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Early Identification of Residual Tumors following Microwave Ablation Using Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography in a Rabbit VX2 Liver Cancer Model. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:2462058. [PMID: 33029496 PMCID: PMC7537715 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2462058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective It is difficult to evaluate the ablation effect immediately after thermal ablation of liver cancer by clinical imaging methods, due to the immediate formation of an annular inflammatory reaction band (IRB). This study is aimed at exploring the early identification indicators of the IRB and residual tumor postmicrowave ablation (MVA) using contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS). Methods MVA was used to inactivate part of the tumor nodules in rabbit VX2 liver cancer models, leading to the coexistence of the IRB with residual tumors. Quantitative analysis of the perfusion parameters of the tumor and ablation zone was performed using CEUS, followed by liver biopsy and VEGFR-2 immunohistochemical staining. Results All rabbits successfully tolerated VX2 tumor inoculation and MVA operation. No statistically significant difference existed between the IRB vs. residual tumors, the IRB vs. junctional areas, and residual tumors postablation vs. VX2 tumors before ablation in regional blood volume, blood velocity, and blood flow estimated by parameters A, k, and A∗k of CEUS quantitative analysis. There was a statistically significant difference between the IRB and normal liver parenchyma in regional blood velocity and blood flow (p = 0.005 and p = 0.023, respectively). Normal liver parenchyma showed nonspecific VEGFR-2 staining, while VX2 tumor before ablation and residual tumor after ablation both showed positive VEGFR-2 staining; the necrosis zone showed negative staining by VEGFR-2 immunohistochemical staining. Conclusion MVA had no significant effect on the residual tumor hemodynamics. The blood flow in the IRB increased significantly as compared to normal liver parenchyma, resembling tumor hemodynamic patterns. CEUS can detect residual tumors immediately postablation only when they protrude from the annular-shaped IRB. In addition, VEGFR-2 targeted CEUS may have a great potential for detecting residual tumor after thermal ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Fu Y, Li F, Zhang P, Liu M, Qian L, Lv F, Cheng W, Hou R. Myrothecine A modulates the proliferation of HCC cells and the maturation of dendritic cells through downregulating miR-221. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 75:105783. [PMID: 31376622 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Myrothecine A, characterized from the extracts of myrothecium roridum strain IFB-E012, isolated as endophytic fungi found in the traditional Chinese medicinal plant Artemisia annua. Here we investigated its roles on anti-tumor and immune regulation in vitro. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen presenting cells in immune responses. Recent studies have indicated that miRNAs are indispensable in regulating the development, differentiation, maturation and function of DC. MiR-221, acted as an oncogene, is an important regulator in cancer development by binding to 3' untranslated regions (3' UTR) of target mRNA. Here, we investigated whether myrothecine A could inhibit cell proliferation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell line SMMC-7721 by regulating miR-221. The HCC cells were treated with myrothecine A at different concentration, and the cell growth ability was measured by MTT assay. Then we observed whether myrothecine A could affect the maturation of DC by regulating miR-221. The HCC cell line was co-cultured with immature DC from mice bone marrow, and the levels of CD86 and CD40 was detected by FCM. Our results showed that myrothecine A could rescue miR-221-induced cell proliferation and influence the protein level of p27 by inhibiting the expression of miR-221. In addition, myrothecine A could enhance the expression of CD86 and CD40 by reversing the function of miR-221. Therefore, myrothecine A may be acted as an anti-tumor drug to promote the maturation of DC in the microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Fu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215007, China.
| | - Fengxia Li
- School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Institute of Hand Surgery, Ruihua Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215007, China
| | - Mingyan Liu
- School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Li Qian
- School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Fengwei Lv
- School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Wenting Cheng
- School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Ruixing Hou
- Institute of Hand Surgery, Ruihua Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215007, China
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Yang L, Wang X, Xu J, Wen Y, Zhang M, Lu J, Wang R, Sun X. Integrated transcriptomic and proteomic analyses reveal ɑ-lipoic acid-regulated cell proliferation via Grb2-mediated signalling in hepatic cancer cells. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:2981-2992. [PMID: 29575431 PMCID: PMC5980154 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most frequent primary liver cancer worldwide. The use of antioxidants as cancer prevention and treatment agents has become a focus of research in recent years due to their limited adverse effects. Alpha lipoic acid (ɑ-LA) is synthesized in the liver and is considered a naturally occurring antioxidant. In this study, a total of 4446 differentially expressed genes (2097 down-regulated and 2349 up-regulated) were identified via RNA-Seq in HepG2 cells after exposure to α-LA for 24 hrs. Moreover, GO and KEGG pathway analyses showed that cancer-relevant cell membrane proteins were significantly affected. An interaction network analysis predicted that Grb2 might mediate the key target pathways activated by exposure to ɑ-LA. Verification of the RNA-Seq and iTRAQ results confirmed that Grb2 mediated the ɑ-LA-induced inhibition of cell proliferation in vitro. Furthermore, the analysis of human hepatocellular carcinoma specimens obtained from the GEO database showed that the expression of EGFR and Met correlated with that of Grb2. These findings provide a novel mechanism through which ɑ-LA regulates cell proliferation via the down-regulation of growth factor-stimulated Grb2 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Yang
- Institute of Immunology of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Shenzhen Tumor Immuno-gene Therapy Clinical Application Engineering Lab, Biobank of Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiliang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Shenzhen Xenotransplantation Medical Engineering Research and Development Center, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Juan Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Proteomics Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ya Wen
- Shenzhen Tumor Immuno-gene Therapy Clinical Application Engineering Lab, Biobank of Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Graduate School, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Manqiao Zhang
- Shenzhen Tumor Immuno-gene Therapy Clinical Application Engineering Lab, Biobank of Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Graduate School, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingxiao Lu
- Shenzhen Tumor Immuno-gene Therapy Clinical Application Engineering Lab, Biobank of Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Rongfu Wang
- Institute of Immunology of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaojuan Sun
- Shenzhen Tumor Immuno-gene Therapy Clinical Application Engineering Lab, Biobank of Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Key Issues Related to Cryopreservation and Storage of Stem Cells and Cancer Stem Cells: Protecting Biological Integrity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 951:1-12. [PMID: 27837550 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-45457-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cryopreservation and biobanking of stem cells are becoming increasingly important as stem cell technology and application attract the interest of industry, academic research, healthcare and patient organisations. Stem cell are already being used in the treatment of some diseases and it is anticipated that stem cell therapy will play a central role in future medicine. Similarly, the discovery of both hematopoietic and solid tumor stem cells and their clinical relevance have profoundly altered paradigms for cancer research as the cancer stem cells are considered promising new targets against cancer. Consequently, long-term cryopreservation and banking of normal and malignant stem cells is crucial and will inevitably become a routine procedure that requires highly regulated and safe methods of specimen storage. There is, however, an increasing amount of evidence showing contradictory results on the impact of cryopreservation and thawing of stem cells, including extensive physical and biological stresses, apoptosis and necrosis, mitochondrial injuries, changes to basal respiration and ATP production, cellular structural damage, telomere shortening and cellular senescence, and DNA damage and oxidative stress. Notably, cell surface proteins that play a major role in stem cell fate and are used as the biomarkers of stem cells are more vulnerable to cold stress than other proteins. There are also data supporting the alteration in some biological features and genetic integrity at the molecular level of the post-thawed stem cells. This article reviews the current and future challenges of cryopreservation of stem cells and stresses the need for further rigorous research on the methodologies for freezing and utilizing cancer stem cells following long-term storage.
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Wang M, Xie F, Wen X, Chen H, Zhang H, Liu J, Zhang H, Zou H, Yu Y, Chen Y, Sun Z, Wang X, Zhang G, Yin C, Sun D, Gao J, Jiang B, Zhong Y, Lu Y. Therapeutic PEG-ceramide nanomicelles synergize with salinomycin to target both liver cancer cells and cancer stem cells. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2017; 12:1025-1042. [PMID: 28440698 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Salinomycin (SAL)-loaded PEG-ceramide nanomicelles (SCM) were prepared to target both liver cancer cells and cancer stem cells. MATERIALS & METHODS The synergistic ratio of SAL/PEG-ceramide was evaluated to prepare SCM, and the antitumor activity of SCM was examined both in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS SAL/PEG-ceramide molar ratio of 1:4 was chosen as the synergistic ratio, and SCM showed superior cytotoxic effect and increased apoptosis-inducing activity in both liver cancer cells and cancer stem cells. In vivo, SCM showed the best tumor inhibitory effect with a safety profile. CONCLUSION Thus, PEG-ceramide nanomicelles could serve as an effective and safe therapeutic drug carrier to deliver SAL into liver cancer, opening up the avenue of using PEG-ceramide as therapeutic drug carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiping Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Fangyuan Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xikai Wen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Han Chen
- Department of General Surgery, 411 Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, 15 East Jiangwan Road, Shanghai 200081, China
| | - Hai Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Junjie Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - He Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hao Zou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yuan Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhiguo Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xinxia Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Guoqing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Chuan Yin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Duxin Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Beige Jiang
- Third Department of HepaticSurgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yanqiang Zhong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ying Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
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Chen D, Xie F, Sun D, Yin C, Gao J, Zhong Y. Nanomedicine-Mediated Combination Drug Therapy in Tumor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.2174/1874844901704010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background:Combined chemotherapy has gradually become one of the conventional methods of cancer treatment due to the limitation of monotherapy. However, combined chemotherapy has several drawbacks that may lead to treatment failure because drug synergy cannot be guaranteed, achievement of the optimal synergistic drug ratio is difficult, and drug uptake into the tumor is inconsistent. Nanomedicine can be a safe and effective form of drug delivery, which may address the problems associated with combination chemotherapy.Objective:This review summarizes the recent research in this area, including the use of nanoparticles, liposomes, lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles, and polymeric micelles, and provides new approach for combined chemotherapy.Methods:By collecting and referring to the related literature in recent years.Results:Compared with conventional drugs, nanomedicine has the following advantages: it increases bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs, prolongs drug circulation timein vivo, and permits multiple drug loading, all of which could improve drug efficacy and reduce toxicity. Furthermore, nanomedicine can maintain the synergistic ratio of the drugs; deliver the drugs to the tumor at the same time, such that two or more drugs of tumor treatment achieve synchronization in time and space; and alter the pharmacokinetics and distribution profilein vivosuch that these are dependent on nanocarrier properties (rather than being dependent on the drugs themselves).Conclusion:Therefore, nanomedicine-mediated combination drug therapy is promising in the treatment of tumors.
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Zhu M, Chen S, Hua L, Zhang C, Chen M, Chen D, Dong Y, Zhang Y, Li M, Song X, Chen H, Zheng H. Self-targeted salinomycin-loaded DSPE-PEG-methotrexate nanomicelles for targeting both head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cancer cells and cancer stem cells. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2017; 12:295-315. [PMID: 28093940 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To target both head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells and cancer stem cells (CSCs) by salinomycin-loaded DSPE-PEG-MTX (synthesized using DSPE-PEG2000-NH2 and methotrexate) nanomicelles (M-SAL-MTX). MATERIALS & METHODS The characterization, antitumor activity and mechanism of M-SAL-MTX were evaluated. RESULTS & CONCLUSION M-SAL-MTX showed enhanced inhibitory effect toward both HNSCC CSCs and non-CSCs compared with a single treatment of methotrexate and salinomycin. In nude mice-bearing HNSCC xenografts, M-SAL-MTX suppressed tumor growth more effectively than other controls including combination of methotrexate and salinomycin. Therefore, M-SAL-MTX may provide a strategy for treating HNSCC by targeting both HNSCC CSCs and HNSCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhui Zhu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shicai Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Libo Hua
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Caiyun Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Mengjie Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Donghui Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yinmei Dong
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xianmin Song
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Huaiwen Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, China.,Sunlipo Biotech Research Center for Nanomedicine, 3688 Tingwei Road, Shanghai 201507, China
| | - Hongliang Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, China
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Gao J, Li W, Guo Y, Feng SS. Nanomedicine strategies for sustained, controlled and targeted treatment of cancer stem cells. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:3261-3282. [PMID: 27854161 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are original cancer cells that are of characteristics associated with normal stem cells. CSCs are toughest against various treatments and thus responsible for cancer metastasis and recurrence. Therefore, development of specific and effective treatment of CSCs plays a key role in improving survival and life quality of cancer patients, especially those in the metastatic stage. Nanomedicine strategies, which include prodrugs, micelles, liposomes and nanoparticles of biodegradable polymers, could substantially improve the therapeutic index of conventional therapeutics due to its manner of sustained, controlled and targeted delivery of high transportation efficiency across the cell membrane and low elimination by intracellular autophagy, and thus provide a practical solution to solve the problem encountered in CSCs treatment. This review gives briefly the latest information to summarize the concept, strategies, mechanisms and current status as well as future promises of nanomedicine strategies for treatment of CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, the Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Wei Li
- International Joint Cancer Institute, The Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiang Yin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yajun Guo
- International Joint Cancer Institute, The Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiang Yin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Si-Shen Feng
- International Joint Cancer Institute, The Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiang Yin Road, Shanghai 200433, China.,Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Block E5, 02-11, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117576, Singapore.,Suzhou NanoStar Biopharm Inc. Ltd, BioBay, Bld B2, Unit 604, 218 Xing-Hu Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China
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