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Sullivan DA, da Costa AX, Del Duca E, Doll T, Grupcheva CN, Lazreg S, Liu SH, McGee SR, Murthy R, Narang P, Ng A, Nistico S, O'Dell L, Roos J, Shen J, Markoulli M. TFOS Lifestyle: Impact of cosmetics on the ocular surface. Ocul Surf 2023; 29:77-130. [PMID: 37061220 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
In this report the use of eye cosmetic products and procedures and how this represents a lifestyle challenge that may exacerbate or promote the development of ocular surface and adnexal disease is discussed. Multiple aspects of eye cosmetics are addressed, including their history and market value, psychological and social impacts, possible problems associated with cosmetic ingredients, products, and procedures, and regulations for eye cosmetic use. In addition, a systematic review that critically appraises randomized controlled trial evidence concerning the ocular effects of eyelash growth products is included. The findings of this systematic review highlight the evidence gaps and indicate future directions for research to focus on ocular surface outcomes associated with eyelash growth products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ester Del Duca
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Sihem Lazreg
- Lazreg Cornea and Ocular Surface Center, Blida, Algeria
| | - Su-Hsun Liu
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | - Alison Ng
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education, School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Steven Nistico
- Department of Dermatology, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | | | - Joanne Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Maria Markoulli
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Pham QD, Biatry B, Grégoire S, Topgaard D, Sparr E. Solubility of Foreign Molecules in Stratum Corneum Brick and Mortar Structure. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:2347-2357. [PMID: 36716111 PMCID: PMC9933541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c03092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The barrier function of the skin is mainly assured by its outermost layer, stratum corneum (SC). One key aspect in predicting dermal drug delivery and in safety assessment of skin exposure to chemicals is the need to determine the amount of chemical that is taken up into the SC. We here present a strategy that allows for direct measures of the amount of various solid chemicals that can be dissolved in the SC in any environmental relative humidity (RH). A main advantage of the presented method is that it distinguishes between molecules that are dissolved within the SC and molecules that are not dissolved but might be present at, for example, the skin surface. In addition, the method allows for studies of uptake of hydrophobic chemicals without the need to use organic solvents. The strategy relies on the differences in the molecular properties of the added molecules in the dissolved and the excess states, employing detection methods that act as a dynamic filter to spot only one of the fractions, either the dissolved molecules or the excess solid molecules. By measuring the solubility in SC and delipidized SC at the same RHs, the same method can be used to estimate the distribution of the added chemical between the extracellular lipids and corneocytes at different hydration conditions. The solubility in porcine SC is shown to vary with hydration, which has implications for the molecular uptake and transport across the skin. The findings highlight the importance of assessing the chemical uptake at hydration conditions relevant to the specific applications. The methodology presented in this study can also be generalized to study the solubility and partitioning of chemicals in other heterogeneous materials with complex composition and structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quoc Dat Pham
- Division
of Physical Chemistry, Chemistry Department, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 22100Lund, Sweden
- Gillette
Reading Innovation Centre, 460 Basingstoke Road, ReadingRG2 0QE, Berkshire, U.K.
| | - Bruno Biatry
- L’Oréal
Research & Innovation, 1, avenue Eugène Schueller, 93601Aulnay sous Bois, France
| | - Sébastien Grégoire
- L’Oréal
Research & Innovation, 1, avenue Eugène Schueller, 93601Aulnay sous Bois, France
| | - Daniel Topgaard
- Division
of Physical Chemistry, Chemistry Department, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 22100Lund, Sweden
| | - Emma Sparr
- Division
of Physical Chemistry, Chemistry Department, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 22100Lund, Sweden
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Yu CQ, Xu XG, Chen HD, Li YH. Clinical efficacy and safety of nano-microneedle-assisted phenylethyl resorcinol for the treatment of infraorbital dark circles. J Cosmet Dermatol 2020; 20:884-889. [PMID: 32783330 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infraorbital dark circles (DC) are defined as a symptom that presents darkness under infraorbital eyelids. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of nano-microneedle-assisted phenylethyl resorcinol (PR) for the treatment of infraorbital dark circles. METHODS Twenty female participants were randomized to two groups. In the experimental group (group E), participants received topical PR gel under the left orbit once a day and topical plus nano-microneedle-assisted PR gel under the right orbit twice a week. In the control group (group C), participants were treated with gel without PR. Melanin index (MI) and erythema index (EI) were measured before the session (T0), 4 and 8 weeks during the treatment session (T4, T8), and 1 and 2 months after the last session (T12, T16). The global assessment was performed by a blinded dermatologist. RESULTS The mean value of MI in group E was significantly lower than the baseline at T8 (P < .05), and the right side decreased more significantly than the left side (P < .05). However, there was no difference of MI before and after treatment in group C (P > .05). There was no big difference of the mean EI between the two sides (P > .05). The treatment was well tolerated, and no serious adverse effects were reported. CONCLUSION PR combined with nano-microneedle could be an effective and safe method for infraorbital DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Qian Yu
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xue-Gang Xu
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hong-Duo Chen
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan-Hong Li
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Zhang Y, Sil BC, Kung CP, Hadgraft J, Heinrich M, Sinko B, Lane ME. Characterization and topical delivery of phenylethyl resorcinol. Int J Cosmet Sci 2020; 41:479-488. [PMID: 31378949 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Phenylethyl resorcinol (PR) has been used widely in the personal care industry as a novel skin lightening ingredient. Surprisingly, there is only limited information describing the physicochemical properties of this active. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to perform a comprehensive characterization of PR. A secondary objective was to investigate the delivery of this molecule to mammalian skin. METHODS Phenylethyl resorcinol was characterized using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). A new high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for analysis of PR was developed and validated. The log P (octanol water partition coefficient), value, solubility and short-term stability of PR in a series of vehicles were also determined using HPLC. The evaporation of the selected vehicles was examined using dynamic vapour sorption (DVS). The permeation profiles of PR were investigated under finite dose conditions in porcine and human skin. RESULTS The melting point of PR was determined to be 79.13 °C and the measured log P (octanol water partition coefficient) at 21 °C was 3.35 ± 0.03. The linearity of the HPLC analytical method was confirmed with an r2 value of 0.99. Accuracy of the method was evaluated by average recovery rates at three tested concentrations, and the values ranged from 99 to 106%. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.19 and 0.57 μg mL-1 , respectively. The solubility of PR in PG, DMI, glycerol was within the range of 367 to 877 mg mL-1 . The stability of PR in tested solvents was also confirmed by the 72 h stability studies. From the DVS studies, 70-125% of applied formulations were recovered at 24 h. The permeation through porcine skin at 24 h ranged from 4 to 13 μg cm-2 , while the corresponding amounts of PR delivered through human skin were 2 to 10 μg cm-2 . CONCLUSION The physicochemical properties of PR confirm it is suitable for dermal delivery. In this study, propylene glycol was the most promising vehicle for PR delivery to human skin. Future work will expand the range of vehicles studied and explore the percutaneous absorption from more complex formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - B C Sil
- London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London, N7 8DB, UK
| | - C-P Kung
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - J Hadgraft
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - M Heinrich
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - B Sinko
- Pion Inc., 10 Cook Street, Billerica, MA, 01821, USA
| | - M E Lane
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
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Lajis AFB, Ariff AB. Discovery of new depigmenting compounds and their efficacy to treat hyperpigmentation: Evidence from in vitro study. J Cosmet Dermatol 2019; 18:703-727. [PMID: 30866156 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Human skin pigmentation is a result of constitutive and facultative pigmentation. Facultative pigmentation is frequently stimulated by UV radiation, pharmacologic drugs, and hormones whereby leads to the development of abnormal skin hyperpigmentation. To date, many state-of-art depigmenting compounds have been studied using in vitro model to treat hyperpigmentation problems for cosmetic dermatological applications; little attention has been made to compare the effectiveness of these depigmenting compounds and their mode of actions. In this present article, new and recent depigmenting compounds, their melanogenic pathway targets, and modes of action are reviewed. This article compares the effectiveness of these new depigmenting compounds to modulate several melanogenesis-regulatory enzymes and proteins such as tyrosinase (TYR), TYR-related protein-1 (TRP1), TYR-related protein-2 (TRP2), microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and N-terminal kinases (JNK) and mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 (p38 MAPK). Other evidences from in vitro assays such as inhibition on melanosomal transfer, proteasomes, nitric oxide, and inflammation-induced melanogenesis are also highlighted. This article also reviews analytical techniques in different assays performed using in vitro model as well as their advantages and limitations. This article also provides an insight on recent finding and re-examination of some protocols as well as their effectiveness and reliability in the evaluation of depigmenting compounds. Evidence and support from related patents are also incorporated in this present article to give an overview on current patented technology, latest trends, and intellectual values of some depigmenting compounds and protocols, which are rarely highlighted in the literatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Firdaus B Lajis
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.,Bioprocessing and Biomanufacturing Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.,Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Arbakariya B Ariff
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.,Bioprocessing and Biomanufacturing Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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Leong HJ, Jang I, Hyun KS, Jung SK, Hong GH, Jeong HA, Oh SG. Preparation of alpha-bisabolol and phenylethyl resorcinol/TiO2 hybrid composites for potential applications in cosmetics. Int J Cosmet Sci 2016; 38:524-34. [PMID: 27139639 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bifunctional alpha-bisabolol and phenylethyl resorcinol/TiO2 hybrids were prepared to apply in cosmetic fields, particularly in anti-ageing and hyperpigmentation treatment. The synergistic effect of combined antioxidant and UV filtering properties was achieved through functionalization of TiO2 particles with skin-lightening materials such as alpha-bisabolol and phenylethyl resorcinol. METHODS TiO2 microspheres with a diameter of about 1 μm were synthesized through surfactant-assisted sol-gel method for use as supporting materials in the formation of hybrid composites. Carboxylation treatment was performed for surface modification of the TiO2 surface with carboxyl groups as chemical binders. Esterification reaction between carboxyl groups of carboxylated TiO2 and hydroxyl groups of alpha-bisabolol or phenylethyl resorcinol was performed. The hybrids were characterized using various techniques such as FE-SEM, DLS, EDS, ATR-FTIR, XPS and TGA. For application of prepared TiO2 composites in the field of cosmetics, the anti-radicular antioxidant abilities were evaluated using ABTS and DPPH colorimetric antioxidant assay. RESULTS Organic/inorganic hybrid composites were successfully formed using esterification reaction between the carboxyl groups at TiO2 surface and the hydroxyl groups of the skin-lightening materials. The results demonstrate that both functionalized microspheres show scavenging ability towards the ABTS(•) and DPPH(•) radicals. Specifically, the phenylethyl resorcinol/TiO2 composites exhibited the highest antioxidant ability among the prepared samples owing to the presence of phenolic groups to scavenge free radicals. CONCLUSION Using this strategy, it could be possible to prepare not only inorganic UV filter but also hybrid organic/inorganic materials with multifunctions and advantages which would be in a great demand for cosmetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Leong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133-791, Korea
| | - I Jang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133-791, Korea
| | - K-S Hyun
- Tonymoly Research Institute, Simin-daero 327 beon-gil 16, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - S-K Jung
- Tonymoly Research Institute, Simin-daero 327 beon-gil 16, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - G-H Hong
- Tonymoly Research Institute, Simin-daero 327 beon-gil 16, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - H-A Jeong
- Tonymoly Research Institute, Simin-daero 327 beon-gil 16, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - S-G Oh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133-791, Korea.
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Cameli N, Abril E, Agozzino M, Mariano M. Clinical and Instrumental Evaluation of the Efficacy of a New Depigmenting Agent Containing a Combination of a Retinoid, a Phenolic Agent and an Antioxidant for the Treatment of Solar Lentigines. Dermatology 2015; 230:360-6. [DOI: 10.1159/000379746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Questel E, Durbise E, Bardy AL, Schmitt AM, Josse G. Follow-up of solar lentigo depigmentation with a retinaldehyde-based cream by clinical evaluation and calibrated colour imaging. Skin Res Technol 2014; 21:241-6. [PMID: 25078981 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE To assess an objective method evaluating the effects of a retinaldehyde-based cream (RA-cream) on solar lentigines; 29 women randomly applied RA-cream on lentigines of one hand and a control cream on the other, once daily for 3 months. METHODS A specific method enabling a reliable visualisation of the lesions was proposed, using high-magnification colour-calibrated camera imaging. Assessment was performed using clinical evaluation by Physician Global Assessment score and image analysis. Luminance determination on the numeric images was performed either on the basis of 5 independent expert's consensus borders or probability map analysis via an algorithm automatically detecting the pigmented area. RESULTS Both image analysis methods showed a similar lightening of ΔL* = 2 after a 3-month treatment by RA-cream, in agreement with single-blind clinical evaluation. CONCLUSION High-magnification colour-calibrated camera imaging combined with probability map analysis is a fast and precise method to follow lentigo depigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Questel
- Skin Research Center, Pierre Fabre Laboratories, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
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Sorg O, Kasraee B, Salomon D, Saurat JH. The Potential Depigmenting Activity of Retinaldehyde. Dermatology 2013; 227:231-7. [DOI: 10.1159/000354294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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