilized as vaccines, some of which commercially available. Recently, methods for manipulating the protein content of OMVs have been proposed, thus making OMVs a promising platform for recombinant, multivalent vaccines development. METHODS Chlamydia muridarum DO serine protease HtrA, an antigen which stimulates strong humoral and cellular responses in mice and humans, was expressed in Escherichia coli fused to the OmpA leader sequence to deliver it to the OMV compartment. Purified OMVs carrying HtrA (CM rHtrA-OMV) were analyzed for their capacity to induce antibodies capable of neutralizing Chlamydia infection of LLC-MK2 cells in vitro. RESULTS CM rHtrA-OMV immunization in mice induced antibodies that neutralize Chlamydial invasion as judged by an in vitro infectivity assay. This was remarkably different from what observed with an enzymatically functional recombinant HtrA expressed in, and purified from the E. coli cytoplasm (CM rHtrA). The difference in functionality between anti-CM rHtrA and anti-CM rHtrA-OMV antibodies was associated to a different pattern of protein epitopes recognition. The epitope recognition profile of anti-CM HtrA-OMV antibodies was similar to that induced in mice during Chlamydial infection. CONCLUSIONS When expressed in OMVs HtrA appears to assume a conformation similar to the native one and this results in the elicitation of functional immune responses. These data further support the potentiality of OMVs as vaccine platform.
Collapse
|