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Maghsudlu M, Teimourpour A, Amini-Kafiabad S, Nazemi AM, O'Brien SF, Sarem F. The return rate of deferred blood donors in Iran. Transfus Clin Biol 2024; 31:135-140. [PMID: 38604406 DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The process of selecting blood donors is crucial for keeping the health of donors and ensuring the safety of the blood supply. However, it may create unpleasant feeling in those who are deferred. In this study, we aim to explore the return rates of Iranian deferred donors in comparison with eligible donors. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included all whole blood donors referred between March 2017 and March 2018, who experienced temporary deferral for any reason. Donors who successfully donated blood during this period were also part of the study. Participants were followed up until their next donation attempt, spanning 4.8 years after initial inclusion. Then odds of return and median return time for both deferred and eligible donors were calculated. RESULTS From 993,824 volunteers, 733,153 (73.77%) were eligible and 192,332 (19.35%) temporary deferred. The return rate in the eligible and deferred donors was 74.77% vs. 51.77%, respectively (OR:2.78; 99%CI: 2.71-2.81). Odds of return among deferred regular (OR = 7.02, 99%CI:6.64-7.42), men (OR: 2.57, 99%CI:2.45-2.69), and over 45 years (OR: 1.15, 99% CI: 1.09-1.20), was higher than first-time, women, and younger donors. The median return time for eligible and deferred donors was 315 (99%CI: 313-316) and 1,467(99%CI: 1,412-1,524) days, respectively. CONCLUSION This study revealed the negative effect of deferral on the return rate, that led to a 23% reduction in the return of deferred donors. Avoiding unnecessary deferral through adherence to the standard operating procedure of donor selection and effective counselling which clarifies the purpose of deferral and encourages them to return after the deferral period ends are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahtab Maghsudlu
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amir Teimourpour
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Amini-Kafiabad
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Masoud Nazemi
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sheila F O'Brien
- Epidemiology and Surveillance, Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fariba Sarem
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
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Malhotra S, Negi G. Analysis of reasons of blood donor deferral at a tertiary care institute in India and its reflections on community health status. Asian J Transfus Sci 2023; 17:48-52. [PMID: 37188024 PMCID: PMC10180785 DOI: 10.4103/ajts.ajts_69_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Safe blood donors form the backbone of safe blood transfusion services.[1] Donor eligibility policies are a critical layer of blood safety designed to ensure selection of healthy donors and to protect recipients from any harm. This study was planned to analyze the pattern of whole blood donor deferrals and its characteristics and reasons at a tertiary care institute in northern India, as the pattern varies according to epidemiology of diseases in different demographic areas. MATERIALS AND METHODS It was a cross-sectional study of 2 years' duration from December 2015 to November 2017. The data of the potential donors who were deferred were recorded on a separate pro forma which included their demographic details, type of donation - voluntary donor and replacement donor; first time and repeat donor; type of deferrals (permanent and temporary); and the reasons of deferrals. RESULTS A total of 3133 donors (voluntary - 1446 and replacement - 1687) donated and 597 donors were deferred (deferral rate - 16%) during this period. Majority of the deferrals, i.e., 525 (88%) were temporary, while 72 (12%) were permanent. The most common reason of temporary deferral was anemia. The most common reason of permanent deferrals was a medical history of jaundice. CONCLUSIONS Our study results indicate that the blood donor deferral can have subtle variations based on regional aspects that should be considered when national policies are developed as pattern of deferral varies according to the epidemiology of diseases in different demographic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gita Negi
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
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3
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Sakai H, Kobayashi N, Kure T, Okuda C. Translational research of hemoglobin vesicles as a transfusion alternative. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:591-606. [PMID: 33845721 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210412130035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Clinical situations arise in which blood for transfusion becomes scarce or unavailable. Considerable demand for a transfusion alternative persists because of various difficulties posed by blood donation and transfusion systems. Hemoglobin-vesicles (HbV) are artificial oxygen carriers being developed for use as a transfusion alternative. Just as biomembranes of red blood cells (RBCs) do, phospholipid vesicles (liposomes) for Hb encapsulation can protect the human body from toxic effects of molecular Hb. The main HbV component, Hb, is obtained from discarded human donated blood. Therefore, HbV can be categorized as a biologic agent targeting oxygen for peripheral tissues. The purification procedure strictly eliminates the possibility of viral contamination. It also removes all concomitant unstable enzymes present in RBC for utmost safety from infection. The deoxygenated HbVs, which are storable for over years at ambient temperature, can function as an alternative to blood transfusion for resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock and O2 therapeutics. Moreover, a recent study clarified beneficial effects for anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation by carbon monoxide (CO)-bound HbVs. Autoxidation of HbV (HbO2 → metHb + O2-.) is unavoidable after intravenous administration. Co-injection of methylene blue can extract the intraerythrocytic glycolytic electron energy effectively and reduce metHb. Other phenothiazine dyes can also function as electron mediators to improve the functional life span of HbV. This review paper summarizes recent progress of the research and development of HbV, aimed at clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Sakai
- Department of Chemistry, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8521. Japan
| | - Naoko Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8521. Japan
| | - Tomoko Kure
- Department of Chemistry, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8521. Japan
| | - Chie Okuda
- Department of Chemistry, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8521. Japan
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Tan PP, Fauzi HM, Bahar R, Chang CT, Rahim NAA. Knowledge and Perceptions of Blood Safety among Blood Donors in Kelantan, Malaysia. Malays J Med Sci 2020; 26:127-136. [PMID: 31908594 PMCID: PMC6939727 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2019.26.6.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Unsafe blood products may cause transfusion-transmissible infections. This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge and perceptions of blood donors regarding blood safety. Methods This was a cross-sectional study conducted in the Kelantan state of Malaysia. The questionnaire comprised 39 questions that covered areas such as donors’ social demographic information, knowledge of transfusion-transmitted diseases, blood screening and donor eligibility and perceptions towards blood safety. The knowledge score was categorised as good or poor. Results Of the 450 distributed questionnaires, 389 were suitable for analysis. Only 18.5% of the donors had good knowledge, with 81.5% having poor knowledge. Less than 30% were aware that people with multiple sexual partners, bisexual people and male homosexual people are permanently deferred from blood donation. Only 29.4% agreed that donors are responsible if their blood causes infection. Furthermore, 39.3% assumed that they could check their HIV status through blood donation, and 10.3% and 5.4% of the respondents believed that donors are free from infection if they wear a condom during sex or only have oral sex when involved in prostitution, respectively. Conclusion Poor knowledge and notable misperceptions concerning safe blood donation were found among blood donors. The Ministry of Health should incorporate safe blood education in future public awareness programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Pei Tan
- Regenerative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Hafizuddin Mohamed Fauzi
- Regenerative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Rosnah Bahar
- Department of Haematology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Chee Tao Chang
- Clinical Research Centre, Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun, Ministry of Health Malaysia
| | - Nur Arzuar Abdul Rahim
- Regenerative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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Browne A, Fisher SA, Masconi K, Smith G, Doree C, Chung R, Rahimzadeh M, Shah A, Rodriguez SA, Bolton T, Kaptoge S, Wood A, Sweeting M, Roberts DJ. Donor Deferral Due to Low Hemoglobin-An Updated Systematic Review. Transfus Med Rev 2020; 34:10-22. [PMID: 31806414 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Blood donors attending a donation session may be deferred from donating blood due to a failure to meet low hemoglobin (Hb) thresholds. This costs the blood donor service and donors valuable time and resources. In addition, donors who are deferred may have more symptoms, and as a direct and/or indirect effect of their experience, return rates of donors deferred for low Hb are reduced, even in repeat donors. It is therefore vital that low Hb deferral (LHD) is minimized. The aim of this updated systematic review is to expand the evidence base for factors which affect a donor's risk of deferral due to low Hb. Studies were identified by searching MEDLINE, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry to March 2019. Demographic data, donor history, hematological/biological factors, and the primary outcome of deferral due to low Hb were extracted. Our primary outcome was deferral due to low Hb. Analyses were descriptive and quantitative; pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were obtained by meta-analysis using random-effects models. A total of 116 studies met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis showed a significantly greater risk of LHD in females compared with males in studies applying universal Hb thresholds for males and females (OR 14.62 95% CI 12.43-17.19) and in those which used sex-specific thresholds (OR 5.73, 95% CI 4.36-7.53). Higher rates of LHD were also associated with increasing age in men, low body weight, shorter interdonation interval, donors of Hispanic or African descent, higher ambient temperature, donors with low ferritin levels, and donation in a fixed donor center. There was conflicting evidence on the effect of new and repeat donor status, and blood group. This work has strengthened the evidence of the previous review in identifying factors that should be considered in studies of donor deferral and highlighting areas in need of further study, including ABO and Rh blood groups, previous platelet donation, diet, smoking, time of day, and genetic data. These factors may lead to individually tailored donation criteria for safe and efficient donation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Browne
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts' Causeway, Cambridge, UK; NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sheila A Fisher
- Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK; BRC Haematology Theme and Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Katya Masconi
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts' Causeway, Cambridge, UK; NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, Cambridge, UK
| | - Graham Smith
- Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK; BRC Haematology Theme and Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Carolyn Doree
- Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK; BRC Haematology Theme and Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ryan Chung
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts' Causeway, Cambridge, UK; NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mana Rahimzadeh
- Oxford University Medical School, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Akshay Shah
- BRC Haematology Theme and Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Silvia Alonso Rodriguez
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts' Causeway, Cambridge, UK; NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, Cambridge, UK
| | - Thomas Bolton
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts' Causeway, Cambridge, UK; NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen Kaptoge
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts' Causeway, Cambridge, UK; NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, Cambridge, UK
| | - Angela Wood
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts' Causeway, Cambridge, UK; NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael Sweeting
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester
| | - David J Roberts
- Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK; BRC Haematology Theme and Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Valerian DM, Mauka WI, Kajeguka DC, Mgabo M, Juma A, Baliyima L, Sigalla GN. Prevalence and causes of blood donor deferrals among clients presenting for blood donation in northern Tanzania. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206487. [PMID: 30359434 PMCID: PMC6201946 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Blood is an important requirement in different medical and surgical conditions with half of all donations are from developing countries. Lack of eligibility among blood donors who present for blood transfusion, called blood donor deferral is associated with the unsustainable and inadequate amount of blood collected by blood banks worldwide. However, the prevalence and causes of blood donor deferrals are not well known in Tanzania where less than one-third of actual needs of blood is collected, leading to unmet demand of blood for transfusion, and causing unwanted morbidity and mortality. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a retrospective analysis of blood donors at northern zone blood transfusion center, Tanzania from January to December. 2016. Donor's data were transferred to Statistical Package for Social Studies (SPSS) program version 20.0 for analysis. Descriptive statistics was used to summarize data and comparisons made by type of donor and deferrals using Chi-square test. RESULTS A total of 14377 participants were studied whereby 12775 (88.9%) were voluntary non-remunerated blood donors. The blood donor deferral rate was 12.7% and deferral was significantly more likely in females, with increasing age above 31 years, who came from nearby regions from where the blood bank is located and/or a family replacement donor (P value <0.01). Overall, infections contributed to 62% of all deferrals and low hemoglobin was the leading cause of temporary deferrals while Hepatitis B lead the permanent deferral causes. CONCLUSIONS Blood donor deferral is a significant problem in northern Tanzania and accounts for more than one-tenth of all prospective blood donors. Latent and active infections are the leading cause of blood donor deferrals, a picture that mirrors other low income countries especially those located in sub-Saharan Africa. Results of this study calls for appropriate preventive interventions to address prevalent causes of deferrals such as infections with HIV and HBV to tackle low hemoglobin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maseke Mgabo
- Institute of Public Health, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
- Institute of Rural Development Planning, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Abdu Juma
- National Blood Transfusion Services Head office, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Lelo Baliyima
- National Blood Transfusion Services Head office, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Geofrey Nimrod Sigalla
- Institute of Public Health, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
- Department of Health, Evangelical Lutheran Church in Tanzania Headquarters, Arusha, Tanzania
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Kashimura M, Goto A, Nollet KE, Ohto H, Yasumura S, Konno K. Who returns and becomes a regular blood donor? Analysis of a donor database in Fukushima, Japan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/voxs.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Kashimura
- Fukushima Blood Center; Japanese Red Cross Society; Fukushima Japan
- Department of Blood Transfusion and Transplantation Immunology; Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine; Fukushima Japan
| | - A. Goto
- Center for Integrated Science and Humanities; Fukushima Medical University; Fukushima Japan
- Department of Public Health; Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine; Fukushima Japan
| | - K. E. Nollet
- Department of Blood Transfusion and Transplantation Immunology; Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine; Fukushima Japan
| | - H. Ohto
- Department of Blood Transfusion and Transplantation Immunology; Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine; Fukushima Japan
| | - S. Yasumura
- Department of Public Health; Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine; Fukushima Japan
| | - K. Konno
- Fukushima Blood Center; Japanese Red Cross Society; Fukushima Japan
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Analysis of Blood Transfusion Data Using Bivariate Zero-Inflated Poisson Model: A Bayesian Approach. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2016; 2016:7878325. [PMID: 27703493 PMCID: PMC5039350 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7878325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recognizing the factors affecting the number of blood donation and blood deferral has a major impact on blood transfusion. There is a positive correlation between the variables “number of blood donation” and “number of blood deferral”: as the number of return for donation increases, so does the number of blood deferral. On the other hand, due to the fact that many donors never return to donate, there is an extra zero frequency for both of the above-mentioned variables. In this study, in order to apply the correlation and to explain the frequency of the excessive zero, the bivariate zero-inflated Poisson regression model was used for joint modeling of the number of blood donation and number of blood deferral. The data was analyzed using the Bayesian approach applying noninformative priors at the presence and absence of covariates. Estimating the parameters of the model, that is, correlation, zero-inflation parameter, and regression coefficients, was done through MCMC simulation. Eventually double-Poisson model, bivariate Poisson model, and bivariate zero-inflated Poisson model were fitted on the data and were compared using the deviance information criteria (DIC). The results showed that the bivariate zero-inflated Poisson regression model fitted the data better than the other models.
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Shrivastava M, Shah N, Navaid S, Agarwal K, Sharma G. Blood donor selection and deferral pattern as an important tool for blood safety in a tertiary care hospital. Asian J Transfus Sci 2016; 10:122-6. [PMID: 27605848 PMCID: PMC4993080 DOI: 10.4103/0973-6247.187938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Blood donor selection criteria based on science and regulatory rules influence donor as well recipient safety and demographics. AIM To evaluate and analyze the blood donor deferral pattern and its causes among blood donors in a tertiary care hospital blood bank and to review its influence on blood safety. SETTINGS AND DESIGN Hospital based blood bank, retrospective analysis. SUBJECTS AND METHODS The data available as donor deferral record over a period of 13 years from 2001 to 2013 was analyzed. RESULTS The blood donor deferral rate was 11.5%, the deferral rate in various categories was 4.8%, 4.7%, 1.6%, and 0.3% in Category 1, Category 2, Category 3, and Category 4, respectively. The majority of deferrals were temporary deferrals (62.8%) of young donors. The maximum number of donors deferred (28.2%) due to a history of jaundice (permanent) followed by 19.4% due to low hemoglobin (temporary). History of malaria, intake of medicines, infections, underweight, last blood donation within 3 months (temporary deferral), and history of heart and lung diseases, diabetes, and with suspicious identity (permanent deferral) were other major causes identified. CONCLUSION The pattern of donor deferral identified is an important tool for blood safety and also provides key areas to focus on a region or policy formulation nationally for donor selection as well ensure donor safety. The value of determining donor deferral pattern by the categories described is in calling back donors deferred due to temporary reasons and can help retain pool of motivated blood donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Shrivastava
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Bhopal Memorial Hospital and Research Centre, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Nehal Shah
- Department of Physiotherapy, Bhopal Memorial Hospital and Research Centre, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Seema Navaid
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Bhopal Memorial Hospital and Research Centre, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Kalpana Agarwal
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Bhopal Memorial Hospital and Research Centre, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Gourav Sharma
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Bhopal Memorial Hospital and Research Centre, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Müller-Steinhardt M, Bugert P. Donor research - an upcoming field of interest all over the world! Transfus Med Hemother 2014; 41:240-1. [PMID: 25254018 DOI: 10.1159/000365943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Müller-Steinhardt
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University; German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Wuerttemberg - Hesse; Mannheim, Germany
| | - Peter Bugert
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University; German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Wuerttemberg - Hesse; Mannheim, Germany
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