1
|
Gotardi GC, van der Kamp J, Navarro M, Savelsbergh GJP, Rodrigues ST. Affordance-based control of braking in cycling: Experience reveals differences in the style of control. Hum Mov Sci 2024; 95:103225. [PMID: 38705032 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2024.103225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
We investigated whether in an in-situ collision avoidance experiment cyclists regulate braking by adopting an affordance-based control strategy. Within an affordance-based control strategy for braking, deceleration is controlled relative to the maximum achievable deceleration rather than by nulling out deviations from ideal deceleration, and potentially allowing for different braking styles. Twenty active- and eighteen inactive-cyclists were asked to cycle on a straight path in an indoor gym and to stop as close as possible in front of a stationary obstacle. Maximum achievable deceleration was manipulated by loading the bike: no-load, load-5 kg, and load-10 kg. Two approach distances were used to vary cycling speed. Participants in both groups stopped farther from the obstacle when approaching with long- than short-initial distance conditions. No systematic effects of loading on braking performance and control were found across the two groups. However, both groups did increase the magnitude of brake adjustments as ideal deceleration increased and got closer to the action boundary, even when current deceleration approached the ideal deceleration. This indicates that participants adopted an affordance-based control strategy for braking. Two braking styles were identified: an aggressive style, characterized by a late braking onset and a high, steep peak in ideal deceleration, and a conservative style, characterized by an early braking onset and gradual, linear increase in ideal deceleration. The aggressive braking style was more prevalent among the active-cyclists. We suggest that the braking styles emerge from differences in calibration between information and action. The novelty of our work lies in confirming that cyclists adopt an affordance-based control strategy in an in-situ experiment and in demonstrating and explicating how affordance-based control can incorporate the emergence of different styles of braking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gisele C Gotardi
- Human Movement Science Postgraduate Program, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - John van der Kamp
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Martina Navarro
- School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, England, UK.
| | - Geert J P Savelsbergh
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Sérgio T Rodrigues
- Human Movement Science Postgraduate Program, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wilson AD. Interface Theory vs Gibson: An Ontological Defense of the Ecological Approach. PHILOSOPHICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09515089.2021.1937592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Wilson
- Leeds School of Social Sciences, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Matthews N, Welch L, Festa EK, Bruno AA, Schafer K. Global depth perception alters local timing sensitivity. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228080. [PMID: 31971977 PMCID: PMC6977760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic environments often contain features that change at slightly different times. Here we investigated how sensitivity to these slight timing differences depends on spatial relationships among stimuli. Stimuli comprised bilaterally presented plaid pairs that rotated, or radially expanded and contracted to simulate depth movement. Left and right hemifield stimuli initially moved in the same or opposite directions, then reversed directions at various asynchronies. College students judged whether the direction reversed first on the left or right–a temporal order judgment (TOJ). TOJ thresholds remained similar across conditions that required tracking only one depth plane, or bilaterally synchronized depth planes. However, when stimuli required simultaneously tracking multiple depth planes–counter-phased across hemifields–TOJ thresholds doubled or tripled. This effect depended on perceptual set. Increasing the certainty with which participants simultaneously tracked multiple depth planes reduced TOJ thresholds by 45 percent. Even complete certainty, though, failed to reduce multiple-depth-plane TOJ thresholds to levels obtained with single or bilaterally synchronized depth planes. Overall, the results demonstrate that global depth perception can alter local timing sensitivity. More broadly, the findings reflect a coarse-to-fine spatial influence on how we sense time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nestor Matthews
- Department of Psychology, Denison University, Granville, OH, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Leslie Welch
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic & Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Elena K. Festa
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic & Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Anthony A. Bruno
- Department of Psychology, Denison University, Granville, OH, United States of America
| | - Kendra Schafer
- Department of Psychology, Denison University, Granville, OH, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Brain activity during time to contact estimation: an EEG study. Cogn Neurodyn 2019; 14:155-168. [PMID: 32226559 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-019-09563-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the neural mechanisms associated with time to contact (TTC) estimation is an intriguing but challenging task. Despite the importance of TTC estimation in our everyday life, few studies have been conducted on it, and there are still a lot of unanswered questions and unknown aspects of this issue. In this study, we intended to address one of these unknown aspects. We used independent component analysis to systematically assess EEG substrates associated with TTC estimation using two experiments: (1) transversal motion experiment (when a moving object passes transversally in the frontoparallel plane from side to side in front of the observer), and (2) head-on motion experiment (when the observer is on the motion path of the moving object). We also studied the energy of all EEG sources in these two experiments. The results showed that brain regions involved in the transversal and head-on motion experiments were the same. However, the energy used by some brain regions in the head-on motion experiment, including some regions in left parietotemporal and left frontal lobes, was significantly higher than the energy used by those regions in the transversal motion experiment. These brain regions are dominantly associated with different kinds of visual attention, integration of visual information, and responding to visual motion.
Collapse
|
5
|
Hartkopf J, Moser J, Schleger F, Preissl H, Keune J. Changes in event-related brain responses and habituation during child development - A systematic literature review. Clin Neurophysiol 2019; 130:2238-2254. [PMID: 31711004 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This systematic review highlights the influence of developmental changes of the central nervous system on habituation assessment during child development. Therefore, studies on age dependant changes in event-related brain responses as well as studies on behavioural and neurophysiological habituation during child development are compiled and discussed. METHODS Two PubMed searches with terms "(development evoked brain response (fetus OR neonate OR children) (electroencephalography OR magnetoencephalography))" and with terms "(psychology habituation (fetal OR neonate OR children) (human brain))" were performed to identify studies on developmental changes in event-related brain responses as well as habituation studies during child development. RESULTS Both search results showed a wide diversity of subjects' ages, stimulation protocols and examined behaviour or components of event-related brain responses as well as a demand for more longitudinal study designs. CONCLUSIONS A conclusive statement about clear developmental trends in event-related brain responses or in neurophysiological habituation studies is difficult to draw. Future studies should implement longitudinal designs, combination of behavioural and neurophysiological habituation measurement and more complex habituation paradigms to assess several habituation criteria. SIGNIFICANCE This review emphasizes that event-related brain responses underlie certain changes during child development which should be more considered in the context of neurophysiological habituation studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hartkopf
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases/German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tuebingen, Otfried-Mueller-Strasse 10, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; fMEG-Center, University of Tuebingen, Otfried-Mueller-Strasse 47, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Julia Moser
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases/German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tuebingen, Otfried-Mueller-Strasse 10, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; fMEG-Center, University of Tuebingen, Otfried-Mueller-Strasse 47, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Franziska Schleger
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases/German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tuebingen, Otfried-Mueller-Strasse 10, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; fMEG-Center, University of Tuebingen, Otfried-Mueller-Strasse 47, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Hubert Preissl
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases/German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tuebingen, Otfried-Mueller-Strasse 10, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; fMEG-Center, University of Tuebingen, Otfried-Mueller-Strasse 47, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Jana Keune
- fMEG-Center, University of Tuebingen, Otfried-Mueller-Strasse 47, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; Department of Neurology, Klinikum Bayreuth GmbH, Hohe Warte 8, 95445 Bayreuth, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
In 2010, Bechtel and Abrahamsen defined and described what it means to be a dynamic causal mechanistic explanatory model. They discussed the development of a mechanistic explanation of circadian rhythms as an exemplar of the process and challenged cognitive science to follow this example. This article takes on that challenge. A mechanistic model is one that accurately represents the real parts and operations of the mechanism being studied. These real components must be identified by an empirical programme that decomposes the system at the correct scale and localises the components in space and time. Psychological behaviour emerges from the nature of our real-time interaction with our environments—here we show that the correct scale to guide decomposition is picked out by the ecological perceptual information that enables that interaction. As proof of concept, we show that a simple model of coordinated rhythmic movement, grounded in information, is a genuine dynamical mechanistic explanation of many key coordination phenomena.
Collapse
|
7
|
de Wit MM, Withagen R. What Should A “Gibsonian Neuroscience” Look Like? Introduction to the Special Issue. ECOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10407413.2019.1615203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rob Withagen
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
van der Weel FR(R, Agyei SB, van der Meer ALH. Infants’ Brain Responses to Looming Danger: Degeneracy of Neural Connectivity Patterns. ECOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10407413.2019.1615210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. R. (Ruud) van der Weel
- Developmental Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science & Technology (NTNU)
| | - Seth B. Agyei
- Developmental Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science & Technology (NTNU)
| | - Audrey L. H. van der Meer
- Developmental Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science & Technology (NTNU)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Golonka
- Department of Psychology, Leeds School of Social Sciences, Leeds Beckett University
| | - Andrew D. Wilson
- Department of Psychology, Leeds School of Social Sciences, Leeds Beckett University
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chasing red herrings: Can visual distracters extend the time children take to open child resistant vials? PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207738. [PMID: 30540760 PMCID: PMC6291070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Unintentional exposure to medications is a noted problem in pediatric populations despite the prevalent use of child-resistant (CR) packaging and educational campaigns informing consumers about appropriate storage. Objective Conduct a proof-of concept study that evaluates how package designs that engage the attention of children in meaningless ways affect opening time and number of openings. Study design Non-CR vials with or without distracters were provided to 108 children (24–51 months) in pairs. Each participant was handed a vial and instructed to “do whatever you want to with it.” Successful opening and time to opening were recorded. Data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models. Results Older children were approximately four times more likely than younger children to successfully open a vial with a visual distracter (P = 0.049); when distracters were not present, no evidence for differences was apparent between age groups (P = 0.64). For successful openings of either age group, distracter presence significantly prolonged time to opening (P = 0.0375); vials containing distracters took nearly three times longer to open than those without. Conclusions Existing CR designs almost exclusively rely on late stages of information processing (e.g. difficult to understand or open). Our results suggest that packaging designs that target early stage processing (i.e. perception) represent a potential paradigm for creating effective CR designs. It should be acknowledged that visual distracters, by their very nature, have the potential to act as "attractive nuisances" (i.e. if it were to be so effective that it drew children to the hazard). Further studies designed to specifically investigate this possibility are advised.
Collapse
|
11
|
Vilhelmsen K, Agyei SB, van der Weel FRR, van der Meer ALH. A high-density EEG study of differentiation between two speeds and directions of simulated optic flow in adults and infants. Psychophysiology 2018; 56:e13281. [PMID: 30175487 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A high-density EEG study was carried out to investigate cortical activity in response to forward and backward visual motion at two different driving speeds, simulated through optic flow. Participants were prelocomotor infants at the age of 4-5 months and infants with at least 3 weeks of crawling experience at the age of 8-11 months, and adults. Adults displayed shorter N2 latencies in response to forward as opposed to backward visual motion and differentiated significantly between low and high speeds, with shorter latencies for low speeds. Only infants at 8-11 months displayed similar latency differences between motion directions, and exclusively in response to low speed. The developmental differences in latency between infant groups are interpreted in terms of a combination of increased experience with self-produced locomotion and neurobiological development. Analyses of temporal spectral evolution (TSE, time-dependent amplitude changes) were also performed to investigate nonphase-locked changes at lower frequencies in underlying neuronal networks. TSE showed event-related desynchronization activity in response to visual motion for infants compared to adults. The poorer responses in infants are probably related to immaturity of the dorsal visual stream specialized in the processing of visual motion and could explain the observed problems in infants with differentiating high speeds of up to 50 km/h.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Vilhelmsen
- Developmental Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Seth B Agyei
- Developmental Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - F R Ruud van der Weel
- Developmental Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Audrey L H van der Meer
- Developmental Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Orioli G, Filippetti ML, Gerbino W, Dragovic D, Farroni T. Trajectory Discrimination and Peripersonal Space Perception in Newborns. INFANCY 2018; 23:252-267. [PMID: 29541001 PMCID: PMC5836937 DOI: 10.1111/infa.12207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The ability to discriminate the trajectories of moving objects is highly adaptive and fundamental for physical and social interactions. Therefore, we could reasonably expect sensitivity to different trajectories already at birth, as a precursor of later communicative and defensive abilities. To investigate this possibility, we measured newborns' looking behavior to evaluate their ability to discriminate between visual stimuli depicting motion along different trajectories happening within the space surrounding their body. Differently from previous studies, we did not take into account defensive reactions, which may not be elicited by impending collision as newborns might not categorize approaching stimuli as possible dangers. In two experiments, we showed that newborns display a spontaneous visual preference for trajectories directed toward their body. We found this visual preference when visual stimuli depicted motion in opposite directions (approaching vs. receding) as well as when they both moved toward the peripersonal space and differed only in their specific target (i.e., the body vs. the space around it). These findings suggest that at birth human infants seem to be already equipped with visual mechanisms predisposing them to perceive their presence in the environment and to adaptively focus their attention on the peripersonal space and their bodily self.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Orioli
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization (DPSS)University of Padua
| | - Maria Laura Filippetti
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health PsychologyUniversity College London
| | - Walter Gerbino
- Department of Life Sciences – Psychology Unit “Gaetano Kanizsa”University of Trieste
| | - Danica Dragovic
- Department of Paediatric UnitHospital “S. Polo” ‐ Monfalcone
| | - Teresa Farroni
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization (DPSS)University of Padua
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
de Wit MM, de Vries S, van der Kamp J, Withagen R. Affordances and neuroscience: Steps towards a successful marriage. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 80:622-629. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
14
|
Agyei SB, van der Weel FR(R, van der Meer ALH. Development of Visual Motion Perception for Prospective Control: Brain and Behavioral Studies in Infants. Front Psychol 2016; 7:100. [PMID: 26903908 PMCID: PMC4746292 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During infancy, smart perceptual mechanisms develop allowing infants to judge time-space motion dynamics more efficiently with age and locomotor experience. This emerging capacity may be vital to enable preparedness for upcoming events and to be able to navigate in a changing environment. Little is known about brain changes that support the development of prospective control and about processes, such as preterm birth, that may compromise it. As a function of perception of visual motion, this paper will describe behavioral and brain studies with young infants investigating the development of visual perception for prospective control. By means of the three visual motion paradigms of occlusion, looming, and optic flow, our research shows the importance of including behavioral data when studying the neural correlates of prospective control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Audrey L. H. van der Meer
- Developmental Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheim, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Agyei SB, Holth M, van der Weel FRR, van der Meer ALH. Longitudinal study of perception of structured optic flow and random visual motion in infants using high-density EEG. Dev Sci 2014; 18:436-51. [PMID: 25145649 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Electroencephalogram (EEG) was used in infants at 3-4 months and 11-12 months to longitudinally study brain electrical activity as the infants were exposed to structured forwards and reversed optic flow, and non-structured random visual motion. Analyses of visual evoked potential (VEP) and temporal spectral evolution (TSE, time-dependent amplitude changes) were performed on EEG data recorded with a 128-channel sensor array. VEP results showed infants to significantly differentiate between the radial motion conditions, but only at 11-12 months where they showed shortest latency for forwards optic flow and longest latency for random visual motion. When the TSE results of the motion conditions were compared with those of a static non-flow dot pattern, infants at 3-4 and 11-12 months both showed significant differences in induced activity. A decrease in amplitudes at 5-7 Hz was observed as desynchronized theta-band activity at both 3-4 and 11-12 months, while an increase in amplitudes at 9-13 Hz was observed as synchronized alpha-band activity only at 11-12 months. It was concluded that brain electrical activities related to visual motion perception change during the first year of life, and these changes can be observed both in the VEP and induced activities of EEG. With adequate neurobiological development and locomotor experience infants around 1 year of age rely, more so than when they were younger, on structured optic flow and show a more adult-like specialization for motion where faster oscillating cell assemblies have fewer but more specialized neurons, resulting in improved visual motion perception.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seth B Agyei
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|