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Hendawy OM, Al-Sanea MM, Elbargisy RM, Rahman HU, Gomaa HAM, Mohamed AAB, Ibrahim MF, Kassem AM, Elmowafy M. Development of Olive Oil Containing Phytosomal Nanocomplex for Improving Skin Delivery of Quercetin: Formulation Design Optimization, In Vitro and Ex Vivo Appraisals. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041124. [PMID: 37111610 PMCID: PMC10145320 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the current work was to fabricate, optimize and assess olive oil/phytosomal nanocarriers to improve quercetin skin delivery. Olive oil/phytosomal nanocarriers, prepared by a solvent evaporation/anti-solvent precipitation technique, were optimized using a Box–Behnken design, and the optimized formulation was appraised for in vitro physicochemical characteristics and stability. The optimized formulation was assessed for skin permeation and histological alterations. The optimized formulation (with an olive oil/PC ratio of 0.166, a QC/PC ratio of 1.95 and a surfactant concentration of 1.6%), and with a particle diameter of 206.7 nm, a zeta potential of −26.3 and an encapsulation efficiency of 85.3%, was selected using a Box–Behnken design. The optimized formulation showed better stability at ambient temperature when compared to refrigerating temperature (4 °C). The optimized formulation showed significantly higher skin permeation of quercetin when compared to an olive-oil/surfactant-free formulation and the control (~1.3-fold and 1.9-fold, respectively). It also showed alteration to skin barriers without remarkable toxicity aspects. Conclusively, this study demonstrated the use of olive oil/phytosomal nanocarriers as potential carriers for quercetin—a natural bioactive agent—to improve its skin delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omnia M. Hendawy
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad M. Al-Sanea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Hidayat Ur Rahman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hesham A. M. Gomaa
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A. B. Mohamed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed F. Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt
| | - Abdulsalam M. Kassem
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Elmowafy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Fonseca M, Rehman M, Soares R, Fonte P. The Impact of Flavonoid-Loaded Nanoparticles in the UV Protection and Safety Profile of Topical Sunscreens. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13030493. [PMID: 36979428 PMCID: PMC10046639 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive UV radiation exposure is harmful to skin cells since sunburn is accompanied by oxidative burst, leading to a rapid increase in skin cancer. However, the insufficient UV photoprotection of approved sunscreens and the negative impact of their compositions on ecosystems and human health makes the utility of sunscreen a questionable recommendation. Therefore, discovering UV filters with significant antioxidant activity and improved topical performance and photostability is an urgent need. Recently, the use of nanosized natural molecules incorporated in sunscreens has been a scientific hot topic, as it has been suggested that they provide a synergistic effect with synthetic UV filters, improving overall SPF and antioxidant activity, higher retention on the epidermis, and less toxicity. The aim of this review was to verify the usefulness of sunscreens incorporating flavonoid-loaded nanoparticles. A literature review was performed, where original and review articles published in the last 6 years were analyzed. Formulations containing nanosized flavonoids with improved UVA photoprotection and safer toxicological profiles, associated or not with synthetic filters, are promising sunscreens and more clinical investigation must be performed to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Fonseca
- EPI Unit, Department of Epidemiological Research, Institute of Public Health of University of Porto (ISPUP), Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mubashar Rehman
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Raquel Soares
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al Prof Hernani Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- I3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Fonte
- Center for Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Gambelas Campus, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Gambelas Campus, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- IBB—Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Chutoprapat R, Kopongpanich P, Chan LW. A Mini-Review on Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers: Topical Delivery of Phytochemicals for the Treatment of Acne Vulgaris. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27113460. [PMID: 35684396 PMCID: PMC9182464 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acne vulgaris (acne) is one of the most common dermatological problems affecting adolescents and young adults. Although acne may not lead to serious medical complications, its psychosocial effects are tremendous and scientifically proven. The first-line treatment for acne is topical medications composed of synthetic compounds, which usually cause skin irritation, dryness and itch. Therefore, naturally occurring constituents from plants (phytochemicals), which are generally regarded as safe, have received much attention as an alternative source of treatment. However, the degradation of phytochemicals under high temperature, light and oxygen, and their poor penetration across the skin barrier limit their application in dermatology. Encapsulation in lipid nanoparticles is one of the strategies commonly used to deliver drugs and phytochemicals because it allows appropriate concentrations of these substances to be delivered to the site of action with minimal side effects. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) are promising delivery systems developed from the combination of lipid and emulsifier. They have numerous advantages that include biocompatibility and biodegradability of lipid materials, enhancement of drug solubility and stability, ease of modulation of drug release, ease of scale-up, feasibility of incorporation of both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs and occlusive moisturization, which make them very attractive carriers for delivery of bioactive compounds for treating skin ailments such as acne. In this review, the concepts of SLNs and NLCs, methods of preparation, characterization, and their application in the encapsulation of anti-acne phytochemicals will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romchat Chutoprapat
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
- Correspondence:
| | - Peerawas Kopongpanich
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Lai Wah Chan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore;
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Costa R, Costa Lima SA, Gameiro P, Reis S. On the Development of a Cutaneous Flavonoid Delivery System: Advances and Limitations. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1376. [PMID: 34573007 PMCID: PMC8472229 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are one of the vital classes of natural polyphenolic compounds abundantly found in plants. Due to their wide range of therapeutic properties, which include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, photoprotective, and depigmentation effects, flavonoids have been demonstrated to be promising agents in the treatment of several skin disorders. However, their lipophilic nature and poor water solubility invariably lead to limited oral bioavailability. In addition, they are rapidly degraded and metabolized in the human body, hindering their potential contribution to the prevention and treatment of many disorders. Thus, to overcome these challenges, several cutaneous delivery systems have been extensively studied. Topical drug delivery besides offering an alternative administration route also ensures a sustained release of the active compound at the desired site of action. Incorporation into lipid or polymer-based nanoparticles appears to be a highly effective approach for cutaneous delivery of flavonoids with good encapsulation potential and reduced toxicity. This review focuses on currently available formulations used to administer either topically or systemically different classes of flavonoids in the skin, highlighting their potential application as therapeutic and preventive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Costa
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (R.C.); (S.A.C.L.)
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Sofia A. Costa Lima
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (R.C.); (S.A.C.L.)
| | - Paula Gameiro
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Salette Reis
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (R.C.); (S.A.C.L.)
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de Souza Guedes L, Martinez RM, Bou-Chacra NA, Velasco MVR, Rosado C, Baby AR. An Overview on Topical Administration of Carotenoids and Coenzyme Q10 Loaded in Lipid Nanoparticles. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1034. [PMID: 34206935 PMCID: PMC8300771 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10071034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids and coenzyme Q10 are naturally occurring antioxidant compounds that are also found in human skin. These bioactive compounds have been the focus of considerable research due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and photoprotective properties. In this review, the current state of the art in the encapsulation of carotenoids and coenzyme Q10 in lipid nanoparticles to improve their bioavailability, chemical stability, and skin absorption is discussed. Additionally, the main findings are highlighted on the cytotoxic and photoprotective effects of these systems in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana de Souza Guedes
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (L.d.S.G.); (R.M.M.); (N.A.B.-C.); (M.V.R.V.)
| | - Renata Miliani Martinez
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (L.d.S.G.); (R.M.M.); (N.A.B.-C.); (M.V.R.V.)
| | - Nádia A. Bou-Chacra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (L.d.S.G.); (R.M.M.); (N.A.B.-C.); (M.V.R.V.)
| | - Maria Valéria Robles Velasco
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (L.d.S.G.); (R.M.M.); (N.A.B.-C.); (M.V.R.V.)
| | - Catarina Rosado
- CBIOS, Universidade Lusófona’s Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - André Rolim Baby
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (L.d.S.G.); (R.M.M.); (N.A.B.-C.); (M.V.R.V.)
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Nasr M, Al-Karaki R. Nanotechnological Innovations Enhancing the Topical Therapeutic Efficacy of Quercetin: A Succinct Review. Curr Drug Deliv 2021; 17:270-278. [PMID: 32183669 DOI: 10.2174/1567201817666200317123224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is currently a hot topic in dermatology and nutraceutical/cosmeceutical delivery, owing to the advantages it provides in terms of enhancing the skin permeation of drugs, as well as increasing their therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of different dermatological diseases. There is also a great interest in the topical delivery of nutraceuticals; which are natural compounds with both therapeutic and cosmetic benefits, in order to overcome the side effects of topically applied chemical drugs. Quercetin is a key nutraceutical with topical antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties which was reported to be effective in the treatment of different dermatological diseases, however, its topical therapeutic activity is hindered by its poor skin penetration. This review highlights the topical applications of quercetin, and summarizes the nanocarrier-based solutions to its percutaneous delivery challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Nasr
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rawan Al-Karaki
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mutah University, Mu'tah, Jordan
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Maretti E, Leo E, Rustichelli C, Truzzi E, Siligardi C, Iannuccelli V. In vivo β-carotene skin permeation modulated by Nanostructured Lipid Carriers. Int J Pharm 2021; 597:120322. [PMID: 33549810 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC) were investigated with the purpose of promoting skin permeation of the highly lipophilic β-carotene (BC) across the stratum corneum (SC) barrier so that it may perform its antioxidant properties in photo-aging and epithelial skin cancer prevention. Two differently sized NLC samples were developed using stearic acid and squalene as lipid matrix and evaluated in comparison with Microstructured Lipid Carriers (MLC). The carriers were characterized for morphology, size, Z-potential, BC loading and release as well as physical state by means of DSC and XRPD analyses. In vivo penetration of the carriers was assessed on humans by determining BC concentrations within the SC stratum disjunctum and stratum compactum layers removed by means of the tape stripping test in comparison with pure BC. Unlike MLC and pure BC that were mostly retained within the outermost layers of the SC, the NLC sample having the smallest size (about 200 nm) has proved to penetrate more deeply into the SC barrier. Accordingly, the goal of providing β-carotene actions against oxidative damages within the looser skin viable tissues could be envisaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Maretti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Eliana Leo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Cecilia Rustichelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Truzzi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Cristina Siligardi
- Department of Engineering "Enzo Ferrari", University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via P. Vivarelli 10, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Valentina Iannuccelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
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8
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Extraction, Characterization and Incorporation of Hypericum scruglii Extract in Ad Hoc Formulated Phospholipid Vesicles Designed for the Treatment of Skin Diseases Connected with Oxidative Stress. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12111010. [PMID: 33113923 PMCID: PMC7690748 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
An extract of Hypericum scruglii, an endangered endemic plant of Sardinia (Italy), was prepared and characterized. It was loaded in special phospholipid vesicles, glycerosomes, which were modified by adding maltodextrin (glucidex) and a polymer (gelatin or hyaluronan). The corresponding liposomes were also prepared and used as reference. The vesicles disclosed suitable physicochemical features for skin delivery. Indeed, their mean diameter ranged from 120 to 160 nm, they were homogeneously dispersed (polydispersity index ≤ 0.30), and their zeta potential was highly negative (~−45 mV). The vesicle dispersions maintained unchanged characteristics during 60 days of storage, were highly biocompatible, and were able to protect keratinocytes against damages due to oxidative stress induced by treating them with hydrogen peroxide. Vesicles were also capable of promoting cell proliferation and migration in vitro by means of a scratch wound assay. The results confirmed the fruitful delivery of the extract of H. scruglii in glycerosomes modified with glucidex and gelatin and their promising ability for skin protection and treatment.
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9
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Chaudhary M, Khan A, Gupta M. Skin Ageing: Pathophysiology and Current Market Treatment Approaches. Curr Aging Sci 2020; 13:22-30. [PMID: 31530270 PMCID: PMC7403684 DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666190809161115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Ageing is a natural phenomenon which is a fold, ridge and crease in the skin that occurs due to loss of body mass, poor hydration, disintegration of dermis and epidermis junction. The Skin ageing process involves many changes that occur due to the combination of both endogenous factors (gene mutation, cellular metabolism, and hormonal factor) and exogenous factors (U.V, pollutants, chemical, and toxins). In 1950, the number of older people were found to be almost 205 million across the globe. But this number almost got 4 times by the year 2012 and the number of older persons increased to a massive amount of 810 million. The ageing of the skin occurs due to various mechanisms like glycation, free radical, cell cycle, and cellular and molecular mechanism of skin ageing. In this review article, we have discussed the treatment, worldwide newer therapies and marketed formulation that are currently available for the reduction of skin ageing. The most promising and revolutionizing field of nanotechnology is mostly applied in the field of dermatology, cosmetics, and biomedical applications. Nanotechnology also plays a vital role in increasing the efficacy of the product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manupriya Chaudhary
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Pushpvihar, Sector-3, M.B Road, New Delhi -110017, India
| | - Azmi Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Pushpvihar, Sector-3, M.B Road, New Delhi -110017, India
| | - Madhu Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Pushpvihar, Sector-3, M.B Road, New Delhi -110017, India
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Hatahet T, Morille M, Hommoss A, Devoisselle J, Müller R, Bégu S. Liposomes, lipid nanocapsules and smartCrystals®: A comparative study for an effective quercetin delivery to the skin. Int J Pharm 2018; 542:176-185. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Arslan Azizoglu G, Tuncay Tanriverdi S, Aydin Kose F, Ballar Kirmizibayrak P, Ozer O. Dual-Prevention for UV-Induced Skin Damage: Incorporation of Melatonin-Loaded Elastic Niosomes into Octyl Methoxycinnamate Pickering Emulsions. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:2987-2998. [PMID: 28493002 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-017-0786-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Incorporation of antioxidants into sunscreens is a logical approach, yet co-delivery of them with UV filters is a challenge. Here, we purposed a combination therapy, in which the chemical UV filter, octyl methoxycinnamate, was accumulated on upper skin while the antioxidant, melatonin, can penetrate deeper layers to show its effects. Melatonin-loaded elastic niosomes and octyl methoxycinnamate Pickering emulsion were prepared separately. Lyophilized elastic niosomes were dispersed into the Pickering emulsion to prepare the proposed combination formulation. The characterization studies of the formulations revealed that elastic niosomes can be prepared with tunable nanometer sizes, whereas Pickering emulsions can encapsulate the UV filter in micrometer-sized droplets. Melatonin-loaded elastic niosomes prepared with Tween80/Span80 mixture were 146 nm with a PI of 0.438, and 58.42% entrapment efficiency was achieved. The mean diameter size of the combination formulation was 27.8 μm. Ex vivo permeation studies revealed that 7.40% of octyl methoxycinnamate and 58% of melatonin were permeated through the rat skin while 27.6% octyl methoxycinnamate and 37% of melatonin accumulated in the skin after 24 h. Cell culture studies with real-time cell analyzer showed that the proposed formulation consist of melatonin-loaded elastic niosomes and octyl methoxycinnamate Pickering emulsion had no negative effect on the cell proliferation and viability. According to α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging method, the proposed formulation showed as high antioxidant activity as melatonin itself. It is concluded that the proposed formulation would be a promising dual therapy for UV-induced skin damage with co-delivery strategy.
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12
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Hatahet T, Morille M, Hommoss A, Devoisselle J, Müller R, Bégu S. Quercetin topical application, from conventional dosage forms to nanodosage forms. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 108:41-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Goyal R, Macri LK, Kaplan HM, Kohn J. Nanoparticles and nanofibers for topical drug delivery. J Control Release 2016; 240:77-92. [PMID: 26518723 PMCID: PMC4896846 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review provides the first comprehensive overview of the use of both nanoparticles and nanofibers for topical drug delivery. Researchers have explored the use of nanotechnology, specifically nanoparticles and nanofibers, as drug delivery systems for topical and transdermal applications. This approach employs increased drug concentration in the carrier, in order to increase drug flux into and through the skin. Both nanoparticles and nanofibers can be used to deliver hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs and are capable of controlled release for a prolonged period of time. The examples presented provide significant evidence that this area of research has - and will continue to have - a profound impact on both clinical outcomes and the development of new products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Goyal
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Lauren K Macri
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Hilton M Kaplan
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Joachim Kohn
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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14
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Ebabe Elle R, Rahmani S, Lauret C, Morena M, Bidel LPR, Boulahtouf A, Balaguer P, Cristol JP, Durand JO, Charnay C, Badia E. Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle with Antioxidants as a New Carrier That Generates Lower Oxidative Stress Impact on Cells. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:2647-60. [PMID: 27367273 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) were covalently coated with antioxidant molecules, namely, caffeic acid (MSN-CAF) or rutin (MSN-RUT), in order to diminish the impact of oxidative stress induced after transfection into cells, thus generating safer carriers used for either drug delivery or other applications. Two cellular models involved in the entry of NPs in the body were used for this purpose: the intestinal Caco-2 and the epidermal HaCaT cell lines. Rutin gave the best results in terms of antioxidant capacities preservation during coupling procedures, cellular toxicity alleviation, and decrease of ROS level after 24 h incubation of cells with grafted nanoparticles. These protective effects of rutin were found more pronounced in HaCaT than in Caco-2 cells, indicating some cellular specificity toward defense against oxidative stress. In order to gain more insight about the Nrf2 response, a stable transfected HaCaT cell line bearing repeats of the antioxidant response element (ARE) in front of a luciferase reporter gene was generated. In this cell line, both tBHQ and quercetin (Nrf2 agonists), but not rutin, were able to induce, in a dose-dependent fashion, the luciferase response. Interestingly, at high concentration, MSN-RUT was able to induce a strong Nrf2 protective response in HaCaT cells, accompanied by a comparable induction of HO-1 mRNA. The level of these responses was again less important in Caco-2 cells. To conclude, in keratinocyte cell line, the coupling of rutin to silica nanoparticles was beneficial in term of ROS reduction, cellular viability, and protective effects mediated through the activation of the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Ebabe Elle
- PhyMedExp, Université de Montpellier , INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Saher Rahmani
- Institut Charles Gerhardt de Montpellier (ICGM), CNRS UMR 5253, Université de Montpellier , Campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Céline Lauret
- PhyMedExp, Université de Montpellier , INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Marion Morena
- PhyMedExp, Université de Montpellier , INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Luc Philippe Régis Bidel
- INRA, UMR AGAP, Centre de Recherche de Montpellier , 2 Place Pierre Viala-Bât. 21, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Abdelhay Boulahtouf
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier; INSERM, U1194; ICM Val d'Aurelle Paul Lamarque , Montpellier F-34298, France
| | - Patrick Balaguer
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier; INSERM, U1194; ICM Val d'Aurelle Paul Lamarque , Montpellier F-34298, France
| | - Jean-Paul Cristol
- PhyMedExp, Université de Montpellier , INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Jean-Olivier Durand
- Institut Charles Gerhardt de Montpellier (ICGM), CNRS UMR 5253, Université de Montpellier , Campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Clarence Charnay
- Institut Charles Gerhardt de Montpellier (ICGM), CNRS UMR 5253, Université de Montpellier , Campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Eric Badia
- PhyMedExp, Université de Montpellier , INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France
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Siddique MI, Katas H, Amin MCIM, Ng SF, Zulfakar MH, Jamil A. In-vivo dermal pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of skin targeting nanoparticles for corticosteroid treatment of atopic dermatitis. Int J Pharm 2016; 507:72-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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16
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Ganesan P, Choi DK. Current application of phytocompound-based nanocosmeceuticals for beauty and skin therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:1987-2007. [PMID: 27274231 PMCID: PMC4869672 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s104701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytocompounds have been used in cosmeceuticals for decades and have shown potential for beauty applications, including sunscreen, moisturizing and antiaging, and skin-based therapy. The major concerns in the usage of phyto-based cosmeceuticals are lower penetration and high compound instability of various cosmetic products for sustained and enhanced compound delivery to the beauty-based skin therapy. To overcome these disadvantages, nanosized delivery technologies are currently in use for sustained and enhanced delivery of phyto-derived bioactive compounds in cosmeceutical sectors and products. Nanosizing of phytocompounds enhances the aseptic feel in various cosmeceutical products with sustained delivery and enhanced skin protecting activities. Solid lipid nanoparticles, transfersomes, ethosomes, nanostructured lipid carriers, fullerenes, and carbon nanotubes are some of the emerging nanotechnologies currently in use for their enhanced delivery of phytocompounds in skin care. Aloe vera, curcumin, resveratrol, quercetin, vitamins C and E, genistein, and green tea catechins were successfully nanosized using various delivery technologies and incorporated in various gels, lotions, and creams for skin, lip, and hair care for their sustained effects. However, certain delivery agents such as carbon nanotubes need to be studied for their roles in toxicity. This review broadly focuses on the usage of phytocompounds in various cosmeceutical products, nanodelivery technologies used in the delivery of phytocompounds to various cosmeceuticals, and various nanosized phytocompounds used in the development of novel nanocosmeceuticals to enhance skin-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palanivel Ganesan
- Department of Applied Life Science, Nanotechnology Research Center, Chungju, Republic of Korea; Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kug Choi
- Department of Applied Life Science, Nanotechnology Research Center, Chungju, Republic of Korea; Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea
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17
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Montenegro L, Lai F, Offerta A, Sarpietro MG, Micicchè L, Maccioni AM, Valenti D, Fadda AM. From nanoemulsions to nanostructured lipid carriers: A relevant development in dermal delivery of drugs and cosmetics. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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18
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Lademann J, Richter H, Knorr F, Patzelt A, Darvin M, Rühl E, Cheung K, Lai K, Renneberg R, Mak W. Triggered release of model drug from AuNP-doped BSA nanocarriers in hair follicles using IRA radiation. Acta Biomater 2016; 30:388-396. [PMID: 26621698 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the field of dermatotherapy have resulted in research efforts focusing on the use of particle-based drug delivery systems for the stimuli-responsive release of drugs in the skin and skin appendages, i.e. hair follicles and sebaceous glands. However, effective and innocuous trigger mechanisms which result in the release of the drugs from the nanocarriers upon reaching the target structures are still lacking. For the first time, the present study demonstrated the photo-activated release of the model drug fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) from topically applied gold nanoparticle-doped bovine serum albumin (AuNPs-doped BSA) particles (approx. 545nm) using water-filtered infrared A (IRA) radiation in the hair follicles of an ex vivo porcine skin model. The IRA radiation-induced plasmonic heating of the AuNPs results in the partial decomposition or opening of the albumin particles and release the model drug, while control particles without AuNPs show insignificant release. The results demonstrate the feasibility of using IRA radiation to induce release of encapsulated drugs from plasmonic nanocarriers for the targeting of follicular structures. However, the risk of radiation-induced skin damage subsequent to repeated applications of high infrared dosages may be significant. Future studies should aim at determining the suitability of lower infrared A dosages, such as for medical treatment regimens which may necessitate repeated exposure to therapeutics. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Follicular targeting using nanocarriers is of increasing importance in the prophylaxis and treatment of dermatological or other diseases. For the first time, the present study demonstrated the photo-activated release of the model drug fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) from topically applied gold nanoparticle-doped bovine serum albumin (AuNPs-doped BSA) particles using water-filtered infrared A (IRA) radiation in the hair follicles of an ex vivo porcine skin model. The results demonstrate the feasibility of using wIRA radiation to induce release of encapsulated drugs for the targeting of follicular structures, and provide a new vision on the development of optically addressable delivery systems for controlled release of drugs in the skin and skin appendages, i.e. hair follicles and sebaceous glands.
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Firooz A, Nafisi S, Maibach HI. Novel drug delivery strategies for improving econazole antifungal action. Int J Pharm 2015; 495:599-607. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Enhancement of in vivo human skin penetration of resveratrol by chitosan-coated lipid microparticles. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 135:42-49. [PMID: 26241915 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In this study, lipid microparticles (LMs) uncoated or coated with chitosan, and containing the antioxidant polyphenol, resveratrol were developed in order to enhance its in vivo skin permeation. The LMs loaded with resveratrol were prepared by melt emulsification and sonication, using tristearin as lipidic material and hydrogenated phosphatidylcholine as the surfactant. Two different methods were examined for the coating of the LMs: chitosan addition during LM preparation or treatment of already formed LMs with a chitosan solution. The latter method achieved a better modulation of the in vitro release of resveratrol and hence was used for subsequent studies. The resveratrol loading and mean diameter of the LMs were 4.1 ± 0.3% (w/w) and 5.7 μm and 3.8 ± 0.2 % (w/w) and 6.1 μm for the uncoated and the chitosan-coated LMs, respectively. Chitosan coating changed the LM surface charge, from a negative zeta potential value (-17.8 ± 4.8 mV) for the uncoated particles, to a higher positive values (+64.2 ± 4.4 mV) for the chitosan-coated ones. Creams containing resveratrol free, encapsulated in the uncoated or chitosan-coated LMs were applied to the forearm of human volunteers and the penetration of the polyphenol in the stratum corneum was investigated in vivo by the tape stripping technique. Uncoated LMs did not produce any significant increase in the fraction of the applied resveratrol dose diffused in the stratum corneum (32.8 ± 8.9 %) compared to the control cream containing the non-encapsulated polyphenol (26.2 ± 5.6 % of the applied dose). On the other hand, application of the cream containing the chitosan-coated LMs produced a significant enhancement in the in vivo permeation of resveratrol to 49.3 ± 5.9% of the applied dose, the effect being more marked in the upper region of the horny layer. The observed improvement in the human stratum corneum penetration of resveratrol achieved by the LMs coated with chitosan should favour the efficiency of its topical application.
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22
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Applications and limitations of lipid nanoparticles in dermal and transdermal drug delivery via the follicular route. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 97:152-63. [PMID: 26144664 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Lipid nanoparticles (LN) such as solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanolipid carriers (NLC) feature several claimed benefits for topical drug therapy including biocompatible ingredients, drug release modification, adhesion to the skin, and film formation with subsequent hydration of the superficial skin layers. However, penetration and permeation into and across deeper skin layers are restricted due to the barrier function of the stratum corneum (SC). As different kinds of nanoparticles provide the potential for penetration into hair follicles (HF) LN are applicable drug delivery systems (DDS) for this route in order to enhance the dermal and transdermal bioavailability of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API). Therefore, this review addresses the HF as application site, published formulations of LN which showed follicular penetration (FP), and characterization methods in order to identify and quantify the accumulation of API delivered by the LN in the HF. Since LN are based on lipids that appear in human sebum which is the predominant medium in HF an increased localization of the colloidal carriers as well as a promoted drug release may be assumed. Therefore, sebum-like lipid material and a size of less or equal 640 nm are appropriate specifications for FP of particulate formulations.
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23
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Loh ZH, Samanta AK, Sia Heng PW. Overview of milling techniques for improving the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs. Asian J Pharm Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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Ikoba U, Peng H, Li H, Miller C, Yu C, Wang Q. Nanocarriers in therapy of infectious and inflammatory diseases. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:4291-305. [PMID: 25680099 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr07682f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is a growing science that has applications in various areas of medicine. The composition of nanocarriers for drug delivery is critical to guarantee high therapeutic performance when targeting specific host sites. Applications of nanotechnology are prevalent in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases. This review summarizes recent advancements in the application of nanotechnology to the therapy of infectious and inflammatory diseases. The major focus is on the design and fabrication of various nanomaterials, characteristics and physicochemical properties of drug-loaded nanocarriers, and the use of these nanoscale drug delivery systems in treating infectious and inflammatory diseases, such as AIDS, hepatitis, tuberculosis, melanoma, and representative inflammatory diseases. Clinical trials and future perspective of the use of nanocarriers are also discussed in detail. We hope that such a review will be valuable to researchers who are exploring nanoscale drug delivery systems for the treatment of specific infectious and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ufuoma Ikoba
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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Nafisi S, Schäfer-Korting M, Maibach HI. Perspectives on percutaneous penetration: Silica nanoparticles. Nanotoxicology 2014; 9:643-57. [DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2014.958115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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26
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In vivo penetration of bare and lipid-coated silica nanoparticles across the human stratum corneum. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 122:653-661. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Paleco R, Vučen SR, Crean AM, Moore A, Scalia S. Enhancement of the in vitro penetration of quercetin through pig skin by combined microneedles and lipid microparticles. Int J Pharm 2014; 472:206-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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28
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Targeting Nrf2-Keap1 signaling for chemoprevention of skin carcinogenesis with bioactive phytochemicals. Toxicol Lett 2014; 229:73-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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29
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Comparison of the skin penetration of Garcinia mangostana extract in particulate and non-particulate form. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2014; 86:307-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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30
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Chen W, Becker T, Qian F, Ring J. Beer and beer compounds: physiological effects on skin health. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2013; 28:142-50. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.12204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Chen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein; Technische Universität München; Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK CARE); Munich Germany
| | - T. Becker
- Brewing and Beverage Technology; Department of Life Science Engineering; Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan; Technische Universitaet Muenchen; Freising Germany
| | - F. Qian
- Brewing and Beverage Technology; Department of Life Science Engineering; Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan; Technische Universitaet Muenchen; Freising Germany
| | - J. Ring
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein; Technische Universität München; Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK CARE); Munich Germany
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Kim S, Jang J, Kim H, Choi H, Lee K, Choi IH. The effects of silica nanoparticles in macrophage cells. Immune Netw 2012; 12:296-300. [PMID: 23397001 PMCID: PMC3566426 DOI: 10.4110/in.2012.12.6.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Silica nanoparticles, which are applicable in many industrial fields, have been reported to induce cellular changes such as cytotoxicity in various cells and fibrosis in lungs. Because the immune system is the primary targeting organ reacting to internalized exogenous nanoparticles, we tried to figure out the immunostimulatory effect of silica nanoparticles in macrophages using differently sized silica nanoparticles. Using U937 cells we assessed cytotoxicity by CCK-8 assay, ROS generation by CM-H2DCFDA, intracellular Ca++ levels by staining with Fluo4-AM and IL-8 production by ELISA. At non-toxic concentration, the intracellular Ca++ level has increased immediately after exposure to 15 nm particles, not to larger particles. ROS generation was detected significantly in response to 15 nm particles. However, all three different sizes of silica nanoparticles induced IL-8 production. 15 nm silica nanoparticles are more stimulatory than larger particles in cytotoxicity, intracellular Ca++ increase and ROS generation. But IL-8 production was induced to same levels with 50 or 100 nm particles. Therefore, IL-8 production induced by silica nanoparticles may be dependent on other mechanisms rather than intracellular Ca++ increase and ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungjae Kim
- Department of Microbiology, The Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-752, Korea
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