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Ketterer S, Gomez-Auli A, Hillebrand LE, Petrera A, Ketscher A, Reinheckel T. Inherited diseases caused by mutations in cathepsin protease genes. FEBS J 2017; 284:1437-1454. [PMID: 27926992 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomal cathepsins are proteolytic enzymes increasingly recognized as prognostic markers and potential therapeutic targets in a variety of diseases. In those conditions, the cathepsins are mostly overexpressed, thereby driving the respective pathogenic processes. Although less known, there are also diseases with a genetic deficiency of cathepsins. In fact, nowadays 6 of the 15 human proteases called 'cathepsins' have been linked to inherited syndromes. However, only three of these syndromes are typical lysosomal storage diseases, while the others are apparently caused by defective cleavage of specific protein substrates. Here, we will provide an introduction on lysosomal cathepsins, followed by a brief description of the clinical symptoms of the various genetic diseases. For each disease, we focus on the known mutations of which many have been only recently identified by modern genome sequencing approaches. We further discuss the effect of the respective mutation on protease structure and activity, the resulting pathogenesis, and possible therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Ketterer
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alejandro Gomez-Auli
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Germany
| | - Larissa E Hillebrand
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Agnese Petrera
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anett Ketscher
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Freiburg, Germany
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Kaliyadan F, Nambiar A. Palmoplantar keratoderma with dental abnormalities. Indian Dermatol Online J 2014; 5:232-4. [PMID: 24860777 PMCID: PMC4030370 DOI: 10.4103/2229-5178.131152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Feroze Kaliyadan
- Department of Dermatology, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia and Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Ajit Nambiar
- Department of Pathology, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
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Nagy N, Vályi P, Csoma Z, Sulák A, Tripolszki K, Farkas K, Paschali E, Papp F, Tóth L, Fábos B, Kemény L, Nagy K, Széll M. CTSC and Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome: detection of recurrent mutations in Hungarian patients, a review of published variants and database update. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2014; 2:217-28. [PMID: 24936511 PMCID: PMC4049362 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome (PLS; OMIM 245000) is an autosomal recessive condition characterized by palmoplantar hyperkeratosis and periodontitis. In 1997, the gene locus for PLS was mapped to 11q14-21, and in 1999, variants in the cathepsin C gene (CTSC) were identified as causing PLS. To date, a total of 75 different disease-causing mutations have been published for the CTSC gene. A summary of recurrent mutations identified in Hungarian patients and a review of published mutations is presented in this update. Comparison of clinical features in affected families with the same mutation strongly confirm that identical mutations of the CTSC gene can give rise to multiple different phenotypes, making genotype-phenotype correlations difficult. Variable expression of the phenotype associated with the same CTSC mutation may reflect the influence of other genetic and/or environmental factors. Most mutations are missense (53%), nonsense (23%), or frameshift (17%); however, in-frame deletions, one splicing variant, and one 5' untranslated region (UTR) mutation have also been reported. The majority of the mutations are located in exons 5-7, which encodes the heavy chain of the cathepsin C protein, suggesting that tetramerization is important for cathepsin C enzymatic activity. All the data reviewed here have been submitted to the CTSC base, a mutation registry for PLS at http://bioinf.uta.fi/CTSCbase/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoletta Nagy
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of SzegedSzeged, Hungary
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of SzegedSzeged, Hungary
- Dermatological Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of SzegedSzeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Vályi
- Department of Periodontology, University of SzegedSzeged, Hungary
| | - Zsanett Csoma
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of SzegedSzeged, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Sulák
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of SzegedSzeged, Hungary
| | | | - Katalin Farkas
- Dermatological Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of SzegedSzeged, Hungary
| | - Ekaterine Paschali
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of SzegedSzeged, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Papp
- Department of Pediatrics, University of SzegedSzeged, Hungary
| | - Lola Tóth
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of SzegedSzeged, Hungary
| | - Beáta Fábos
- Mór Kaposi Teaching HospitalKaposvár, Hungary
| | - Lajos Kemény
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of SzegedSzeged, Hungary
- Dermatological Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of SzegedSzeged, Hungary
| | - Katalin Nagy
- Department of Periodontology, University of SzegedSzeged, Hungary
| | - Márta Széll
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of SzegedSzeged, Hungary
- Dermatological Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of SzegedSzeged, Hungary
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