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Fekih-Romdhane F, Lamloum E, Loch AA, Cherif W, Cheour M, Hallit S. The relationship between internet gaming disorder and psychotic experiences: cyberbullying and insomnia severity as mediators. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:857. [PMID: 37978468 PMCID: PMC10657007 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05363-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nature of the relationship between Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) and psychosis is unclear so far. There is evidence that greater time spent in playing video games may expose players to both insomnia and a toxic online environment with widespread cyberbullying. These two possible consequences of IGD may, in turn, be associated with greater psychotic experiences (PE). Based on this theoretical framework, the present study proposed to contribute the body of the knowledge in this area, by testing the possible indirect effects of insomnia severity, cyber-victimization and cyberbullying in the cross-sectional association between IGD and PE in a sample of Tunisian university students. METHOD We conducted a cross-sectional study over 4 months (February-May 2022). The Arabic versions of the Brief Symptom Inventory, the Internet Gaming disorder-20 Test, the Insomnia Severity Index, and the Revised Cyber Bullying Inventory-II were administered to a total of 851 students (mean age = 21.26 ± 1.68 years, 53.7% females). RESULTS We found that 25% of students were at risk of IGD, and 1.8% had an IGD. The results of the mediation analysis showed that insomnia severity fully mediated the association between IGD and paranoid ideation. Higher IGD was significantly associated with more insomnia severity, which was, in turn, significantly associated with more paranoid ideation. Cyberbullying partly mediated the association between IGD and psychoticism. Higher IGD scores were significantly associated with more cyberbullying, which was, in turn, significantly associated with more psychoticism. Finally, greater IGD was significantly and directly associated with higher psychoticism. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that insomnia and cyberbullying may be regarded as potential targets for youth mental health promotion, as well as community-focused prevention and early intervention in psychosis. More particular attention should be devoted to the huge potential for engaging in cyberbullying among online gamers. Sleep deprivation should be prevented, assessed and treated in heavy gamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feten Fekih-Romdhane
- The Tunisian Center of Early Intervention in Psychosis, Department of Psychiatry "Ibn Omrane", Razi hospital, Manouba, 2010, Tunisia.
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Eya Lamloum
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Alexandre Andrade Loch
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias (LIM 27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBION), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnológico, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wissal Cherif
- The Tunisian Center of Early Intervention in Psychosis, Department of Psychiatry "Ibn Omrane", Razi hospital, Manouba, 2010, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Majda Cheour
- The Tunisian Center of Early Intervention in Psychosis, Department of Psychiatry "Ibn Omrane", Razi hospital, Manouba, 2010, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Souheil Hallit
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon.
- Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon.
- Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan.
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Aggressive behaviors and associated factors in Chinese left-behind adolescents: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr 2022; 22:677. [PMID: 36419051 PMCID: PMC9685917 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-022-03736-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To examine whether the levels of aggressive behaviors and other individual and contextual variables differ between left-behind adolescents (LBA) and not left-behind adolescents (NLBA) and explore associations between aggression and other constructs among them. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted and 4530 school adolescents aged 9-18 years in north and south of China were randomly selected. The levels of aggressive behavior, personality and family and classroom environment were compared between LBA and NLBA and also the associated factors of aggression. RESULTS The total scores of aggressive behaviors were 6.33 ± 6.35 (Mean ± SD) in LBA and 5.78 ± 6.16 (Mean ± SD) in NLBA. Multiple linear regression models revealed that neuroticism and psychoticism were positively associated with aggressive behaviors for LBA with similar results of NLBA. Cohesion was negatively associated with aggressive behaviors, and conflict and achievement had positive effects in NLBA. Organization had a negative effect in LBA. Uncertainty and dissatisfaction had positive effects on aggression both in LBA and NLBA. CONCLUSION This study found a slightly higher level of aggressive behaviors in LBA comparing with NLBA. Personality was the mainly associated factor of aggression, but class-based interventions were more practical for aggressive behaviors in Chinese LBA.
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Stoilkovska BB, Bajraktarov S, Novotni L, Simoska SM, Milutinovic M, Velichkovska EM, Novotni G, Jovanovic N. Psychopathology in psychotic disorders: Congruency between self-reported and observer-rated measures highest for affective symptoms and lowest for negative symptoms. Psych J 2022; 11:376-382. [PMID: 35138048 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Considering that both observer ratings and patient self-reports on severity of psychopathological symptoms are being used in research and clinical settings, this paper aims to explore the degree of congruence between these two sources. Eighty-two adult outpatients diagnosed with psychotic disorders rated their symptoms using the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). Observers assessed patients' functioning using the Brief Psychiatry Rating Scale (BPRS). Self-ratings (overall BSI) were strongly correlated to observers' evaluations (overall BPRS). Anxiety/depression symptoms dimension of the BPRS were significantly associated with all nine symptom dimensions of the BSI, while positive symptoms dimension and unusual and withdrawal behavior in the BPRS showed a significant relationship to seven symptom dimensions as measured with the BSI. Mania/activation in the BPRS was significantly and negatively related only to phobic anxiety in BSI. Eight symptom dimensions of the BSI (interpersonal sensitivity was an exception), as well as unusual and withdrawal behavior and positive symptoms in the BPRS were rated as more severe in unemployed study participants. Self-rated paranoid ideation was higher in less educated participants. No sex or marital status differences were found in the BSI and BPRS dimensions. The obtained pattern of correlations implied that congruence was highest in regards to affective symptomatology, followed by positive symptoms, and lowest for disorganization and withdrawal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Blazhevska Stoilkovska
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Ss. Cyril in Methodius University in Skopje, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Stojan Bajraktarov
- University Clinic of Psychiatry, Ss. Cyril in Methodius University in Skopje, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Ljubisha Novotni
- University Clinic of Psychiatry, Ss. Cyril in Methodius University in Skopje, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | | | - Milosh Milutinovic
- University Clinic of Psychiatry, Ss. Cyril in Methodius University in Skopje, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Elizabet Miceva Velichkovska
- University Clinic of Psychiatry, Ss. Cyril in Methodius University in Skopje, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Gabriela Novotni
- University Clinic of Neurology, Ss. Cyril in Methodius University in Skopje, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Nikolina Jovanovic
- Unit for Social and Community Psychiatry, WHO Collaborating Centre for Mental Health Services Development, Bart's and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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The association between demographic characteristics, personality, and mental health of bus drivers in China: A structural equation model. Physiol Behav 2021; 229:113247. [PMID: 33197469 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The psychological status of drivers is related to adverse driving behaviors. Although there are several studies on the mental health and traffic accidents among bus drivers, related studies on the association between mental health and individual characteristics are scarce. METHODS Our report is on a cross-sectional study of bus drivers that took place between October 2014 and May 2016. A total of 596 bus drivers who worked for transportation companies and underwent occupational physical examinations at The Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region workers' Hospital during the study period were included. Demographic characteristics were collected by a self-designed demographic questionnaire. The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) and the Symptom Checklist 90-Revised (SCL-90-R) were used to evaluate the personality and mental health of bus drivers, and the results of the scales were compared with Chinese norms. The structural equation model was used to analyze the correlation among demographic characteristics, personality characteristics, and mental health. RESULTS Except for the lie dimension, the average scores of the driver's personality dimension were higher than the Chinese norm, and the means of somatization and phobia scores of bus drivers were also higher; obsessions-compulsions, interpersonal sensitivity, and depression scores were lower than those for the Chinese norms. The structural equations modeling revealed that the total effects coefficient of demographic characteristics on mental health was 0.68, and that of personality was 0.60. There were direct influences between demographic characteristics and personality characteristics, demographic characteristics and mental health, and personality characteristics and mental health; the standardized path coefficients were 0.60, 0.50, and 0.30, respectively. Smoking, drinking, and neuroticism were the main factors affecting the mental health of bus drivers; and the standardized path coefficients were 0.56, 0.54, and 0.90 respectively. CONCLUSIONS In this study, bus drivers were significantly more extroverted, psychotic, and neurotic than the general population; and they were more likely to suffer from somatization and phobia. The mental health of bus drivers was associated with some demographic and personality characteristics in the study. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the selection of bus drivers and intervention measures for drivers with high-risk driving tendencies, which is conducive to better guide road traffic safety construction and reduce the occurrence of road traffic injuries.
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Wang C, Wang Q, Li X, Zhang Y, Wei W, Deng W, Guo W, He L, Tang W, Chen T, Li T. Rural birth/upbringing and childhood adversities are associated with psychotic experiences in university students in China. Schizophr Res 2019; 209:105-112. [PMID: 31101515 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urbanicity has been reported to associate with an increased risk of psychotic experiences (PEs) in developed countries but less is known about the situation in developing countries. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of birth/upbringing place and other environmental factors on PEs in Chinese university students. METHODS A computer-assisted cross-sectional survey was conducted on 4620 second-year undergraduates, using a stratified cluster sampling. Birth places and residential mobility before 16 years old were recorded. PEs were measured using the subscales of psychoticism and paranoid ideation in the Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90-R). Six questions extracted from the childhood section of the World Mental Health Composite International Diagnostic Interview (WMH-CIDI) were used to assess childhood trauma. RESULTS Generalized ordered logit model of multiple regression analysis revealed that participants with rural birth/upbringing (e.g. rural upbringing, on graded factor score of psychoticism and paranoid ideation [GFSPPI], 0 versus 1 & 2, odds ratio [OR] 1.409, 95% CI 1.219-1.628, p < 0.00001; 0 & 1 versus 2, OR 1.584, 95% CI 1.179-2.128, p < 0.00001) and those who reported childhood trauma (e.g. on GFSPPI, 0 versus 1 & 2, OR 1.737, 95% CI 1.498-2.014, p < 0.00001; 0 & 1 versus 2, OR 1.618, 95% CI 1.224-2.140, p < 0.00001) were apt to present more severe PEs. While upbringing places and childhood trauma affected both the presence and the severity of PEs, gender affected the presence or absence of PEs only (e.g. females, on GFSPPI, 0 versus 1 & 2, OR 1.887, 95% CI 1.631-2.183, p < 0.00001; 0 & 1 versus 2, OR 0.927, 95% CI 0.702-1.223, p = 0.593). Besides, the number of risk factors was associated with the severity of PEs in the cumulative odds logistic regression analysis (e.g. 3 risk factors versus 0 risk factor, on GFSPPI, OR 4.126, 95% CI 3.075-5.537, p < 0.00001). CONCLUSIONS Female, rural birth/upbringing and childhood trauma are risk factors of PEs in university students in China. The discrepancy in the findings between developed countries and China has important implications for urbanicity as a risk factor for PEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyu Wang
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; West China Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; West China Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xiaojing Li
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; West China Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yamin Zhang
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; West China Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; West China Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Deng
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; West China Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wanjun Guo
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; West China Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lingshuang He
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; West China Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wanjie Tang
- Centre for Educational and Health Psychology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; West China Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Li
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; West China Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Abstract
Paranoid ideation is a core feature of psychosis, and models of paranoia have long proposed that it arises in the context of disturbances in the perception of the self. However, to develop targeted interventions, there is a benefit in clarifying further, which aspects of self-perception are implicated. Interpersonal sensitivity is a personality trait which has been associated with the risk of paranoid thinking in the general population. However, not all studies have found this link. We aimed to review the empirical literature assessing the association between interpersonal sensitivity and paranoia in both general population and clinical samples; and to explore if associations found differed depending on whether state or trait paranoia was assessed. The review followed PRISMA guidelines. Articles were identified through a literature search in OVID (PsychINFO, MEDLINE) and Web of Science up to December 2016. Fourteen studies with a total of 12 138 participants were included. All studies were of 'fair' or 'good' quality. A robust association was found between interpersonal sensitivity and paranoia in clinical and general population samples alike, regardless of the method of assessment of both paranoia and interpersonal sensitivity. Although this finding was more pronounced in studies of trait paranoia, it is likely that differences in study purpose, measurement, and power explain these differences. Findings from this review support the hypothesis that feelings of personal vulnerability and exaggerated socially evaluative concerns are central for both onset and maintenance of paranoid symptoms, suggesting avenues for future research in targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne F Meisel
- Department of Psychology,Institute of Psychology,Psychiatry and Neuroscience,King's College London,London,UK
| | - Philippa A Garety
- Department of Psychology,Institute of Psychology,Psychiatry and Neuroscience,King's College London,London,UK
| | - Daniel Stahl
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics,Institute of Psychology,Psychiatry and Neuroscience,King's College London,London,UK
| | - Lucia R Valmaggia
- Department of Psychology,Institute of Psychology,Psychiatry and Neuroscience,King's College London,London,UK
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Stålheim J, Berglund K, Berggren U, Balldin J, Fahlke C. Psychotic Experiences, Childhood Trauma, and Alcohol-Related Self-Efficacy in a Nonpsychiatric Sample of Individuals in Alcohol Dependence Treatment: A Pilot Study. ALCOHOLISM TREATMENT QUARTERLY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/07347324.2018.1424590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Stålheim
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Berglund
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Ulf Berggren
- Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jan Balldin
- Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Claudia Fahlke
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
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Sharifi V, Eaton WW, Wu LT, Roth KB, Burchett BM, Mojtabai R. Psychotic experiences and risk of death in the general population: 24-27 year follow-up of the Epidemiologic Catchment Area study. Br J Psychiatry 2015; 207:30-6. [PMID: 25953893 PMCID: PMC4486819 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.113.143198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychotic experiences are common in the general population and are associated with adverse psychiatric and social outcomes, even in the absence of a psychotic disorder. AIMS To examine the association between psychotic experiences and mortality over a 24-27 year period. METHOD We used data on 15 049 adult participants from four sites of the Epidemiologic Catchment Area baseline survey in the USA in the early 1980s, linked to the National Death Index and other sources of vital status up until 2007. Psychotic experiences were assessed by the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. RESULTS Lifetime psychotic experiences at baseline (n = 855; weighted prevalence, 5.5%) were significantly associated with all-cause mortality at follow-up after adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics and psychiatric diagnoses, including schizophrenia spectrum disorders (P<0.05). Baseline psychotic experiences were associated with over 5 years' shorter median survival time. Among the underlying causes of death, suicide had a particularly high hazard ratio (9.16, 95% CI 3.19-26.29). CONCLUSIONS Future research needs to explore the association of psychotic experiences with physical health and lifestyle factors that may mediate the relationship of psychotic experiences with mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandad Sharifi
- Vandad Sharifi, MD, Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA and Department of Psychiatry, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; William W. Eaton, PhD, Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Li Tzy Wu, ScD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Kimberly B. Roth, MHS, Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Bruce M. Burchett, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Ramin Mojtabai, MD, PhD, MPH, Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Solem S, Hagen K, Wenaas C, Håland ÅT, Launes G, Vogel PA, Hansen B, Himle JA. Psychotic and schizotypal symptoms in non-psychotic patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. BMC Psychiatry 2015; 15:121. [PMID: 26017268 PMCID: PMC4446858 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-015-0502-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research is scarce with regard to the role of psychotic and schizotypal symptoms in treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The aim of the current study was to investigate the occurrence and specificity of psychotic and schizotypal symptoms among non-psychotic OCD patients, and to examine whether such symptoms was associated with response to exposure and response prevention (ERP), and whether ERP for OCD had an impact on psychotic and schizotypal symptoms. METHODS Non-psychotic OCD patients (n = 133) and a general non-psychotic psychiatric outpatient sample (n = 110) were assessed using self-report inventories before and after psychological treatment. RESULTS Non-psychotic OCD patients did not report greater degree of psychotic or schizotypal symptoms than the control group. Psychotic and schizotypal symptoms were not associated with OCD symptoms before or after ERP. Psychotic and schizotypal symptom were significantly reduced following ERP. CONCLUSIONS Psychotic and schizotypal symptoms seem to be equally prevalent among non-psychotic OCD patients and non-psychotic psychiatric controls. These symptoms were more linked to depressive symptoms than OCD symptoms. In non-psychotic OCD patients, ERP seems sufficient in reducing OCD symptoms despite the presence of psychotic- and schizotypal symptoms, and reductions in psychotic- and schizotypal symptoms were observed following ERP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stian Solem
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Kristen Hagen
- Divison of Psychiatry, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Christoffer Wenaas
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Åshild T. Håland
- Clinic of Mental Health, Psychiatry and Addiction Treatment, Sørlandet Hospital HF, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Gunvor Launes
- Clinic of Mental Health, Psychiatry and Addiction Treatment, Sørlandet Hospital HF, Kristiansand, Norway.
| | - Patrick A. Vogel
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjarne Hansen
- Department of psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Joseph A. Himle
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA ,School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
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