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Mizota T, Hishiki T, Shinoda M, Naito Y, Hirukawa K, Masugi Y, Itano O, Obara H, Kitago M, Yagi H, Abe Y, Matsubara K, Suematsu M, Kitagawa Y. The hypotaurine-taurine pathway as an antioxidative mechanism in patients with acute liver failure. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2022; 70:54-63. [PMID: 35068682 PMCID: PMC8764102 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.21-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver has been thought to protect against oxidative stress through mechanisms involving reduced glutathione (GSH) that consumes high-energy phosphor-nucleotides on its synthesis. However, hepatoprotective mechanisms in acute liver failure (ALF) where the phosphor-nucleotides are decreased in remain to be solved. Liver tissues were collected from patients with ALF and liver cirrhosis (LC) and living donors (HD) who had undergone liver transplantation. Tissues were used for metabolomic analyses to determine metabolites belonging to the central carbon metabolism, and to determine sulfur-containing metabolites. ALF and LC exhibited a significant decline in metabolites of glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathways and high-energy phosphor-nucleotides such as adenosine triphosphate as compared with HD. Conversely, methionine, S-adenosyl-l-methionine, and the ratio of serine to 3-phosphoglycerate were elevated significantly in ALF as compared with LC and HD, suggesting a metabolic boost from glycolysis towards trans-sulfuration. Notably in ALF, the increases in hypotaurine (HTU) + taurine (TU) coincided with decreases in the total amounts of reduced and oxidized glutathione (GSH + 2GSSG). Plasma NH3 levels correlated with the ratio of HTU + TU to GSH + 2GSSG. Increased tissue levels of HTU + TU vs total glutathione appear to serve as a biomarker correlating with hyperammonemia, suggesting putative roles of the HTU-TU pathway in anti-oxidative protective mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takako Hishiki
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University School of Medicine
| | | | - Yoshiko Naito
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University School of Medicine
| | | | - Yohei Masugi
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine
| | - Osamu Itano
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic and Gastrointestinal Surgery, International University of Health and Welfare School of Medicine
| | - Hideaki Obara
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine
| | - Minoru Kitago
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine
| | - Hiroshi Yagi
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine
| | - Yuta Abe
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine
| | | | - Makoto Suematsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University School of Medicine
| | - Yuko Kitagawa
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine
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2
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Liu S, Meng Q, Xu Y, Zhou J. Hepatorenal syndrome in acute-on-chronic liver failure with acute kidney injury: more questions requiring discussion. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2021; 9:505-520. [PMID: 34925848 PMCID: PMC8677535 DOI: 10.1093/gastro/goab040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In cirrhosis with ascites, hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is a specific prerenal dysfunction unresponsive to fluid volume expansion. Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) comprises a group of clinical syndromes with multiple organ failure and early high mortality. There are differences in the characterization of ACLF between the Eastern and Western medical communities. Patients with ACLF and acute kidney injury (AKI) have more structural injuries, contributing to confusion in diagnosing HRS-AKI. In this review, we discuss progress in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of HRS-AKI, especially in patients with ACLF. Controversy regarding HRS-AKI in ACLF and acute liver failure, hepatic carcinoma, shock, sepsis, and chronic kidney disease is also discussed. Research on the treatment of HRS-AKI with ACLF needs to be more actively pursued to improve disease prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songtao Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China.,Department of Severe Liver Disease, Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Qinghua Meng
- Department of Severe Liver Disease, Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Tsinghua Chang Gung Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jianxin Zhou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
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3
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HMGB1 is a Central Driver of Dynamic Pro-inflammatory Networks in Pediatric Acute Liver Failure induced by Acetaminophen. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5971. [PMID: 30979951 PMCID: PMC6461628 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42564-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose (APAPo) is predominant in the NIH Pediatric Acute Liver Failure (PALF) Study. We assayed multiple inflammatory mediators in serial serum samples from 13 PALF survivors with APAPo + N-acetylcysteine (NAC, the frontline therapy for APAPo), 8 non-APAPo + NAC, 40 non-APAPo non-NAC, and 12 non-survivors. High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) was a dominant mediator in dynamic inflammation networks in all sub-groups, associated with a threshold network complexity event at d1–2 following enrollment that was exceeded in non-survivors vs. survivors. We thus hypothesized that differential HMGB1 network connectivity after day 2 is related to the putative threshold event in non-survivors. DyNA showed that HMGB1 is most connected in non-survivors on day 2–3, while no connections were observed in APAPo + NAC and non-APAPo + NAC survivors. Inflammatory dynamic networks, and in particular HMGB1 connectivity, were associated with the use of NAC in the context of APAPo. To recapitulate hepatocyte (HC) damage in vitro, primary C57BL/6 HC and HC-specific HMGB1-null HC were treated with APAP + NAC. Network phenotypes of survivors were recapitulated in C57BL/6 mouse HC and were greatly altered in HMGB1-null HC. HC HMGB1 may thus coordinate a pro-inflammatory program in PALF non-survivors (which is antagonized by NAC), while driving an anti-inflammatory/repair program in survivors.
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4
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Yang R, Tonnesseen TI. DAMPs and sterile inflammation in drug hepatotoxicity. Hepatol Int 2018; 13:42-50. [PMID: 30474802 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-018-9911-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Drug hepatotoxicity is the leading cause of acute liver failure (ALF) in the developed countries. The early diagnosis and treatment are still problematic, and one important reason is the lack of reliable mechanistic biomarkers and therapeutic targets; therefore, searching for new biomarkers and therapeutic targets is urgent. Drug hepatotoxicity induces severe liver cells damage and death. Dead and damaged cells release endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Increased circulating levels of DAMPs (HMGB1, histones and DNA) can reflect the severity of drug hepatotoxicity. Elevated plasma HMGB1 concentrations can serve as early and sensitive mechanistic biomarker for clinical acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. DAMPS significantly contribute to liver injury and inhibiting the release of DAMPs ameliorates experimental hepatotoxicity. In addition, HMGB1 mediates 80% of gut bacterial translocation (BT) during acetaminophen toxicity. Gut BT triggers systemic inflammation, leading to multiple organ injury and mortality. Moreover, DAMPs can trigger and extend sterile inflammation, which contributes to early phase liver injury but improves liver regeneration at the late phase of acetaminophen overdose, because anti-inflammatory treatment reduces liver injury at early phase but impairs liver regeneration at late phase of acetaminophen toxicity, whereas pro-inflammatory therapy improves late phase liver regeneration. DAMPs are promising mechanistic biomarkers and could also be the potential therapeutic targets for drug hepatotoxicity. DAMPs-triggered sterile inflammation contributes to liver injury at early phase but improves liver regeneration at later phase of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity; therefore, anti-inflammatory therapy would be beneficial at early phase but should be avoided at the late phase of acetaminophen overdose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runkuan Yang
- Department of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, Nydalen, PO Box 4950, 0424, Oslo, Norway. .,Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| | - Tor Inge Tonnesseen
- Department of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, Nydalen, PO Box 4950, 0424, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
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5
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Cui Q, Pan Y, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Ren S, Wang D, Wang Z, Liu X, Xiao W. Metabolites of Dietary Acteoside: Profiles, Isolation, Identification, and Hepatoprotective Capacities. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:2660-2668. [PMID: 29478321 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, cistanche tea has been increasingly used as a major herbal supplement in functional drinks, and it has attracted a growing number of consumers because of its excellent tonic effects and medicinal properties. Acteoside (ACT), which is the principal bioactive component of Chinese cistanche tea, possesses various pharmacological effects. This study profiled, isolated, identified, and investigated the hepatoprotective capacities of metabolites in rat urine after the administration of ACT. Eleven metabolites, including one new compound (M8), were obtained and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for the first time. Compared with native ACT, ACT metabolites such as hydroxytyrosol (HT), 3-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid (3-HPP), and caffeic acid (CA) exhibited higher hepatoprotective activities by regulating oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and inflammatory responses in a GalN/LPS-induced-acute-hepatic-injury mouse model. The HT treatment markedly reduced the levels of TNF-α to 280 ± 14.3 ng/L compared with the model group (429 ± 9.20 ng/L, p < 0.01). The results obtained indicated that cistanche tea could be developed as a functional drink for the prevention of hepatic injuries and that ACT metabolites could be responsible for the potent hepatoprotective activity as well as the other therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingling Cui
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , 103 Wenhua Road , Shenyang 110016 , China
| | - Yingni Pan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , 103 Wenhua Road , Shenyang 110016 , China
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Company Ltd. , Lianyungang 222001 , China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , 103 Wenhua Road , Shenyang 110016 , China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , 103 Wenhua Road , Shenyang 110016 , China
| | - Shumeng Ren
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , 103 Wenhua Road , Shenyang 110016 , China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- School of Pharmacy , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , 103 Wenhua Road , Shenyang 110016 , China
| | - Zhenzhong Wang
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Company Ltd. , Lianyungang 222001 , China
- State Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process , Lianyungang 222001 , China
| | - Xiaoqiu Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , 103 Wenhua Road , Shenyang 110016 , China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Company Ltd. , Lianyungang 222001 , China
- State Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process , Lianyungang 222001 , China
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6
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Amemiya R, Shinoda M, Yamada M, Ueno Y, Shimada K, Fujieda H, Yagi H, Mizota T, Nishiyama R, Oshima G, Yamada S, Matsubara K, Abe Y, Hibi T, Kitago M, Obara H, Itano O, Kitagawa Y. Hemoadsorption of high-mobility-group box 1 using a porous polymethylmethacrylate fiber in a swine acute liver failure model. Int J Artif Organs 2018. [PMID: 29528759 DOI: 10.1177/0391398817752296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-mobility-group box chromosomal protein 1 has been identified as an important mediator of various kinds of acute and chronic inflammation. In this study, we aimed to develop a column that effectively adsorbs high-mobility-group box chromosomal protein 1 by altering the pore size of the fiber. MATERIALS AND METHODS First, we produced three types of porous polymethylmethacrylate fiber by altering the concentration of polymethylmethacrylate dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide. We then selected a fiber based on the results of an in vitro incubation test of high-mobility-group box chromosomal protein 1 adsorption. Using the selected fiber, we constructed a new column and tested its high-mobility-group box chromosomal protein 1 adsorption capacity during 4-h extracorporeal hemoperfusion in a swine acute liver failure model. RESULTS Electron microscope observation showed that the three types of fibers had different pore sizes on the surface and in cross section, which were dependent on the concentration of polymethylmethacrylate. In the in vitro incubation test, fiber with moderate-sized pores demonstrated the highest adsorption capacity. In the in vivo hemoperfusion study, the ratio of the high-mobility-group box chromosomal protein 1 concentration at the outlet versus the inlet of the column was significantly lower with the new column than with the control column during 4-h extracorporeal hemoperfusion. The normalized plasma level of high-mobility-group box chromosomal protein 1 at 12 h after the completion of hemoperfusion was significantly lower with the new column than with the control column. CONCLUSION The newly developed polymethylmethacrylate column adsorbs high-mobility-group box chromosomal protein 1 during hemoperfusion in swine ALF model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryusuke Amemiya
- 1 Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shinoda
- 1 Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamada
- 2 Medical Devices & Materials Research Unit, Advanced Materials Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc., Shiga, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Ueno
- 2 Medical Devices & Materials Research Unit, Advanced Materials Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc., Shiga, Japan
| | - Kaoru Shimada
- 2 Medical Devices & Materials Research Unit, Advanced Materials Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc., Shiga, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Fujieda
- 2 Medical Devices & Materials Research Unit, Advanced Materials Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc., Shiga, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yagi
- 1 Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takamasa Mizota
- 1 Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Nishiyama
- 1 Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Go Oshima
- 1 Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shingo Yamada
- 3 Central Institute, Shino-Test Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kentaro Matsubara
- 1 Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuta Abe
- 1 Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taizo Hibi
- 1 Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Kitago
- 1 Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Obara
- 1 Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Itano
- 1 Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Kitagawa
- 1 Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Abstract
Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is characterized by organ failure mediated by acute decompensation of cirrhosis. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of the gut-liver axis (GLS) and its association with ACLF pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms related to the alteration of the GLA and their involvement in ACLF pathogenesis and suggest some possible therapeutic options that could modulate the GLA dysfunction. This knowledge may provide information useful for the design of therapeutic strategies for gut dysbiosis and its complications in ACLF.
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8
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Yates KP, Deppe R, Comerford M, Masuoka H, Cummings OW, Tonascia J, Chalasani N, Vuppalanchi R. Serum high mobility group box 1 protein levels are not associated with either histological severity or treatment response in children and adults with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185813. [PMID: 29095942 PMCID: PMC5667763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Serum high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) is a proinflammatory molecule that could potentially serve as a biomarker for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) due to its correlation with degree of liver fibrosis. The aim of the current study was to examine the cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between serum HMGB1 levels and liver histology in adults and children with NAFLD participating in two large randomized controlled trials. Methods Serum HMGB1 levels were measured at various time points in adults and children with NAFLD, who participated in PIVENS and TONIC clinical trials respectively. PIVENS trial compared vitamin E or pioglitazone to placebo in adults whereas TONIC trial compared vitamin E or metformin to placebo in children. Participants had liver biopsies at baseline and the end of treatment (96 weeks), and liver histology was reviewed by a central committee of study pathologists. Results In the cross-sectional analyses (n = 205 for PIVENS and 109 for TONIC), there was no significant relationship between serum HMGB1 levels and histological features such as steatosis, ballooning, inflammation, fibrosis, or presence of steatohepatitis in either adults or children. Serum HMGB1 levels did not change significantly during treatment either with placebo, vitamin E therapy (P = 0.81) or pioglitazone (P = 0.09) in the PIVENS trial. Similarly, serum HMGB1 levels did not change significantly during treatment either with placebo, metformin (P = 0.15) or vitamin E (P = 0.23) in the TONIC trial. In the longitudinal analyses (n = 105 for PIVENS and 109 for TONIC), changes in serum HMGB1 levels did not correlate with histologic improvement or resolution of NASH in either adults or children. There was no relationship between serum HMGB1 and ALT levels in either adults or children with NAFLD. Conclusion Serum HMGB1 levels were not associated with histological severity or treatment response in either children or adults with NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine P. Yates
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ross Deppe
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Megan Comerford
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Howard Masuoka
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Oscar W. Cummings
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - James Tonascia
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Naga Chalasani
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Raj Vuppalanchi
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Inkaya AC, Demir NA, Kolgelier S, Sumer S, Demir LS, Ural O, Pehlivan FS, Aslan M, Arpaci A. Is serum high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB-1) level correlated with liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B? Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e7547. [PMID: 28885322 PMCID: PMC6392731 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000007547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), identified as an alarmin molecule, was shown to have a role in virus-triggered liver injury. We aimed to evaluate the association between serum levels of HMGB1 and liver fibrosis. METHOD This cross-sectional case-control study included 189 chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients and 51 healthy controls. All patients underwent liver biopsy and modified Knodell scoring system used to determine the fibrosis level in CHB patients. Serum HMGB1 levels were determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Mean serum HMGB1 levels of patients (58.1 ± 54.7) were found to be higher than those of the control group (7.1 ± 4.3) (P = .001). HMGB1 levels of patients with advanced-stage fibrosis (stage 4 and 5) were detected to be higher than those of patients with early-stage fibrosis (stage 1-3). However, this difference was not statistically significant (P > .05). Albumin levels of fibrosis 3 and 4 patients were lower than fibrosis 1 and 2 patients. ALT, HBV DNA, and AFP levels of fibrosis 5 patients were significantly higher than fibrosis 1 and 2 patients, and their platelet and albumin levels are lower than fibrosis 1 and 2 patients (P < .001). In a logistic regression model, fibrosis levels were correlated with ALT values and inversely correlated with albumin levels. CONCLUSION In this study, we demonstrated that serum HMGB1 levels increase in the early course of liver injury and this increase is not correlated with severity of the liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Cagkan Inkaya
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara
| | - Nazlim Aktug Demir
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya
| | - Servet Kolgelier
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman
| | - Sua Sumer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya
| | - Lutfi Saltuk Demir
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya
| | - Onur Ural
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya
| | | | - Mahmure Aslan
- Department of Biochemistry, Adiyaman Education and Research Hospital, Adiyaman
| | - Abdullah Arpaci
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey
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10
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HMGB1 and Extracellular Histones Significantly Contribute to Systemic Inflammation and Multiple Organ Failure in Acute Liver Failure. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:5928078. [PMID: 28694564 PMCID: PMC5485317 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5928078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute liver failure (ALF) is the culmination of severe liver cell injury from a variety of causes. ALF occurs when the extent of hepatocyte death exceeds the hepatic regenerative capacity. ALF has a high mortality that is associated with multiple organ failure (MOF) and sepsis; however, the underlying mechanisms are still not clear. Emerging evidence shows that ALF patients/animals have high concentrations of circulating HMGB1, which can contribute to multiple organ injuries and mediate gut bacterial translocation (BT). BT triggers/induces systemic inflammatory responses syndrome (SIRS), which can lead to MOF in ALF. Blockade of HMGB1 significantly decreases BT and improves hepatocyte regeneration in experimental acute fatal liver injury. Therefore, HMGB1 seems to be an important factor that links BT and systemic inflammation in ALF. ALF patients/animals also have high levels of circulating histones, which might be the major mediators of systemic inflammation in patients with ALF. Extracellular histones kill endothelial cells and elicit immunostimulatory effect to induce multiple organ injuries. Neutralization of histones can attenuate acute liver, lung, and brain injuries. In conclusion, HMGB1 and histones play a significant role in inducing systemic inflammation and MOF in ALF.
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11
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Shoda LK, Battista C, Siler SQ, Pisetsky DS, Watkins PB, Howell BA. Mechanistic Modelling of Drug-Induced Liver Injury: Investigating the Role of Innate Immune Responses. GENE REGULATION AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2017; 11:1177625017696074. [PMID: 28615926 PMCID: PMC5459514 DOI: 10.1177/1177625017696074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) remains an adverse event of significant concern for drug development and marketed drugs, and the field would benefit from better tools to identify liver liabilities early in development and/or to mitigate potential DILI risk in otherwise promising drugs. DILIsym software takes a quantitative systems toxicology approach to represent DILI in pre-clinical species and in humans for the mechanistic investigation of liver toxicity. In addition to multiple intrinsic mechanisms of hepatocyte toxicity (ie, oxidative stress, bile acid accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction), DILIsym includes the interaction between hepatocytes and cells of the innate immune response in the amplification of liver injury and in liver regeneration. The representation of innate immune responses, detailed here, consolidates much of the available data on the innate immune response in DILI within a single framework and affords the opportunity to systematically investigate the contribution of the innate response to DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisl Km Shoda
- DILIsym Services, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Christina Battista
- DILIsym Services, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.,UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Scott Q Siler
- DILIsym Services, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - David S Pisetsky
- Medical Research Service, Durham VA Medical Center and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Paul B Watkins
- UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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12
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Zamora R, Vodovotz Y, Mi Q, Barclay D, Yin J, Horslen S, Rudnick D, Loomes KM, Squires RH. Data-Driven Modeling for Precision Medicine in Pediatric Acute Liver Failure. Mol Med 2016; 22:821-829. [PMID: 27900388 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2016.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Absence of early outcome biomarkers for Pediatric Acute Liver Failure (PALF) hinders medical and liver transplant decisions. We sought to define dynamic interactions among circulating inflammatory mediators to gain insights into PALF outcome sub-groups. Serum samples from 101 participants in the PALF study, collected over the first 7 days following enrollment, were assayed for 27 inflammatory mediators. Outcomes (Spontaneous survivors [S, n=61], Non-survivors [NS, n=12], and liver transplant patients [LTx, n=28]) were assessed at 21 days post-enrollment. Dynamic interrelations among mediators were defined using data-driven algorithms. Dynamic Bayesian Network inference identified a common network motif with HMGB1 as a central node in all patient sub-groups. The networks in S and LTx were similar, and differed from NS. Dynamic Network Analysis suggested similar dynamic connectivity in S and LTx, but a more highly-interconnected network in NS that increased with time. A Dynamic Robustness Index calculated to quantify how inflammatory network connectivity changes as a function of correlation stringency differentiated all three patient sub-groups. Our results suggest that increasing inflammatory network connectivity is associated with non-survival in PALF, and may ultimately lead to better patient outcome stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Zamora
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213.,Center for Inflammation and Regenerative Modeling, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Yoram Vodovotz
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213.,Center for Inflammation and Regenerative Modeling, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Qi Mi
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Derek Barclay
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Jinling Yin
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | | | | | | | - Robert H Squires
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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Laursen TL, Støy S, Deleuran B, Vilstrup H, Grønbaek H, Sandahl TD. The damage-associated molecular pattern HMGB1 is elevated in human alcoholic hepatitis, but does not seem to be a primary driver of inflammation. APMIS 2016; 124:741-7. [DOI: 10.1111/apm.12568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tea Lund Laursen
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology; Aarhus University Hospital; Aarhus Denmark
| | - Sidsel Støy
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology; Aarhus University Hospital; Aarhus Denmark
| | - Bent Deleuran
- Department of Biomedicine; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| | - Hendrik Vilstrup
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology; Aarhus University Hospital; Aarhus Denmark
| | - Henning Grønbaek
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology; Aarhus University Hospital; Aarhus Denmark
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Tanaka M, Shinoda M, Takayanagi A, Oshima G, Nishiyama R, Fukuda K, Yagi H, Hayashida T, Masugi Y, Suda K, Yamada S, Miyasho T, Hibi T, Abe Y, Kitago M, Obara H, Itano O, Takeuchi H, Sakamoto M, Tanabe M, Maruyama I, Kitagawa Y. Gene transfer of high-mobility group box 1 box-A domain in a rat acute liver failure model. J Surg Res 2015; 194:571-580. [PMID: 25498512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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15
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Zhang Y, Wang G, Zhu WC, Chen Z. Changes in expression of high mobility group protein B1 in acute liver failure in rats. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:1402-1410. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i9.1402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To observe the changes in the expression of high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) and other inflammatory cytokines in acute liver failure (ALF) in rats.
METHODS: D-galactosamine (D-Gal) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were used to establish a model of ALF by intraperitoneal injection. Rats were treated with normal saline alone in a control group. Serum and liver tissues were collected at different time points (3, 6, 12, 48, 72 and 96 h). Serum biochemical indicators were detected, and HMGB1 expression in liver tissue was observed by immunohistochemical analysis. HE staining was performed to evaluate the severity of liver damage. The changes of HMGB1, interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) mRNA expression were determined by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR, and the levels of HMGB1, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were measured using ELISA kits. rHMGB1 was injected via the tail vein alone or combined with D-Gal and LPS by intraperitoneal injection, and the changes of symptoms and signs and survival rates of rats were observed.
RESULTS: ALF was successfully induced in rats using D-Gal and LPS. In ALF rats, the peak of HMGB1 gene expression and serum levels of HMGB1 were later but lasted longer than IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. Cytoplasmic translocation of HMGB1 was observed as early as 3 h after D-Gal and LPS administration. In 24-48 h, normal liver tissue structures disappeared, and HMGB1 was overflowed from necrotic liver cells and showed diffused yellow staining, full of the entire field of vision. Administration of exogenous rHMGB1 reduced the time to death and increased mortality rates .
CONCLUSION: HMGB1 may be passively leaked by necrosis hepatic cells, which appeared later compared with other inflammatory cytokines. The interaction of HMGB1 and other inflammatory cytokines can promote the inflammation progression in ALF.
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Kang R, Chen R, Zhang Q, Hou W, Wu S, Cao L, Huang J, Yu Y, Fan XG, Yan Z, Sun X, Wang H, Wang Q, Tsung A, Billiar TR, Zeh HJ, Lotze MT, Tang D. HMGB1 in health and disease. Mol Aspects Med 2014; 40:1-116. [PMID: 25010388 PMCID: PMC4254084 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 693] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Complex genetic and physiological variations as well as environmental factors that drive emergence of chromosomal instability, development of unscheduled cell death, skewed differentiation, and altered metabolism are central to the pathogenesis of human diseases and disorders. Understanding the molecular bases for these processes is important for the development of new diagnostic biomarkers, and for identifying new therapeutic targets. In 1973, a group of non-histone nuclear proteins with high electrophoretic mobility was discovered and termed high-mobility group (HMG) proteins. The HMG proteins include three superfamilies termed HMGB, HMGN, and HMGA. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), the most abundant and well-studied HMG protein, senses and coordinates the cellular stress response and plays a critical role not only inside of the cell as a DNA chaperone, chromosome guardian, autophagy sustainer, and protector from apoptotic cell death, but also outside the cell as the prototypic damage associated molecular pattern molecule (DAMP). This DAMP, in conjunction with other factors, thus has cytokine, chemokine, and growth factor activity, orchestrating the inflammatory and immune response. All of these characteristics make HMGB1 a critical molecular target in multiple human diseases including infectious diseases, ischemia, immune disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic disorders, and cancer. Indeed, a number of emergent strategies have been used to inhibit HMGB1 expression, release, and activity in vitro and in vivo. These include antibodies, peptide inhibitors, RNAi, anti-coagulants, endogenous hormones, various chemical compounds, HMGB1-receptor and signaling pathway inhibition, artificial DNAs, physical strategies including vagus nerve stimulation and other surgical approaches. Future work further investigating the details of HMGB1 localization, structure, post-translational modification, and identification of additional partners will undoubtedly uncover additional secrets regarding HMGB1's multiple functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
| | - Ruochan Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Qiuhong Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Wen Hou
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Sha Wu
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Lizhi Cao
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Xue-Gong Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Zhengwen Yan
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA; Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
| | - Xiaofang Sun
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Experimental Department of Institute of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510510, China
| | - Haichao Wang
- Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Qingde Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Allan Tsung
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Herbert J Zeh
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Michael T Lotze
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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17
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Xu H, Li H, Qu Y, Zheng J, Lu J. High mobility group box 1 release from cholangiocytes in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. Exp Ther Med 2014; 8:1178-1184. [PMID: 25187820 PMCID: PMC4151661 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
High mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 (HMGB1) is an important proinflammatory molecule in a number of inflammatory disorders, but little is known about its role in acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). To elucidate the role of HMGB1 in ACLF, the expression of HMGB1 in liver specimens from patients with ACLF was investigated. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to confirm the expression and subcellular localization of HMGB1 in liver specimens obtained from 13 patients with ACLF caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, 20 patients with chronic viral hepatitis B and 20 healthy controls. In addition, TFK-1 cells (human cholangiocarcinoma cell line) were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. The extracellular level of HMGB1 in the culture medium was then determined by ELISA, and cell viability was also examined. In patients with ACLF caused by HBV infection, HMGB1 was found mainly in the cholangiocytes, and cytoplasmic translocation was observed in the cholangiocytes in the liver specimens. In the TFK-1 cell cultures, HMGB1 levels gradually increased from as early as 4 h after stimulation with LPS or TNF-α until the end of the stimulation. LPS and TNF-α actively induced the cytoplasmic translocation of the HMGB1 protein in TFK-1 cells. These data suggest that HMGB1 plays a critical role in the systemic inflammation associated with ACLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Xu
- Hepatology and Cancer Biotherapy Ward, Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China ; Department of Pathophysiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Hongxia Li
- Hepatology and Cancer Biotherapy Ward, Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Yachao Qu
- Hepatology and Cancer Biotherapy Ward, Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Junfu Zheng
- Hepatology and Cancer Biotherapy Ward, Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Jun Lu
- Hepatology and Cancer Biotherapy Ward, Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
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Li X, Gou C, Yang H, Qiu J, Gu T, Wen T. Echinacoside ameliorates D-galactosamine plus lipopolysaccharide-induced acute liver injury in mice via inhibition of apoptosis and inflammation. Scand J Gastroenterol 2014; 49:993-1000. [PMID: 24797709 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2014.913190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of echinacoside, one of the phenylethanoids isolated from the stems of Cistanche salsa, a Chinese herbal medicine, on D-galactosamine (GalN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute liver injury in mice. METHODS We administered GalN (650 mg/kg) together with LPS (30 μg/kg) to mice by intraperitoneal injection to induce acute liver damage. Echinacoside (60 mg/kg) was given intraperitoneally to mice at 1 h prior to GalN/LPS exposure. Mice were sacrificed at different time points following GalN/LPS treatment, and the liver and blood samples were collected for future analysis. RESULTS It showed that GalN/LPS treatment produced severe hepatic injury, evidenced by significantly elevated plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and abnormal histological changes such as hepatocyte necrosis or apoptosis, hemorrhage, fatty degeneration, and neutrophil infiltration. Notably, pretreatment with echinacoside remarkably improved the survival rate of GalN/LPS-treated mice and attenuated acute hepatotoxicity, as demonstrated by decreased ALT levels and improved histological signs. Echinacoside shows both anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory properties, characterized by a substantial inhibition of hepatocyte apoptosis and a significant reduction in the inflammatory markers, including myeloperoxidase, extracellular nucleosomes, high-mobility group box 1, and inflammatory cytokines in the plasma of mice, which may be important mechanisms related to its protective effect. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that echinacoside can provide a pronounced protection against GalN/LPS-induced acute liver injury in mice, which may complement the available strategies for management of acute liver damage in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuhui Li
- Department of Integrated TCM and Western Medicine, Beijing Youan Hospital Affiliated with Capital Medical University , Beijing, 100069 , P.R.China
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19
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Alisi A, Nobili V, Ceccarelli S, Panera N, De Stefanis C, De Vito R, Vitali R, Bedogni G, Balsano C, Cucchiara S, Stronati L. Plasma high mobility group box 1 protein reflects fibrosis in pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 14:763-71. [DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2014.928205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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20
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Kuroda N, Inoue K, Ikeda T, Hara Y, Wake K, Sato T. Apoptotic response through a high mobility box 1 protein-dependent mechanism in LPS/GalN-induced mouse liver failure and glycyrrhizin-mediated inhibition. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92884. [PMID: 24690901 PMCID: PMC3972228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
HMGB1 is a nuclear component involved in nucleosome stabilization and transcription regulation, but extracellularly it is able to serve as a potential late mediator of lethality. In the present study, we explored inflammation-promoting activity of HMGB1 and blockade of extracellular release of HMGB1 by glycyrrhizin (GL) in LPS/GalN-triggered mouse liver injury. At 1 to 10 h after LPS/GalN-treatment, mice were anesthetized to collect blood from heart puncture, and serum transaminase and HMGB1 were evaluated. Administration of LPS/GalN precipitated tissue injury associated with time-dependent alteration in HMGB1 serum levels. At 8 h nuclear immunoreactive products were remarkably reduced and extracellular HMGB1 expression was found exclusively in the pericentral foci. The treatment with GL significantly down-regulated the serum levels of ALT, AST, and HMGB1 in addition to the strong inhibition of tissue injury and extracellular immunoreactivity to HMGB1 and to acetylated-lysine. Furthermore, GL brought about a significant decrease in the number of apoptotic hepatocytes labeled with TUNEL-method. On the basis of these results, three apoptosis-associated genes were identified with microarray analysis and real-time PCR. The ChIP-assay revealed the binding of HMGB1 protein to Gsto1 promoter sequence in LPS/GalN-treated mice and the remarkable decrease in combined HMGB1 protein by GL. The current findings claim that a single injection of LPS/GalN might stimulate apoptosis of hepatocytes through the binding of HMGB1 protein to Gsto1 promoter region and that GL-treatment might prevent the apoptosis and inflammatory infiltrates caused with LPS/GalN-injection by disturbing the binding of HMGB1 protein to Gsto1 promoter sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Kuroda
- Department of Anatomy and Histocytology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kouji Inoue
- Research Center of Electron Microscopy, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tadayuki Ikeda
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yaiko Hara
- Department of Anatomy and Histocytology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Wake
- Department of Anatomy and Histocytology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Yokohama, Japan
- Liver Research Unit, Minophagen Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Sato
- Department of Anatomy and Histocytology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Yokohama, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Li J, Wang FP, She WM, Yang CQ, Li L, Tu CT, Wang JY, Jiang W. Enhanced high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) modulates regulatory T cells (Treg)/T helper 17 (Th17) balance via toll-like receptor (TLR)-4-interleukin (IL)-6 pathway in patients with chronic hepatitis B. J Viral Hepat 2014; 21:129-40. [PMID: 24383926 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) proteins are substantially up-regulated in acute and chronic hepatitis. However, the immunopathogenic role of HMGB1 in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) has not been elucidated. In this study, using a cohort of 36 CHB patients, we demonstrated a crucial role for HMGB1 to modulate balance between regulatory T (Treg) and T helper 17 (Th17) cells via the toll-like receptor (TLR)-4-interleukin (IL)-6 pathway. Serum HMGB1 levels were dramatically higher in CHB patients and increased along with liver injury, inflammation and fibrosis. Notably, HMGB1 increased along with decreased Treg/Th17 cells ratios in the periphery or intrahepatic microenvironment, which provides a clue for HMGB1 to favour Th17 responses whereas inhibit Treg responses. For in vitro studies, serum pools were constructed with serum from CHB patients at an advanced stage, whereas peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) pools were constructed with cells from those at an early stage. CHB-serum significantly enhanced retinoic acid-related orphan receptor-γt (RORγt), whereas they inhibited forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) expression in CHB-PBMC, which could be reversed by blocking of HMGB1, TLR4, or IL-6. Besides, recombinant HMGB1 (rHMGB1) dose-dependently up-regulated RORγt whereas down-regulated Foxp3 expression in CHB-PBMC, and meanwhile, rHMGB1 enhanced TLR4 and IL-6 expression in CHB-PBMC. Moreover, the axis of HMGB1-TLR4-IL-6-Treg/Th17 required noncontact interactions between CD4 and non-CD4 cells. In addition, rHMGB1 down-regulated anti-inflammatory proteins on CD4(+) CD25(+) cells whereas up-regulated pro-inflammatory cytokines in CD4(+) CD25(-) cells. In summary, enriched HMGB1 in CHB patients shifts Treg/Th17 balance to Th17 dominance via the TLR4-IL-6 pathway, which exacerbates liver injury and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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