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Wang X, Zhang S, Xu B. Characterization of the Serine Protease TlSP1 from Trichoderma longibrachiatum T6 and Its Function in the Control of Heterodera avenae in Wheat. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:569. [PMID: 39194895 DOI: 10.3390/jof10080569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Serine protease is an extracellular protease secreted by biocontrol fungi that can effectively control nematode diseases by degrading nematode eggshells and enhancing plant resistance. Trichoderma longibrachiatum T6, an important biocontrol fungus, has been demonstrated to effectively parasitize and degrade Heterodera avenae cysts, eggs, and second-stage juveniles (J2s). However, the genes that encoding serine protease and their functions in T. longibrachiatum T6 have not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we successfully cloned and sequenced the serine protease gene TlSP1 in T. longibrachiatum T6. Our results revealed that the expression level of the TlSP1 gene was induced and significantly increased in T. longibrachiatum T6 after inoculation with H. avenae cysts. The full-length sequence of the coding region (CDS) of TlSP1 gene was 1230 bp and encoded a protein consisting of 409 amino acids. Upon the transformation of the TlSP1 gene into Pichia pastoris X33, the purified recombinant TlSP1 protein exhibited optimal activity at a temperature of 50 °C and pH 8.0. Following 4-10-day of treatment with the purified recombinant TlSP1 protein, the eggshells and content were dissolved and exuded. The number of nematodes invading wheat roots was reduced by 38.43% in the group treated with both TlSP1 and eggs on one side (P1+N) compared to the control group, while the number of nematodes invading wheat roots was reduced by 30.4% in the TlSP1 and eggs two-sided treatment group (P1/N). Furthermore, both the P1+N and P1/N treatments significantly upregulated genes associated with defense enzymes (TaPAL, TaCAT, TaSOD, and TaPOD), genes involved in the lignin synthesis pathway (TaC4H, Ta4CL2, TaCAD1, and TaCAD12), and salicylic acid (SA)-responsive genes (TaNPR1, TaPR1, and TaPR2) and led to the high expression of jasmonic acid (JA)-responsive genes (TaPR4, TaOPR3, and TaAOS2). This study has highlighted the significant role of the TlSP1 gene in facilitating H. avenae eggshells' dissolution, preventing nematode invasion in the host plant, and boosting plant resistance in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Provincial Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Shuwu Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Provincial Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Bingliang Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Provincial Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
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Xiao Z, Zhao Q, Li W, Gao L, Liu G. Strain improvement of Trichoderma harzianum for enhanced biocontrol capacity: Strategies and prospects. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1146210. [PMID: 37125207 PMCID: PMC10134904 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1146210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the control of plant diseases, biocontrol has the advantages of being efficient and safe for human health and the environment. The filamentous fungus Trichoderma harzianum and its closely related species can inhibit the growth of many phytopathogenic fungi, and have been developed as commercial biocontrol agents for decades. In this review, we summarize studies on T. harzianum species complex from the perspective of strain improvement. To elevate the biocontrol ability, the production of extracellular proteins and compounds with antimicrobial or plant immunity-eliciting activities need to be enhanced. In addition, resistance to various environmental stressors should be strengthened. Engineering the gene regulatory system has the potential to modulate a variety of biological processes related to biocontrol. With the rapidly developing technologies for fungal genetic engineering, T. harzianum strains with increased biocontrol activities are expected to be constructed to promote the sustainable development of agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Qinqin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Li
- Shanghai Tobacco Group Beijing Cigarette Factory Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Liwei Gao
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Guodong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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Zhang H, Wang NA, Wang Y, Wang J, Zheng H, Liu Z. Subtilisin-like serine protease gene TghSS42 from Trichoderma ghanense ACCC 30153 was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli and recombinant protease rTghSS42 exhibited antifungal ability to five phytopathogens. Biocontrol Sci 2017; 22:145-152. [PMID: 28954957 DOI: 10.4265/bio.22.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The subtilisin-like serine protease gene TghSS42 was cloned from biocontrol agent Trichoderma ghanense ACCC 30153. Its coding region is 1302 bp in length, encoding 433 aa with a predicted protein molecular weight of 42.5 kDa and pI of 5.53. The accession number of cDNA sequence of TghSS42 gene is KJ740359. Furthermore, the transcription of the TghSS42 gene was all up-regulated under nine different treatments by RT-qPCR analysis, and the highest transcription level of TghSS42 approached 177.29-fold at 4 h under induction with 1% (w/v) Alternaria alternata cell walls, indicating that TghSS42 could be induced by the plant or phytopathogen. Furthermore, Escherichia coli recombinant strain BL21-TghSS42 was constructed. The recombinant protease rTghSS42, with an expected molecular weight of approximately 68.5 kDa (containing 26.0 kDa GST tag), has been successfully expressed and purified from BL21-TghSS42. The purified protease rTghSS42 activity reached a peak of 18.7 U/mL at 4 h following 1.0 mM IPTG induction. The optimal enzyme reaction temperature was 40℃ and the optimal pH was 7.0. The recombinant protease rTghSS42 exerted broad-spectrum antifungal ability against Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum, A. alternata, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Cytospora chrysosperma. The inhibition rate of mycelial growth varied between 21.2% and 50.0%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics Breeding, Northeast Forestry University
| | - N A Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics Breeding, Northeast Forestry University
| | - Yucheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics Breeding, Northeast Forestry University
| | - Jinjie Wang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University
| | - Hong Zheng
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University
| | - Zhihua Liu
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University
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Wu Q, Sun R, Ni M, Yu J, Li Y, Yu C, Dou K, Ren J, Chen J. Identification of a novel fungus, Trichoderma asperellum GDFS1009, and comprehensive evaluation of its biocontrol efficacy. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179957. [PMID: 28644879 PMCID: PMC5482467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its efficient broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, Trichoderma has been established as an internationally recognized biocontrol fungus. In this study, we found and identified a novel strain of Trichoderma asperellum, named GDFS1009. The mycelium of T. asperellum GDFS1009 exhibits a high growth rate, high sporulation capacity, and strong inhibitory effects against pathogens that cause cucumber fusarium wilt and corn stalk rot. T. asperellum GDFS1009 secretes chitinase, glucanase, and protease, which can degrade the cell walls of fungi and contribute to mycoparasitism. The secreted xylanases are good candidates for inducing plant resistance and enhancing plant immunity against pathogens. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed that T. asperellum GDFS1009 produces primary metabolites that are precursors of antimicrobial compounds; it also produces a variety of antimicrobial secondary metabolites, including polyketides and alkanes. In addition, this study speculated the presence of six antimicrobial peptides via ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS). Future studies should focus on these antimicrobial metabolites for facilitating widespread application in the field of agricultural bio-control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- Department of Environment and Resource, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- The Key laboratory of Urban (South) Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiyan Sun
- Department of Environment and Resource, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- The Key laboratory of Urban (South) Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
| | - Mi Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Yu
- Department of Environment and Resource, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- The Key laboratory of Urban (South) Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaqian Li
- Department of Environment and Resource, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- The Key laboratory of Urban (South) Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanjin Yu
- Department of Environment and Resource, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- The Key laboratory of Urban (South) Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Dou
- Department of Environment and Resource, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- The Key laboratory of Urban (South) Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhong Ren
- Suzhou BioNovoGene Metabolomics Platform, Suzhou, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Environment and Resource, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- The Key laboratory of Urban (South) Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
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Sharma V, Salwan R, Sharma PN. Differential Response of Extracellular Proteases of Trichoderma Harzianum Against Fungal Phytopathogens. Curr Microbiol 2016; 73:419-425. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-016-1072-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Zhang J, Bayram Akcapinar G, Atanasova L, Rahimi MJ, Przylucka A, Yang D, Kubicek CP, Zhang R, Shen Q, Druzhinina IS. The neutral metallopeptidase NMP1 ofTrichoderma guizhouenseis required for mycotrophy and self-defence. Environ Microbiol 2015; 18:580-97. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Lab for Organic Waste Utilization and National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing China
| | - Gunseli Bayram Akcapinar
- Microbiology Group; Research Area Biotechnology and Microbiology; Institute of Chemical Engineering; Vienna University of Technology; Vienna Austria
| | - Lea Atanasova
- Microbiology Group; Research Area Biotechnology and Microbiology; Institute of Chemical Engineering; Vienna University of Technology; Vienna Austria
| | - Mohammad Javad Rahimi
- Microbiology Group; Research Area Biotechnology and Microbiology; Institute of Chemical Engineering; Vienna University of Technology; Vienna Austria
| | | | - Dongqing Yang
- Jiangsu Key Lab for Organic Waste Utilization and National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing China
| | - Christian P. Kubicek
- Microbiology Group; Research Area Biotechnology and Microbiology; Institute of Chemical Engineering; Vienna University of Technology; Vienna Austria
| | - Ruifu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Lab for Organic Waste Utilization and National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing China
| | - Qirong Shen
- Jiangsu Key Lab for Organic Waste Utilization and National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing China
| | - Irina S. Druzhinina
- Microbiology Group; Research Area Biotechnology and Microbiology; Institute of Chemical Engineering; Vienna University of Technology; Vienna Austria
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Sun ZB, Li SD, Sun MH. Selection of reliable reference genes for gene expression studies in Clonostachys rosea 67-1 under sclerotial induction. J Microbiol Methods 2015; 114:62-5. [PMID: 25960431 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reference genes are important to precisely quantify gene expression by real-time PCR. In order to identify stable and reliable expressed genes in mycoparasite Clonostachys rosea in different modes of nutrition, seven commonly used housekeeping genes, 18S rRNA, actin, β-tubulin, elongation factor 1, ubiquitin, ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, from the effective biocontrol isolate C. rosea 67-1 were tested for their expression under sclerotial induction and during vegetative growth on PDA medium. Analysis by three software programs showed that differences existed among the candidates. Elongation factor 1 was most stable; the M value in geNorm, SD value in Bestkeeper and stability value in Normfinder analysis were 0.405, 0.450 and 0.442, respectively, indicating that the gene elongation factor 1 could be used to normalize gene expression in C. rosea in both vegetative growth and parasitic process. By using elongation factor 1, the expression of a serine protease gene, sep, in different conditions was assessed, which was consistent with the transcriptomic data. This research provides an effective method to quantitate expression changes of target genes in C. rosea, and will assist in further investigation of parasitism-related genes of this fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Bin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Dong Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Man-Hong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Daguerre Y, Siegel K, Edel-Hermann V, Steinberg C. Fungal proteins and genes associated with biocontrol mechanisms of soil-borne pathogens: a review. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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