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Capelli M. Eyelid Edema May Be as a Sign of Dacryoadenitis in the Course of Epstein-Barr Virus Infectious Mononucleosis. J Med Cases 2023; 14:208-212. [PMID: 37435102 PMCID: PMC10332871 DOI: 10.14740/jmc4114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a widespread virus that causes frequent, in many cases asymptomatic, infections. Mononucleosis is the most frequent clinical syndrome encountered during EBV infection. In rare cases, the disease can present at the onset with atypical signs that make an immediate diagnostic classification difficult. An example in this sense is the onset of dacryoadenitis with consequent eyelid edema. In these cases, it is difficult to immediately recognize this sign as referable to mononucleosis and it appears necessary to carry out a series of analyses aimed at excluding any other edematous causes. We describe below a clinical case of dacryoadenitis in the course of infectious mononucleosis and a review of similar cases described in the literature starting from 1952 (the year in which this sign was described for the first time). We counted 28 cases before ours, thus confirming the exceptional nature of this event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Capelli
- Endoscopy and Pathophysiology Upper Airway Unit, "Villa Antonella" Clinic, Viale Buonarroti 68, Codogno (Lo), Italy.
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2
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Manasewitsch NT, Morrison L, Antwi-Amoabeng D, Dave MG, Chahal GS. Deaf and Mute Patient Developing Recurrent Idiopathic Bilateral Optic Neuritis: A Case for Early Treatment With Plasmapheresis? Cureus 2020; 12:e10663. [PMID: 33005553 PMCID: PMC7522191 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.10663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bilateral idiopathic optic neuritis is an uncommon presentation of optic neuritis, and the initial treatment options are limited to corticosteroids with consideration for plasma exchange therapy as second-line therapy. We present the case of a 43-year-old deaf and mute patient whose ability to communicate via American Sign Language was severely impaired by her recurrent idiopathic bilateral optic neuritis. She was treated early and aggressively with both plasma exchange and corticosteroids within days of presentation and experienced rapid improvement in her vision. Early treatment with plasma exchange should be considered in patients whose impairment presents a significant communication barrier.
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Kang H, Liu Z, Li H, Chen T, Ai N, Xu Q, Cao S, Tao Y, Wei S. Simultaneous bilateral optic neuritis in China: clinical, serological and prognostic characteristics. Acta Ophthalmol 2019; 97:e426-e434. [PMID: 30632682 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyse the clinical characteristics of simultaneous bilateral ON patients in China. METHODS This retrospective study was done on 51 primary bilateral ON patients between April 2008 and July 2016 at the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital. Fifty eight primary unilateral ON patients formed the control group. Demographic data, clinical course, serum autoantibody status, connective tissue disorders, magnetic resonance imaging and visual functions were compared. RESULTS The mean age at disease onset in the bilateral group was younger than that of the unilateral group (p = 0.001). Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) total cell count and CSF total protein were significantly higher in the bilateral group (p = 0.001, p = 0.025). Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) antibodies were detected in 39% and 21% of the bilateral and unilateral patients, respectively (p = 0.03). Twenty two percent of the bilateral patients fulfilled the diagnosis of neuromyelitis optica (NMO); 7% in the unilateral group did so (p = 0.03). Serum autoantibodies (ANA, SSA, SSB, etc.) were found in 49% of the bilateral patients and 29% of the unilateral patients (p = 0.035). After treatment, the bilateral patients were significantly more prone to severe visual disability eventually than their unilateral counterparts (p = 0.002). Patients with MOG-IgG (myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-IgG) represented 26% of the patients negative for AQP4-IgG. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-IgG (MOG-IgG) sero-positive patients were more likely to recover than the other patients (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Simultaneous bilateral ON is a severe disorder closely related to serum AQP4-IgG and MOG-IgG, which are more likely to involve younger people and incur severe visual disability eventually. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-IgG (MOG-IgG) sero-positive patients have higher risk of ON relapses and better visual prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Zihao Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology Dongzhimen Hospital Beijing China
| | - Hongyang Li
- Department of Ophthalmology Beijing Friendship Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Tingjun Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology The Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital Beijing China
| | - Nanping Ai
- Department of Ophthalmology The Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital Beijing China
| | - Quangang Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology The Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital Beijing China
| | - Shanshan Cao
- Department of Ophthalmology The Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital Beijing China
| | - Yong Tao
- Department of Ophthalmology Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Shihui Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology The Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital Beijing China
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Groen-Hakan F, Babu K, Tugal-Tutkun I, Pathanapithoon K, de Boer JH, Smith JR, de Groot-Mijnes JD, Rothova A. Challenges of Diagnosing Viral Anterior Uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2017; 25:710-720. [DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2017.1353105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fahriye Groen-Hakan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kalpana Babu
- Prabha Eye Clinic & Research Centre, Vittala International Institute of Ophthalmology, Bangalore, India
| | - Ilknur Tugal-Tutkun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kessara Pathanapithoon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Joke H. de Boer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Justine R. Smith
- Eye & Vision Health, Flinders University School of Medicine, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Aniki Rothova
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Lee JH, Agarwal A, Mahendradas P, Lee CS, Gupta V, Pavesio CE, Agrawal R. Viral posterior uveitis. Surv Ophthalmol 2017; 62:404-445. [PMID: 28012878 PMCID: PMC5654632 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The causes of posterior uveitis can be divided into infectious, autoimmune, or masquerade syndromes. Viral infections, a significant cause of sight-threatening ocular diseases in the posterior segment, include human herpesviruses, measles, rubella, and arboviruses such as dengue, West Nile, and chikungunya virus. Viral posterior uveitis may occur as an isolated ocular disease in congenital or acquired infections or as part of a systemic viral illness. Many viruses remain latent in the infected host with a risk of reactivation that depends on various factors, including virulence and host immunity, age, and comorbidities. Although some viral illnesses are self-limiting and have a good visual prognosis, others, such as cytomegalovirus retinitis or acute retinal necrosis, may result in serious complications and profound vision loss. Since some of these infections may respond well to antiviral therapy, it is important to work up all cases of posterior uveitis to rule out an infectious etiology. We review the clinical features, diagnostic tools, treatment regimens, and long-term outcomes for each of these viral posterior uveitides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne H Lee
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aniruddha Agarwal
- Department of Vitreoretina and Uveitis, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Cecilia S Lee
- Department of Uveitis, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Vishali Gupta
- Department of Vitreoretina and Uveitis, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Carlos E Pavesio
- Department of Medical Retina, Moorfields Eye Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rupesh Agrawal
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Medical Retina, Moorfields Eye Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology, National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
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Hsia YC, Chin-Hong PV, Levin MH. Epstein-Barr Virus Neuroretinitis in a Lung Transplant Patient. J Neuroophthalmol 2016; 37:43-47. [PMID: 27525478 DOI: 10.1097/wno.0000000000000433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated optic neuropathy is rare with few reported cases, mostly involving immunocompetent patients who developed optic nerve involvement after infectious mononucleosis. We describe a unique case of a patient who developed severe bilateral EBV neuroretinitis after solid organ transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen C Hsia
- Departments of Ophthalmology (YCH, MHL) and Medicine (PVC-H), University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
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Abstract
There are a number of autoimmune disorders which can affect visual function. There are a very large number of mechanisms in the visual pathway which could potentially be the targets of autoimmune attack. In practice it is the retina and the anterior visual pathway (optic nerve and chiasm) that are recognised as being affected in autoimmune disorders. Multiple Sclerosis is one of the commonest causes of visual loss in young adults because of the frequency of attacks of optic neuritis in that condition, however the basis of the inflammation in Multiple Sclerosis and the confirmation of autoimmunity is lacking. The immune process is known to be highly unusual in that it is not systemic and confined to the CNS compartment. Previously an enigmatic partner to Multiple Sclerosis, Neuromyelitis Optica is now established to be autoimmune and two antibodies - to Aquaporin4 and to Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein - have been implicated in the pathogenesis. The term Chronic Relapsing Inflammatory Optic Neuropathy is applied to those cases of optic neuritis which require long term immunosuppression and hence are presumed to be autoimmune but where no autoimmune pathogenesis has been confirmed. Optic neuritis occurring post-infection and post vaccination and conditions such as Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and various vasculitides may cause direct autoimmune attack to visual structures or indirect damage through occlusive vasculopathy. Chronic granulomatous disorders such as Sarcoidosis affect vision commonly by a variety of mechanisms, whether and how these are placed in the autoimmune panoply is unknown. As far as the retina is concerned Cancer Associated Retinopathy and Melanoma Associated Retinopathy are well characterised clinically but a candidate autoantibody (recoverin) is only described in the former disorder. Other, usually monophasic, focal retinal inflammatory disorders (Idiopathic Big Blind Spot Syndrome, Acute Zonal Occult Outer Retinopathy and Acute Macular Neuroretinitis) are of obscure pathogenesis but an autoimmune disorder of the post-infectious type is plausible. Visual loss in autoimmunity is an expanding field: the most significant advances in research have resulted from taking a well characterised phenotype and making educated guesses at the possible molecular targets of autoimmune attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Petzold
- The Dutch Expert Center for Neuro-ophthalmology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Sui Wong
- Moorfields Eye Hospital and St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Gordon T Plant
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery and St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.
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Sawaya R, El Ayoubi N, Hamam R. Acute neurological visual loss in young adults: causes, diagnosis and management. Postgrad Med J 2015; 91:698-703. [PMID: 26504248 DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2014-133071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Visual loss in the young adult can be caused by demyelinating diseases, inflammatory and autoimmune processes, infections, ischaemic events, and compressive lesions of the optic nerve. Diagnosis of the aetiologies of visual loss is reached by combining data from radiological studies, electrophysiological tests, and blood and cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Treatment is primarily aimed at decreasing the insult on the optic nerve and eventually controlling the primary disorder. The literature discusses separately the different aetiologies of visual loss. We present a review of the clinical characteristics of visual loss in the young adult, the different diagnostic measures, and the latest therapeutic strategies. The aim of this work is to summarise this entity in a practical way to guide clinicians in the diagnosis and management of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sawaya
- Department of Neurology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - N El Ayoubi
- Department of Neurology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - R Hamam
- Department of Ophthalmology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
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Retinopathy in a patient with acute Epstein-Barr virus infection: follow-up analysis using spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Retin Cases Brief Rep 2015; 9:72-7. [PMID: 25383851 DOI: 10.1097/icb.0000000000000087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the clinical findings, diagnostics, and differential diagnosis in a patient with retinopathy in acute systemic Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. METHODS Description of the clinical course of the EBV retinopathy was based on the medical record, photographs, and visual fields of the patient. Retinal morphology was visualized using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (Heidelberg Engineering), and fluorescein angiography. Multiple serologic tests were performed to exclude different infectious agents. A 30-year-old male patient presented with a focal scotoma in his right visual field. One week ago, he suffered from high fever, joint pain, neck stiffness, and hepatitis; 2 weeks later, he had returned from a trip to Malaysia. RESULTS Visual acuity was 20/20 in both eyes. Fundoscopy showed a paravascular sharp-edged white lesion with a corresponding crescent-shaped retinal nerve fiber defect. Serology revealed high titers for EBV immunoglobulin M (IgM), but no EBV immunoglobulin G (IgG), indicating an acute infectious mononucleosis. Other reasons for noninfectious or infectious retinochoroiditis including tropical microorganisms could be excluded serologically and by imaging. Treatment with systemic acyclovir and prednisolone acetate eye drops was initiated leading to recovery of systemic and ocular findings. CONCLUSION Acute systemic EBV infection can affect the retina leading to focal thickening of the inner retinal layers because of focal microinfarction (cotton-wool spot) or focal infectious infiltration. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography is capable of detecting changes in retinal morphology in such cases.
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A Therapeutic Trial of Valganciclovir in Patients with Uveitis and Positive Epstein-Barr virus Early Antigen D IgG Titers. Eur J Ophthalmol 2015; 26:30-5. [DOI: 10.5301/ejo.5000673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the effectiveness of a therapeutic trial of valganciclovir in patients with uveitis with positive Epstein-Barr virus early antigen D immunoglobulin G titers (EBV EA-D). Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of 14 patients at the Massachusetts Eye Research and Surgery Institution who had uveitis with positive EBV EA-D but negative studies for all other causes of uveitis and were treated with valganciclovir 450 mg twice a day or valganciclovir 900 mg twice a day between January 2010 and August 2014. Results Nine of 14 patients, who had presumed EBV reactivation with associated intraocular inflammation, were successfully treated with valganciclovir: 3 of these were treated with valganciclovir 450 mg twice a day and 6 were treated with valganciclovir 900 mg twice a day. Five of 14 patients failed to respond to valganciclovir with persistent inflammation after at least 2 weeks of valganciclovir therapy, and were subsequently treated with immunomodulatory therapy to control inflammation. Conclusions Uveitis can be caused by EBV infection/reactivation. A therapeutic trial with valganciclovir 450 mg twice a day for 1 month in patients with uveitis with positive EBV EA antibody may be beneficial.
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Santos-Bueso E, Sáenz-Francés F, Méndez-Hernández C, Martínez-de-la-Casa JM, García-Feijoo J, Gegúndez-Fernández JA, García-Sánchez J. [Papillitis due to Epstein-Barr virus infection in an adult patient]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 89:245-9. [PMID: 24269432 DOI: 10.1016/j.oftal.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
CASE REPORT A 70-year- old woman who consulted due to poor vision in her right eye for 2 weeks. The examination showed a visual acuity (VA) of 0.6 and 1.0, with normal anterior pole and intraocular pressure and a relative afferent pupillary defect. Some papillitis was observed in the fundus of her right eye. The high levels of acute phase reactants led to an initial diagnosis of arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AAION) and treatment with corticosteroids was started. DISCUSSION According to the age of the patient, the fundus and the high levels of acute phase reactants, the initial diagnosis was AAION. However, the atypical papillitis features, with good AV and non-specific perimetry, together with a suitable medical history, and a profile of viral characteristics, with laboratory confirmation, led to the diagnosis of a primary papillitis infection due to Epstein-Barr virus, a very rare case due to the advanced age of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Santos-Bueso
- Unidad de Neurooftalmología, Servicio de Oftalmología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, España.
| | - F Sáenz-Francés
- Unidad de Neurooftalmología, Servicio de Oftalmología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, España
| | - C Méndez-Hernández
- Unidad de Neurooftalmología, Servicio de Oftalmología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, España
| | - J M Martínez-de-la-Casa
- Unidad de Neurooftalmología, Servicio de Oftalmología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, España
| | - J García-Feijoo
- Unidad de Neurooftalmología, Servicio de Oftalmología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, España
| | - J A Gegúndez-Fernández
- Unidad de Neurooftalmología, Servicio de Oftalmología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, España
| | - J García-Sánchez
- Unidad de Neurooftalmología, Servicio de Oftalmología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, España
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