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Liu M, Zheng X, Sun C, Zhou Q, Liu B, Xu P. Tea Tree Oil Mediates Antioxidant Factors Relish and Nrf2-Autophagy Axis Regulating the Lipid Metabolism of Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2260. [PMID: 36421446 PMCID: PMC9686997 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Both oxidative stress and autophagy refer to regulating fat metabolism, and the former affects autophagy, but the role and mechanism of the antioxidant-autophagy axis in regulating lipid metabolism remains unclear. As an antioxidant, tea tree oil (TTO) has little research on the regulatory mechanism of lipid metabolism in crustaceans. This study investigated whether TTO could alter hepatopancreatic lipid metabolism by affecting the antioxidant-autophagy axis. Feed Macrobrachium rosenbergii with three different levels of TTO diets for 8 weeks: CT (0 mg/kg TTO), 100TTO (100 mg/kg TTO), and 1000TTO (1000 mg/kg TTO). The results showed that 100TTO treatment reduced the hemolymph lipids level and hepatopancreatic lipid deposition compared to CT. In contrast, 1000TTO treatment increased hepatopancreatic lipid deposition, damaging both morphology and function in the hepatopancreas. The 100TTO treatment promoted lipolysis and reduced liposynthesis at the transcriptional level compared to the CT group. Meanwhile, it improved the hepatopancreas antioxidant capacity and maintained mitochondrial structural and ROS homeostasis. In addition, it simultaneously activated the expression of transcription factors Keap1-Nrf2 and Imd-Relish. By contrast, the 1000TTO group significantly enhanced the ROS level, which considerably activated the Keap1-Nrf2 signaling expression but had no significant effects on the expression of Imd-Relish. The 100TTO group supplementation significantly enhanced lipid droplet breakdown and autophagy-related genes and protein expression. On the contrary, the 1000TTO group significantly inhibited the expression of genes and proteins related to autophagy. Pearson analysis revealed that Nrf2 has a positive correlation to lipid anabolism-related genes (Fasn, Srebp1, Pparγ) and autophagy regulators (mtor, akt, p62), and were negatively correlated with lipolysis-related genes (Cpt1, Hsl, Ampkα) and autophagy markers (Ulk1, Lc3). Relish was positively correlated with Atgl, Cpt1, Ampkα, Ulk1, and Lc3, and negatively correlated with Pparγ and p62. Moreover, Keap1 and Imd were negatively correlated with p62 and mtor, respectively. In sum, 100 mg/kg TTO enhanced antioxidant activity and increased autophagy intensity through the Relish-Imd pathway to enhance lipid droplet breakdown, while 1000 mg/kg TTO overexpressed Nrf2, thus inhibiting autophagy and ultimately causing excessive lipid deposition and peroxidation. Our study gives a fresh perspective for deciphering the bidirectional regulation mechanism of lipid metabolism by different doses of TTO based on the antioxidant-autophagy axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Liu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Health, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Xiaochuan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Health, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Cunxin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Health, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Qunlan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Health, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Health, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Pao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Health, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuxi 214081, China
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Oliveira PS, Soares MSP, Bona NP, da Silva PG, Mendonça LT, Vieira A, Dal-Pizzol F, Vizzotto M, Lencina CL, Spanevello RM, Stefanello FM. Brazilian native fruit extracts act as preventive agents modulating the purinergic and cholinergic signalling in blood cells and serum in a rat model of metabolic syndrome. Arch Physiol Biochem 2022; 128:993-1000. [PMID: 32212985 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1743723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the effects of native fruit extracts on inflammatory and thromboregulatory parameters in animal model of metabolic syndrome (MetS) induced by highly palatable diet (HPD). Rats were divided into 4 experimental groups: standard chow, HPD, HPD and Psidium cattleianum extract, and HPD and Eugenia uniflora extract. HPD increased serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels. On the other hand, this change was prevented by extracts. HPD decreased NTPDase activity in lymphocytes and platelets and 5'-nucleotidase in platelets. Treatment with extracts prevented these changes. An increase in adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity was prevented by E. uniflora in lymphocytes and serum of rats. Fruit extracts prevented the increase in the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in lymphocytes and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) in serum induced by the HPD. Brazilian native fruit extracts have anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic effects, demonstrating therapeutic potential in the prevention of complications associated with MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pathise Souto Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Mayara Sandrielly Pereira Soares
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica, Inflamação e Câncer, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Natália Pontes Bona
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Pâmela Gonçalves da Silva
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Lorenço Torres Mendonça
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Andriele Vieira
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Marcia Vizzotto
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Clima Temperado, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Claiton Leoneti Lencina
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Roselia Maria Spanevello
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica, Inflamação e Câncer, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Francieli Moro Stefanello
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
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Hixson EA, Borker PV, Jackson EK, Macatangay BJ. The Adenosine Pathway and Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Inflammation. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofab396. [PMID: 34557556 PMCID: PMC8454523 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is associated with an increased risk of age-associated comorbidities and mortality compared to people without HIV. This has been attributed to HIV-associated chronic inflammation and immune activation despite viral suppression. The adenosine pathway is an established mechanism by which the body regulates persistent inflammation to limit tissue damage associated with inflammatory conditions. However, HIV infection is associated with derangements in the adenosine pathway that limits its ability to control HIV-associated inflammation. This article reviews the function of purinergic signaling and the role of the adenosine signaling pathway in HIV-associated chronic inflammation. This review also discusses the beneficial and potential detrimental effects of pharmacotherapeutic strategies targeting this pathway among people with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Hixson
- Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Priya V Borker
- Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Edwin K Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bernard J Macatangay
- Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, USA
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Biteli P, Barbalho SM, Detregiachi CRP, Dos Santos Haber JF, Chagas EFB. Dyslipidemia influences the effect of physical exercise on inflammatory markers on obese women in post-menopause: A randomized clinical trial. Exp Gerontol 2021; 150:111355. [PMID: 33865923 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The hormonal modifications observed in post-menopausal are related to increased adiposity and alteration in the lipid profile besides physical and psychological changes. Physical exercises may attenuate these conditions and have been associated with low-grade inflammatory status, reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of dyslipidemia on the effect of physical exercise on inflammatory markers IL6, IL10, and TNF-α in obese post-menopausal women. A randomized clinical trial was carried out in seventy women divided into four groups: exercise without dyslipidemia (EG/n = 11); exercise with dyslipidemia (EGD = 24); control with dyslipidemia (CGD/n = 22); and control without dyslipidemia (CG/n = 13). The serum values of IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α were measured before and after the intervention period, and the exercise program lasted 20 weeks, in three weekly sessions of 75 min each, with aerobic and strength exercises. The comparison of means was performed using the ANOVA test, repeated measures to analyze the interaction between the group and intervention time. There were a significant reduction in IL-6 values and an increase in IL-10/IL-6 and IL-10/TNF-α ratios only in the EG group. For serum TNF-α values, the EG and EGD groups showed significant reductions. The groups that practiced exercises did not present significant variation in the levels of IL-10. However, the CGD and GC groups showed a significant reduction in IL-10 after the intervention period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Biteli
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, UNIMAR, Marília, SP, Brazil
| | - Sandra Maria Barbalho
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, UNIMAR, Marília, SP, Brazil; School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, 1001, Marília, São Paulo, Brazil; School of Food and Technology of Marilia (FATEC), Marilia, SP, Brazil.
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Tatsushima K, Hasuzawa N, Wang L, Hiasa M, Sakamoto S, Ashida K, Sudo N, Moriyama Y, Nomura M. Vesicular ATP release from hepatocytes plays a role in the progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166013. [PMID: 33212187 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.166013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is becoming a growing public health problem along with the increase of metabolic syndrome worldwide. Extracellular nucleotides are known to serve as a danger signal by initiating purinergic signaling in many inflammatory disorders, although the role of purinergic signaling in the progression of NASH remains to be clarified. Vesicular nucleotide transporter (VNUT) is a key molecule responsible for vesicular ATP release to initiate purinergic signaling. Here, we studied the role of VNUT in the progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. VNUT was expressed in mouse hepatocytes and associated, at least in part, with apolipoprotein B (apoB)-containing vesicles. High glucose stimulation evoked release of appreciable amount of ATP from hepatocytes, which disappeared in hepatocytes of Vnut knockout (Vnut-/-) mice. Glucose treatment also stimulated triglyceride secretion from hepatocytes, which was inhibited by PPADS and MRS211, antagonists of P2Y receptors, and clodronate, a VNUT inhibitor, and was significantly reduced in Vnut-/- mice. In vivo, postprandial secretion of triglyceride from hepatocytes was observed, while the serum triglyceride level was significantly reduced in Vnut-/- mice. On a high-fat diet, the liver of wild type mice exhibited severe inflammation, fibrosis, and macrophage infiltration, which is similar to NASH in humans, while this NASH pathology was not observed in Vnut-/- mice. These results suggest that VNUT-mediated vesicular ATP release regulates triglyceride secretion and involves in chronic inflammation in hepatocytes. Since blockade of vesicular ATP release protects against progression of steatohepatitis, VNUT may be a pharmacological target for NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Tatsushima
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Endocrine Center, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo 105-8470, Japan
| | - Nao Hasuzawa
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Lixiang Wang
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Miki Hiasa
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Shohei Sakamoto
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kenji Ashida
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Sudo
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Moriyama
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan; Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Masatoshi Nomura
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan.
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Resolving the Ionotropic P2X4 Receptor Mystery Points Towards a New Therapeutic Target for Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145005. [PMID: 32679900 PMCID: PMC7404342 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a primordial versatile autacoid that changes its role from an intracellular energy saver to a signaling molecule once released to the extracellular milieu. Extracellular ATP and its adenosine metabolite are the main activators of the P2 and P1 purinoceptor families, respectively. Mounting evidence suggests that the ionotropic P2X4 receptor (P2X4R) plays pivotal roles in the regulation of the cardiovascular system, yet further therapeutic advances have been hampered by the lack of selective P2X4R agonists. In this review, we provide the state of the art of the P2X4R activity in the cardiovascular system. We also discuss the role of P2X4R activation in kidney and lungs vis a vis their interplay to control cardiovascular functions and dysfunctions, including putative adverse effects emerging from P2X4R activation. Gathering this information may prompt further development of selective P2X4R agonists and its translation to the clinical practice.
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Zhang H, Xu Z, Zhao H, Wang X, Pang J, Li Q, Yang Y, Ling W. Anthocyanin supplementation improves anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory capacity in a dose-response manner in subjects with dyslipidemia. Redox Biol 2020; 32:101474. [PMID: 32179241 PMCID: PMC7078384 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthocyanins, one of the major plant bioactive substances, possess anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory capacity. However, their dose-response relationship has remained unclear. The present study investigated the dose-response relationship of anthocyanins with oxidative stress and inflammation in subjects with dyslipidemia. DESIGN and Participants: A total of 169 participants with dyslipidemia were randomly assigned to placebo (n = 43), anthocyanins 40 mg/day (n = 44), 80 mg/day (n = 40), or 320 mg/day (n = 42) groups. Urine 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-PGF2α), 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and serum malonaldehyde (MDA), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), UA (uric acid), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured at baseline, at 6 weeks, and at 12 weeks. RESULTS Anthocyanin supplementation (320 mg/day) for 6 weeks significantly improved T-SOD versus baseline (P < 0.05). A slight reduction in serum IL-6, TNF-α, and urine 8-iso-PGF2α from the baseline was observed at 12 weeks in the group receiving 40 mg/day anthocyanins. Anthocyanins (80 mg/day) significantly reduced serum IL-6 (-20%), TNF-α (-11%) and urine 8-iso-PGF2α (-27%) versus baseline (P < 0.05). Moreover, 320 mg/day anthocyanin supplementation reduced serum IL-6 (-40%), TNF-α (-21%), MDA (-20%) and urine 8-iso-PGF2α (-37%) and 8-OHdG (-36%) than 80 mg/day and 40 mg/day anthocyanins, P value < 0.05. Anthocyanin supplementation has dose-response relationships with decreased inflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-α and oxidative stress biomarkers 8-iso-PGF2α, 8-OHdG and MDA (P for trend, <0.05). Furthermore, a strong positive correlation was observed between the changes in the urine 8-iso-PGF2α , 8-OHdG levels and serum IL-6 levels in subjects from anthocyanin groups after 12 weeks of treatment. CONCLUSIONS Supplementation of anthocyanins for 12 weeks positively improved the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory capacity in a dose-response manner in individuals with dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyue Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China.
| | - Zhongliang Xu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China.
| | - Huiwen Zhao
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China.
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China.
| | - Juan Pang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China.
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China.
| | - Yan Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Nutrition Transformation, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, PR China.
| | - Wenhua Ling
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Nutrition Transformation, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China.
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Park S, Sadanala KC, Kim EK. A Metabolomic Approach to Understanding the Metabolic Link between Obesity and Diabetes. Mol Cells 2015; 38:587-96. [PMID: 26072981 PMCID: PMC4507023 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2015.0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes arise from an intricate interplay between both genetic and environmental factors. It is well recognized that obesity plays an important role in the development of insulin resistance and diabetes. Yet, the exact mechanism of the connection between obesity and diabetes is still not completely understood. Metabolomics is an analytical approach that aims to detect and quantify small metabolites. Recently, there has been an increased interest in the application of metabolomics to the identification of disease biomarkers, with a number of well-known biomarkers identified. Metabolomics is a potent approach to unravel the intricate relationships between metabolism, obesity and progression to diabetes and, at the same time, has potential as a clinical tool for risk evaluation and monitoring of disease. Moreover, metabolomics applications have revealed alterations in the levels of metabolites related to obesity-associated diabetes. This review focuses on the part that metabolomics has played in elucidating the roles of metabolites in the regulation of systemic metabolism relevant to obesity and diabetes. It also explains the possible metabolic relation and association between the two diseases. The metabolites with altered profiles in individual disorders and those that are specifically and similarly altered in both disorders are classified, categorized and summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seokjae Park
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology, Daegu 711-873,
Korea
- Neurometabolomics Research Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology, Daegu 711-873,
Korea
| | - Krishna Chaitanya Sadanala
- Neurometabolomics Research Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology, Daegu 711-873,
Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology, Daegu 711-873,
Korea
- Neurometabolomics Research Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology, Daegu 711-873,
Korea
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P2X receptors regulate adenosine diphosphate release from hepatic cells. Purinergic Signal 2014; 10:587-93. [PMID: 25059924 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-014-9419-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides act as paracrine regulators of cellular signaling and metabolic pathways. Adenosine polyphosphate (adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP)) release and metabolism by human hepatic carcinoma cells was therefore evaluated. Hepatic cells maintain static nanomolar concentrations of extracellular ATP and ADP levels until stress or nutrient deprivation stimulates a rapid burst of nucleotide release. Reducing the levels of media serum or glucose has no effect on ATP levels, but stimulates ADP release by up to 10-fold. Extracellular ADP is then metabolized or degraded and media ADP levels fall to basal levels within 2-4 h. Nucleotide release from hepatic cells is stimulated by the Ca(2+) ionophore, ionomycin, and by the P2 receptor agonist, 2'3'-O-(4-benzoyl-benzoyl)-adenosine 5'-triphosphate (BzATP). Ionomycin (10 μM) has a minimal effect on ATP release, but doubles media ADP levels at 5 min. In contrast, BzATP (10-100 μM) increases both ATP and ADP levels by over 100-fold at 5 min. Ion channel purinergic receptor P2X7 and P2X4 gene silencing with small interference RNA (siRNA) and treatment with the P2X inhibitor, A438079 (100 μM), decrease ADP release from hepatic cells, but have no effect on ATP. P2X inhibitors and siRNA have no effect on BzATP-stimulated nucleotide release. ADP release from human hepatic carcinoma cells is therefore regulated by P2X receptors and intracellular Ca(2+) levels. Extracellular ADP levels increase as a consequence of a cellular stress response resulting from serum or glucose deprivation.
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Burnstock G, Ralevic V. Purinergic signaling and blood vessels in health and disease. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 66:102-92. [PMID: 24335194 DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.008029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purinergic signaling plays important roles in control of vascular tone and remodeling. There is dual control of vascular tone by ATP released as a cotransmitter with noradrenaline from perivascular sympathetic nerves to cause vasoconstriction via P2X1 receptors, whereas ATP released from endothelial cells in response to changes in blood flow (producing shear stress) or hypoxia acts on P2X and P2Y receptors on endothelial cells to produce nitric oxide and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor, which dilates vessels. ATP is also released from sensory-motor nerves during antidromic reflex activity to produce relaxation of some blood vessels. In this review, we stress the differences in neural and endothelial factors in purinergic control of different blood vessels. The long-term (trophic) actions of purine and pyrimidine nucleosides and nucleotides in promoting migration and proliferation of both vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells via P1 and P2Y receptors during angiogenesis and vessel remodeling during restenosis after angioplasty are described. The pathophysiology of blood vessels and therapeutic potential of purinergic agents in diseases, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, ischemia, thrombosis and stroke, diabetes, and migraine, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK; and Department of Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
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