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Altabas V, Biloš LSK. The Role of Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Atherosclerosis and Impact of Anti-Lipemic Treatments on Endothelial Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052663. [PMID: 35269807 PMCID: PMC8910333 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular complications are associated with advanced atherosclerosis. Although atherosclerosis is still regarded as an incurable disease, at least in its more advanced stages, the discovery of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), with their ability to replace old and injured cells and differentiate into healthy and functional mature endothelial cells, has shifted our view of atherosclerosis as an incurable disease, and merged traditional theories of atherosclerosis pathogenesis with evolving concepts of vascular biology. EPC alterations are involved in the pathogenesis of vascular abnormalities in atherosclerosis, but many questions remain unanswered. Many currently available drugs that impact cardiovascular morbidity and mortality have shown a positive effect on EPC biology. This review examines the role of endothelial progenitor cells in atherosclerosis development, and the impact standard antilipemic drugs, including statins, fibrates, and ezetimibe, as well as more novel treatments such as proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) modulating agents and angiopoietin-like proteins (Angtpl3) inhibitors have on EPC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velimir Altabas
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Center, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-1-3787-692
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Neovascularization and tissue regeneration by endothelial progenitor cells in ischemic stroke. Neurol Sci 2021; 42:3585-3593. [PMID: 34216308 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-021-05428-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are immature endothelial cells (ECs) capable of proliferating and differentiating into mature ECs. These progenitor cells migrate from bone marrow (BM) after vascular injury to ischemic areas, where they participate in the repair of injured endothelium and new blood vessel formation. EPCs also secrete a series of protective cytokines and growth factors that support cell survival and tissue regeneration. Thus, EPCs provide novel and promising potential therapies to treat vascular disease, including ischemic stroke. However, EPCs are tightly regulated during the process of vascular repair and regeneration by numerous endogenous cytokines that are associated closely with the therapeutic efficacy of the progenitor cells. The regenerative capacity of EPCs also is affected by a range of exogenous factors and drugs as well as vascular risk factors. Understanding the functional properties of EPCs and the factors related to their regenerative capacity will facilitate better use of these progenitor cells in treating vascular disease. Here, we review the current knowledge of EPCs in cerebral neovascularization and tissue regeneration after cerebral ischemia and the factors associated with their regenerative function to better understand the underlying mechanisms and provide more effective strategies for the use of EPCs in treating ischemic stroke.
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Blood-based biomarkers and stem cell therapy in human stroke: a systematic review. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:6247-6258. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05627-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Ilyas A, Chen CJ, Ironside N, Buell TJ, Chagoya G, Schmalz PG, Stetler WR, Andaluz N, James RF, Ding D. Medical Management Versus Surgical Bypass for Symptomatic Intracranial Atherosclerotic Disease: A Systematic Review. World Neurosurg 2019; 129:62-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.05.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Gonzalez NR, Liou R, Kurth F, Jiang H, Saver J. Antiangiogenesis and medical therapy failure in intracranial atherosclerosis. Angiogenesis 2018; 21:23-35. [PMID: 28993906 PMCID: PMC5831393 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-017-9578-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD) is one of the most common causes of stroke worldwide and the one with the worst prognosis. In this study, we assessed the hypothesis that the balance of circulating pro- and antiangiogenic factors plays a role in the evolution of the disease and can be used as a potential marker for the disease course and a target for treatment. Seventy-four patients with severe ICAD were enrolled in this prospective observational study, medically optimized, and followed for 6 months. Thirteen pro- and eight antiangiogenic factors were measured in the participants' serum using a sandwich multiplex ELISA. Angiogenic profiles were calculated using principal component analysis. We tested the association between angiogenic profiles and recurring cerebrovascular events despite intensive medical therapy, disability at 6 months after enrollment, and angiographic neovascularization in patients who failed medical treatment and underwent indirect revascularization surgery. There is a strong association between a functionally antiangiogenic profile and recurrent stroke or TIA in patients with ICAD (OR = 7.2, CI 2.4-34.4). Multivariable regression analysis showed that this antiangiogenic profile was also associated with poor functional status after 6 months (p = 0.002), independent from other clinical features such as history of previous stroke, diabetes, and age. In patients who failed medical management and underwent indirect revascularization surgery, high endostatin and angiostatin levels were also associated with low angiographic neovascularization (p = 0.02). The results of this study point to the striking importance of antiangiogenesis as a determinant of ICAD patient prognosis and suggest a possible new target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nestor R Gonzalez
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, 127 S San Vicente Blvd., Suite A6600, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.
| | - Raymond Liou
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Florian Kurth
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, 127 S San Vicente Blvd., Suite A6600, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Hao Jiang
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jeffrey Saver
- Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Nation DA, Tan A, Dutt S, McIntosh EC, Yew B, Ho JK, Blanken AE, Jang JY, Rodgers KE, Gaubert A. Circulating Progenitor Cells Correlate with Memory, Posterior Cortical Thickness, and Hippocampal Perfusion. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 61:91-101. [PMID: 29103037 PMCID: PMC5924766 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone marrow-derived progenitor cells survey the vasculature and home to sites of tissue injury where they can promote repair and regeneration. It has been hypothesized that these cells may play a protective role neurodegenerative and vascular cognitive impairment. OBJECTIVE To evaluate progenitor cell levels in older adults with and without mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and to relate circulating levels to memory, brain volume, white matter lesion volume, and cerebral perfusion. METHOD Thirty-two older adults, free of stroke and cardiovascular disease, were recruited from the community and evaluated for diagnosis of MCI versus cognitively normal (CN). Participants underwent brain MRI and blood samples were taken to quantify progenitor reserve using flow cytometry (CD34+, CD34+CD133+, and CD34+CD133+CD309+ cells). RESULTS Participants with MCI (n = 10) exhibited depletion of all CPC markers relative to those who were CN (n = 22), after controlling for age, sex, and education. Post-hoc age, sex, and education matched comparisons (n = 10 MCI, n = 10 CN) also revealed the same pattern of results. Depletion of CD34+ cells correlated with memory performance, left posterior cortical thickness, and bilateral hippocampal perfusion. Participants exhibited low levels of vascular risk and white matter lesion burden that did not correlate with progenitor levels. CONCLUSIONS Circulating progenitor cells are associated with cognitive impairment, memory, cortical atrophy, and hippocampal perfusion. We hypothesize that progenitor depletion contributes to, or is triggered by, cognitive decline and cortical atrophy. Further study of progenitor cell depletion in older adults may benefit efforts to prevent or delay dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Nation
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Alick Tan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles CA
| | - Shubir Dutt
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Elissa C. McIntosh
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Belinda Yew
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jean K. Ho
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Anna E. Blanken
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jung Yun Jang
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kathleen E. Rodgers
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles CA
| | - Aimée Gaubert
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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Shu S, Zhang L, Zhu YC, Li F, Cui LY, Wang H, Sun Y, Wu PL, Zhu ZH, Peng B. Imaging angiogenesis using 68Ga-NOTA-PRGD2 positron emission tomography/computed tomography in patients with severe intracranial atherosclerotic disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:3401-3408. [PMID: 28273724 PMCID: PMC5624394 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17696322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a critical compensation route, which has been demonstrated in the brain following ischemic stroke; however, few studies have investigated angiogenesis in chronic intracranial atherosclerosis disease (ICAD). We used 68Ga-NOTA-PRGD2 positron emission tomography/computed tomography based imaging to detect angiogenesis in chronic ICAD and to explore the factors that may have affected it. A total of 21 participants with unilateral severe chronic ICAD were included in the study. Of the 21 participants, 19 were men; the mean (SD) age was 52 (15) years. In 18 participants, we observed elevated 68Ga-NOTA-PRGD2 uptake in the peri-infarct, subcortical, and periventricular regions of the lesioned side, with a higher 68Ga-NOTA-PRGD2 SUVmax compared to that in the contralateral hemisphere (0.15 vs. 0.06, p=0.001). The 18F-FDG PET SUVmax was significantly lower on the lesioned side (11.28 vs. 13.92, p=0.001). Subgroup analyses revealed that the recent group (<6 months) had a higher lesion-to-contralateral region ratio SUVmax than the remote group (>6 months) (6.73 vs. 2.36, p<0.05). Our results provide molecular imaging evidence of angiogenesis in patients with severe chronic ICAD. Furthermore, the extent of angiogenesis in chronic ICAD may be affected by the post-qualified event time interval, and not by infarction itself or the severity of the arterial lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Shu
- 1 Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- 1 Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Cheng Zhu
- 1 Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Li
- 2 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Li Ying Cui
- 1 Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wang
- 2 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Sun
- 2 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Lin Wu
- 2 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,3 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Dong Zhi Men Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Hui Zhu
- 2 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Peng
- 1 Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Correlation of Plasma Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Endostatin Levels with Symptomatic Intra- and Extracranial Atherosclerotic Stenosis in a Chinese Han Population. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2017; 26:1061-1070. [PMID: 28189572 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis (ICAS) and extracranial atherosclerotic stenosis (ECAS) are different in many aspects. Here, we explored the association between the location or severity of atherosclerotic stenosis and pro- or antiangiogenic factors, specifically vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and endostatin (ES). METHODS We evaluated 198 consecutive patients with acute ischemia stroke: 132 with large-artery atherosclerosis (LAA) and 66 with small-artery occlusion (small-vessel occlusion). The LAA group was subclassified into 102 patients with ICAS and 30 with ECAS. Independent associations of VEGF, ES levels, and VEGF/ES ratio with the location of cerebral stenosis and the severity or short-term prognosis (14th day modified Rankin Scale) of ICAS were evaluated. RESULTS Plasma concentrations of VEGF and ES were lower (P < .05) in ICAS (38.07, 32.76-46.28 pg/mL and 58.95, 55.04-59.77 ng/mL) than those in ECAS (45.00, 34.30-83.34 pg/mL and 140.74, 85.63-231.21 ng/mL). Logistic regression analysis showed that VEGF concentrations and dyslipidemia were independently associated with ICAS, with odds ratios of .987 [95% CI = (.976, .998)] and .265 [95% CI = (.103, .792)], respectively. Moreover, plasmatic VEGF levels increased gradually along with the severity of ICAS (P = .003), and lower levels of ES (P = .040) or a higher VEGF/ES ratio (P = .048) were related to unfavorable short-term prognosis of ICAS. CONCLUSION Lower VEGF levels are associated with the presence of symptomatic ICAS, but not with ECAS. Furthermore, the severity of ICAS is positively correlated with the levels of VEGF, and lower ES levels or a predominance of VEGF over ES are predictors of poor short-term prognosis of ICAS.
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Vascular Ageing and Exercise: Focus on Cellular Reparative Processes. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2016:3583956. [PMID: 26697131 PMCID: PMC4678076 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3583956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ageing is associated with an increased risk of developing noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The increased risk can be attributable to increased prolonged exposure to oxidative stress. Often, CVD is preceded by endothelial dysfunction, which carries with it a proatherothrombotic phenotype. Endothelial senescence and reduced production and release of nitric oxide (NO) are associated with “vascular ageing” and are often accompanied by a reduced ability for the body to repair vascular damage, termed “reendothelialization.” Exercise has been repeatedly shown to confer protection against CVD and diabetes risk and incidence. Regular exercise promotes endothelial function and can prevent endothelial senescence, often through a reduction in oxidative stress. Recently, endothelial precursors, endothelial progenitor cells (EPC), have been shown to repair damaged endothelium, and reduced circulating number and/or function of these cells is associated with ageing. Exercise can modulate both number and function of these cells to promote endothelial homeostasis. In this review we look at the effects of advancing age on the endothelium and these endothelial precursors and how exercise appears to offset this “vascular ageing” process.
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Ma F, Morancho A, Montaner J, Rosell A. Endothelial progenitor cells and revascularization following stroke. Brain Res 2015; 1623:150-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Li YF, Ren LN, Guo G, Cannella LA, Chernaya V, Samuel S, Liu SX, Wang H, Yang XF. Endothelial progenitor cells in ischemic stroke: an exploration from hypothesis to therapy. J Hematol Oncol 2015; 8:33. [PMID: 25888494 PMCID: PMC4446087 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-015-0130-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
As the population ages and lifestyles change in concordance, the number of patients suffering from ischemic stroke and its associated disabilities is increasing. Studies on determining the relationship between endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and ischemic stroke have become a new hot spot and have reported that EPCs may protect the brain against ischemic injury, promote neurovascular repair, and improve long-term neurobehavioral outcomes. More importantly, they introduce a new perspective for prognosis assessment and therapy of ischemic stroke. However, EPCs’ origin, function, influence factors, injury repair mechanisms, and cell-based therapy strategies remain controversial. Particularly, research conducted to date has less clinical studies than pre-clinical experiments on animals. In this review, we summarized and analyzed the current understanding of basic characteristics, influence factors, functions, therapeutic strategies, and disadvantages of EPCs as well as the regulation of inflammatory factors involved in the function and survival of EPCs after ischemic stroke. Identifying potential therapeutic effects of EPCs in ischemic stroke will be a challenging but an incredibly important breakthrough in neurology, which may bring promise for patients with ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Feng Li
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, and Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA. .,Department of Nephrology and Hemodialysis Center, The Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, 030001, China.
| | - Li-Na Ren
- The First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, 030001, China.
| | - Geng Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, 030001, China.
| | - Lee Anne Cannella
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, and Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| | - Valeria Chernaya
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, 1801 N. Broad St., Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
| | - Sonia Samuel
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, 1801 N. Broad St., Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
| | - Su-Xuan Liu
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, and Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| | - Hong Wang
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, and Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| | - Xiao-Feng Yang
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, and Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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Qin T, Sun YY, Bai WW, Wang B, Xing YF, Liu Y, Yang RX, Zhao YX, Li JM. Period2 deficiency blunts hypoxia-induced mobilization and function of endothelial progenitor cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108806. [PMID: 25268972 PMCID: PMC4182576 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the clinic, variations in circadian rhythm are evident in patients with cardiovascular disease, and the risk of cardiovascular events increases when rhythms are disrupted. In this study, we focused on the role of the circadian gene period2 (per2) in mobilization and function of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in vitro and in vivo after myocardial infarction (MI) in mice. METHODS AND RESULTS MI was produced by surgical ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery in mice with and without per2 deficiency. Trans-thoracic echocardiography was used to evaluate cardiac function in mice. Per2-/- mice with MI showed decreased cardiac function and increased infarct size. The number of CD34+ cells and capillary density were decreased in the myocardium of per2-/- mice on immunohistochemistry. Flow cytometry revealed decreased number of circulating EPCs in per2-/- mice after MI. In vitro, per2-/- EPCs showed decreased migration and tube formation capacity under hypoxia. Western blot analysis revealed inhibited activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and Akt signaling in the bone marrow of per2-/- mice and inhibited PI3K/Akt expression in per2-/- EPCs under hypoxia. CONCLUSIONS Per2 modulates EPC mobilization and function after MI, which is important to recovery after MI in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Qin
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wen-Wu Bai
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yi-Fan Xing
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Rui-Xue Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yu-Xia Zhao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- * E-mail: (YXZ); (JML)
| | - Jian-Min Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- * E-mail: (YXZ); (JML)
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Alvarez-Sabín J, Román GC. The role of citicoline in neuroprotection and neurorepair in ischemic stroke. Brain Sci 2013; 3:1395-414. [PMID: 24961534 PMCID: PMC4061873 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci3031395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in acute stroke therapy resulting from thrombolytic treatment, endovascular procedures, and stroke units have improved significantly stroke survival and prognosis; however, for the large majority of patients lacking access to advanced therapies stroke mortality and residual morbidity remain high and many patients become incapacitated by motor and cognitive deficits, with loss of independence in activities of daily living. Therefore, over the past several years, research has been directed to limit the brain lesions produced by acute ischemia (neuroprotection) and to increase the recovery, plasticity and neuroregenerative processes that complement rehabilitation and enhance the possibility of recovery and return to normal functions (neurorepair). Citicoline has therapeutic effects at several stages of the ischemic cascade in acute ischemic stroke and has demonstrated efficiency in a multiplicity of animal models of acute stroke. Long-term treatment with citicoline is safe and effective, improving post-stroke cognitive decline and enhancing patients' functional recovery. Prolonged citicoline administration at optimal doses has been demonstrated to be remarkably well tolerated and to enhance endogenous mechanisms of neurogenesis and neurorepair contributing to physical therapy and rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Alvarez-Sabín
- Neurovascular Unit, Department of Neurology, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, 119-129 Passeig de la Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona 08035, Spain.
| | - Gustavo C Román
- Department of Neurology, Nantz National Alzheimer Center, Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Zhao Y, Yu P, Wu R, Ge Y, Wu J, Zhu J, Jia R. Renal cell carcinoma-adjacent tissues enhance mobilization and recruitment of endothelial progenitor cells to promote the invasion of the neoplasm. Biomed Pharmacother 2013; 67:643-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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