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Shoja A, Sani M, Mirzohreh ST, Ebrahimi MJ, Moafi M, Balaghirad N, Jafary H, Sagharichi M, Aalipour MA, Yassaghi Y, Nazerian Y, Moghaddam MH, Bayat AH, Ashraf H, Aliaghaei A, Olyayi PDB. Dental stem cells improve memory and reduce cell death in rat seizure model. Anat Sci Int 2024:10.1007/s12565-024-00781-7. [PMID: 38782867 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-024-00781-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder that significantly affects the quality of life of patients. In this study, we aim to evaluate the effectiveness of dental pulp stem cell (DPSC) transplantation in decreasing inflammation and cell death in brain cells, thus reducing seizure damage. We induced seizures in rats using intraperitoneal injections of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ). In the PTZ + DPSC group, we conducted bilateral hippocampal transplantation of DPSCs in PTZ-lesioned rat models. After 1 month, we performed post-graft analysis and measured some behavioral factors, such as working memory and long-term memory, using a T-maze test and passive avoidance test, respectively. We investigated the immunohistopathology and distribution of astrocyte cells through light microscopy and Sholl analysis. Additionally, we employed the Voronoi tessellation method to estimate the spatial distribution of the cells in the hippocampus. Compared to the control group, we observed a reduction in astrogliosis, astrocyte process length, the number of branches, and intersections distal to the soma in the hippocampus of the PTZ + DPSC group. Further analysis indicated that the grafted DPSCs decreased the expression of caspase-3 in the hippocampus of rats with induced seizures. Moreover, the DPSCs transplant protected hippocampal pyramidal neurons against PTZ toxicity and improved the spatial distribution of the hippocampal neurons. Our findings suggest that DPSCs transplant can be an effective modifier of astrocyte reactivation and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliakbar Shoja
- Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Sani
- Integrative Brain Health and Wellness, Neuroscience, Neuronutrition, Psychology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Neurocognitive, Cognitive Enhancement, Brain Health Optimization, SNSI-Sanineurosapiens Institute, Hanover, Germany
| | | | - Mohammad Javad Ebrahimi
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maral Moafi
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nika Balaghirad
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hosein Jafary
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mastoore Sagharichi
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Aalipour
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Younes Yassaghi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yasaman Nazerian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Meysam Hassani Moghaddam
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amir-Hossein Bayat
- Department of Basic Sciences, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Sciences and Advanced Technology in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Hengameh Ashraf
- Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Aliaghaei
- Hearing Disorders Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Tesiye MR, Gol M, Fadardi MR, Kani SNM, Costa AM, Ghasemi-Kasman M, Biagini G. Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Treatment of Epilepsy and Their Interaction with Antiseizure Medications. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244129. [PMID: 36552892 PMCID: PMC9777461 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a life-threatening neurological disease that affects approximately 70 million people worldwide. Although the vast majority of patients may be successfully managed with currently used antiseizure medication (ASM), the search for alternative therapies is still necessary due to pharmacoresistance in about 30% of patients with epilepsy. Here, we review the effects of ASMs on stem cell treatment when they could be, as expected, co-administered. Indeed, it has been reported that ASMs produce significant effects on the differentiation and determination of stem cell fate. In addition, we discuss more recent findings on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in pre-clinical and clinical investigations. In this regard, their ability to differentiate into various cell types, reach damaged tissues and produce and release biologically active molecules with immunomodulatory/anti-inflammatory and regenerative properties make them a high-potential therapeutic tool to address neuroinflammation in different neurological disorders, including epilepsy. Overall, the characteristics of MSCs to be genetically engineered, in order to replace dysfunctional elements with the aim of restoring normal tissue functioning, suggested that these cells could be good candidates for the treatment of epilepsy refractory to ASMs. Further research is required to understand the potential of stem cell treatment in epileptic patients and its interaction with ASMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rahimi Tesiye
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 19839-69411, Iran
| | - Mohammad Gol
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- PhD School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (CEM), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | | | | | - Anna-Maria Costa
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol 47176-47745, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol 47176-47745, Iran
- Correspondence: (M.G.-K.); (G.B.)
| | - Giuseppe Biagini
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.G.-K.); (G.B.)
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3
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Li M, Chen H, Zhu M. Mesenchymal stem cells for regenerative medicine in central nervous system. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1068114. [PMID: 36583105 PMCID: PMC9793714 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1068114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells, whose paracrine and immunomodulatory potential has made them a promising candidate for central nervous system (CNS) regeneration. Numerous studies have demonstrated that MSCs can promote immunomodulation, anti-apoptosis, and axon re-extension, which restore functional neural circuits. The therapeutic effects of MSCs have consequently been evaluated for application in various CNS diseases including spinal cord injury, cerebral ischemia, and neurodegenerative disease. In this review, we will focus on the research works published in the field of mechanisms and therapeutic effects of MSCs in CNS regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Li
- Department of Anesthesia, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Anesthesia, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingxin Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,*Correspondence: Mingxin Zhu,
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Shaimardanova AA, Chulpanova DS, Mullagulova AI, Afawi Z, Gamirova RG, Solovyeva VV, Rizvanov AA. Gene and Cell Therapy for Epilepsy: A Mini Review. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:868531. [PMID: 35645733 PMCID: PMC9132249 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.868531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic non-infectious disease of the brain, characterized primarily by recurrent unprovoked seizures, defined as an episode of disturbance of motor, sensory, autonomic, or mental functions resulting from excessive neuronal discharge. Despite the advances in the treatment achieved with the use of antiepileptic drugs and other non-pharmacological therapies, about 30% of patients suffer from uncontrolled seizures. This review summarizes the currently available methods of gene and cell therapy for epilepsy and discusses the development of these approaches. Currently, gene therapy for epilepsy is predominantly adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated delivery of genes encoding neuro-modulatory peptides, neurotrophic factors, enzymes, and potassium channels. Cell therapy for epilepsy is represented by the transplantation of several types of cells such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), bone marrow mononuclear cells, neural stem cells, and MSC-derived exosomes. Another approach is encapsulated cell biodelivery, which is the transplantation of genetically modified cells placed in capsules and secreting various therapeutic agents. The use of gene and cell therapy approaches can significantly improve the condition of patient with epilepsy. Therefore, preclinical, and clinical studies have been actively conducted in recent years to prove the benefits and safety of these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daria S. Chulpanova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Aysilu I. Mullagulova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Zaid Afawi
- Center for Neuroscience, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
| | - Rimma G. Gamirova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Valeriya V. Solovyeva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Albert A. Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
- *Correspondence: Albert A. Rizvanov,
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Ramos-Fresnedo A, Perez-Vega C, Domingo RA, Lee SJ, Perkerson RB, Zubair AC, Kanekiyo T, Tatum W, Quinones-Hinojosa A, Middlebrooks EH, Grewal SS. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Focal Epilepsy: A Systematic Review of Preclinical Models and Clinical Studies. Epilepsia 2022; 63:1607-1618. [PMID: 35451066 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistant epilepsy (DRE) is characterized by recurrent seizures despite appropriate treatment with antiseizure medication (ASM). Due to their regenerative and immunomodulatory potential, therapies with biologics such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) offer a potential therapeutic benefit for structural causes of epilepsy, such as hippocampal sclerosis. In this manuscript, we report a systematic review of the literature evaluating the preclinical and clinical studies of MSCs for DRE. Medline, Ovid EMBASE, Scopus, and the Cochrane Databases were electronically searched from their dates of inception to November 2021 using the following keywords: (("mesenchymal") AND ("stem cell")) AND (("epilepsy") OR ("convulsion") OR ("seizures")). This review followed the PRISMA guidelines. The initial query identified 488 studies representing 323 unique manuscripts. After application of selection criteria, 15 studies were included in this systematic review; 11 were preclinical studies and 4 were clinical studies. All preclinical studies were performed in rodents and all clinical studies were phase 1 trials. Thus far, therapy with MSCs appears to be safe for use in humans, as no severe adverse events directly related to the therapy were reported. Furthermore, MSC therapy appears to provide a statistically significant clinical benefit by reducing the seizure burden of patients, reducing the electrophysiological biomarkers of epilepsy, and improving their comorbidities, such as depression and anxiety. Additionally, animal studies reveal that the therapy exerts its effect by reducing aberrant mossy fiber sprouting (reduce excitatory pathways) and increasing GABAergic interneurons (increase inhibitory pathways). Both preclinical and clinical studies have shown MSC therapy to be safe and preliminary effective, thus warranting further studies to investigate its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos Perez-Vega
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Ricardo A Domingo
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Seung Jin Lee
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Ralph B Perkerson
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Abba C Zubair
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Takahisa Kanekiyo
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - William Tatum
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Erik H Middlebrooks
- Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Sanjeet S Grewal
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
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Ata Yaseen Abdulqader Y, Abdel Kawy HS, Mohammed Alkreathy H, Abdullah Rajeh N. The potential antiepileptic activity of astaxanthin in epileptic rats treated with valproic acid. Saudi Pharm J 2021; 29:418-426. [PMID: 34135667 PMCID: PMC8180462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Epilepsy is a neurological disease characterized by sudden, abnormal, and hyper- discharges in the central nervous system (CNS). Valproic acid (VPA) is commonly used as a broad-spectrum antiepileptic therapeutic. However, in many cases, patients develop resistance to VPA treatment due to overwhelming oxidative stress, which in turn might be a major catalyst for disease progression. Therefore, antioxidants can potentially become therapeutic agents by counteracting reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated damage. The present study is aimed to evaluate the potential antiepileptic effect of astaxanthin (ASTA) in pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) induced epileptic model rats that are chronically treated with VPA for 8 weeks. Method Fifty-male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: Non-PTZ group, PTZ, PTZ/VPA, PTZ/ASTA, and PTZ/VPA/ASTA treated groups. Results PTZ/VPA treated group showed a neuroprotective effect with improvement in antioxidant levels, behavioral test, and histopathological changes induced by PTZ. VPA also exhibited an anti-inflammatory effect as its treatment resulted in the reduction of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). ASTA exhibited an anticonvulsant effect and enhanced anti-inflammatory effect as compared to VPA. During the combined therapy, ASTA potentiated the antiepileptic effect of the VPA by reducing the oxidative stress and TNF-α as well as increased the glutathione (GSH) levels. Also, there were substantial improvements in the behavioral and histopathological changes in the VPA/ASTA treated group as compared to the VPA treated group. Conclusion ASTA could have an antiepileptic and anti-inflammatory effect by reducing ROS generation. Therefore, co-administration of both the therapeutics (VPA/ASTA) has a synergistic effect in treating epilepsy and could potentially minimize recurrence and/or exacerbation of seizures.
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Key Words
- AED, Antiepileptic drugs
- ASTA, Astaxanthin
- Astaxanthin
- BBB, Blood brain barrier
- CNS, Central nervous system
- Epilepsy
- GFAP, Glial fibrillary acidic protein
- GSH, Reduced glutathione
- GTCS, Generalized tonic-clonic seizure
- HPLC, High performance liquid chromatography
- MDA, Malondialdehyde
- NO, Nitrous oxide
- OPA, o-Phthalaldehyde
- PC, Protein carbonyl
- PTZ, Pentylenetetrazol
- Pentylenetetrazol
- ROS
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor-α
- VPA, Valproic acid
- Valproic acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Yussra Ata Yaseen Abdulqader
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah Medical Complex, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hala Salah Abdel Kawy
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huda Mohammed Alkreathy
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nisreen Abdullah Rajeh
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Ali SO, Shahin NN, Safar MM, Rizk SM. Therapeutic potential of endothelial progenitor cells in a rat model of epilepsy: Role of autophagy. J Adv Res 2019; 18:101-112. [PMID: 30847250 PMCID: PMC6389652 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first report showing EPCs therapeutic effects in PTZ-induced epilepsy. Intravenously administered EPCs homed into the epileptic rat hippocampus. EPCs amend the memory and locomotor activity deficits related to epilepsy. EPCs ameliorate epilepsy-associated alterations in neurotransmitters and autophagy. EPCs mitigate concomitant histological and vascular anomalies.
Epilepsy is one of the most well-known neurological conditions worldwide. One-third of adult epileptic patients do not respond to antiepileptic drugs or surgical treatment and therefore suffer from the resistant type of epilepsy. Stem cells have been given substantial consideration in the field of epilepsy therapeutics. The implication of pathologic vascular response in sustained seizures and the eminent role of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in maintaining vascular integrity tempted us to investigate the potential therapeutic effects of EPCs in a pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced rat model of epilepsy. Modulation of autophagy, a process that enables neurons to maintain an equilibrium of synthesis, degradation and subsequent reprocessing of cellular components, has been targeted. Intravenously administered EPCs homed into the hippocampus and amended the deficits in memory and locomotor activity. The cells mitigated neurological damage and the associated histopathological alterations and boosted the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. EPCs corrected the perturbations in neurotransmitter activity and enhanced the expression of the downregulated autophagy proteins light chain protein-3 (LC-3), beclin-1, and autophagy-related gene-7 (ATG-7). Generally, these effects were comparable to those achieved by the reference antiepileptic drug, valproic acid. In conclusion, EPCs may confer therapeutic effects against epilepsy and its associated behavioural and biochemical abnormalities at least in part via the upregulation of autophagy. The study warrants further research in experimental and clinical settings to verify the prospect of using EPCs as a valid therapeutic strategy in patients with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa O Ali
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nancy N Shahin
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa M Safar
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, Egypt.,Pharmacology and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sherine M Rizk
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, Egypt
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8
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An Y, wei W, Jing H, Ming L, Liu S, Jin Y. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell aggregate: an optimal cell therapy for full-layer cutaneous wound vascularization and regeneration. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17036. [PMID: 26594024 PMCID: PMC4655471 DOI: 10.1038/srep17036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous wounds are among the most common soft tissue injuries. Wounds involving dermis suffer more from outside influence and higher risk of chronic inflammation. Therefore the appearance and function restoration has become an imperative in tissue engineering research. In this study, cell-aggregates constructed with green fluorescent protein-expressing (GFP+) rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) were applied to rat acute full-layer cutaneous wound model to confirm its pro-regeneration ability and compare its regenerative efficacy with the currently thriving subcutaneous and intravenous stem cell administration strategy, with a view to sensing the advantages, disadvantages and the mechanism behind. According to results, cell-aggregates cultured in vitro enjoyed higher expression of several pro-healing genes than adherent cultured cells. Animal experiments showed better vascularization along with more regular dermal collagen deposition for cell-aggregate transplanted models. Immunofluorescence staining on inflammatory cells indicated a shorter inflammatory phase for cell-aggregate group, which was backed up by further RT-PCR. The in situ immunofluorescence staining manifested a higher GFP+-cell engraftment for cell-aggregate transplanted models versus cell administered ones. Thus it is safe to say the BMMSCs aggregate could bring superior cutaneous regeneration for full layer cutaneous wound to BMMSCs administration, both intravenous and subcutaneous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin An
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Center of Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, No. 145 Changlexi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.,Research and Development Center for Tissue Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 145 Changlexi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.,Zhen Jiang Entry-Exit Inspection And Quarantine Bureau, No. 84 Dongwu Road, Zhen Jiang, Jiang Su 212000, China
| | - Wei wei
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Center of Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, No. 145 Changlexi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.,Research and Development Center for Tissue Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 145 Changlexi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.,State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, No. 145 Changlexi Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Huan Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Center of Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, No. 145 Changlexi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.,Research and Development Center for Tissue Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 145 Changlexi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Leiguo Ming
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Center of Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, No. 145 Changlexi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.,Research and Development Center for Tissue Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 145 Changlexi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Shiyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Center of Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, No. 145 Changlexi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.,Research and Development Center for Tissue Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 145 Changlexi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Yan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Center of Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, No. 145 Changlexi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.,Research and Development Center for Tissue Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 145 Changlexi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
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