Clinical Characteristics of Patients with Cryptogenic Hepatocellular Carcinoma in a Hepatitis B Virus-Endemic Area

Global Prevalence, Clinical Characteristics, Surveillance, Treatment Allocation, and Outcomes of Alcohol-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Although the burden of alcohol-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is increasing with rising alcohol consumption, clinical presentation and outcomes of alcohol-associated HCC have not been systematically assessed. We aimed to determine the prevalence, clinical characteristics, surveillance rates, treatment allocation, and outcomes of alcohol-associated HCC.

METHODS

Medline and Embase were searched from inception to January 2023. Proportional data were analyzed using a generalized linear mixed model. The odds ratio (OR) or mean difference comparing alcohol-associated HCC and other causes was obtained with pairwise meta-analysis. Survival outcomes were evaluated using a pooled analysis of hazard ratios.

RESULTS

Of 4824 records identified, 55 articles (86,345 patients) were included. Overall, 30.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 24.0%-37.7%) of HCC was alcohol associated, with the highest proportion in Europe and the lowest in the Americas. People with alcohol-associated HCC were more likely male but were similar in age and comorbidities compared with other causes. A total of 20.8% (95% CI, 11.4%-34.9%) of people with alcohol-associated HCC underwent surveillance compared with 35.0%, 31.6%, and 21.4% in hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and metabolic dysfunction-associated HCC, respectively (all P < .05). Alcohol-associated HCC had a lower likelihood of Barcelona Clínic Liver Cancer C stage (0/A) (OR, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.6-0.9; P = .018) and curative therapy (24.5% vs 33.9%; OR, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.5-0.9; P = .003), and higher mortality (HR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.1-1.5; P = .012) when compared with other causes.

CONCLUSIONS

Alcohol-associated HCC is associated with lower surveillance rates, more advanced BCLC stage, lower likelihood of receiving curative therapy, and poorer survival. These data call for measures to reduce heavy alcohol consumption and improve strategies for effective HCC surveillance in high-risk individuals.

Clinical Characteristics of Non-B and Non-C Biopsy-Proven Primary Liver Cancers in an HBV- Endemic Area: A Retrospective Study

Objective

To explore the distribution of probable causes and clinical characteristics of non-B and non-C (NBNC) primary liver cancer (PLC) patients in the HBV-endemic region.

Methods

A total of 86 individuals with biopsy-proven NBNC-PLC were enrolled. NBNC-PLC patients were defined as negative for both anti-HCV antibodies and five serum hepatitis B markers. Patients' characteristics were collected from medical records.

Results

Among them, most of the NBNC-PLC patients had intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) (81.4%), and 12.8% had hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The NBNC ICC group had more platelet count, GGT, and CA199 levels; approximately two-thirds were female, and it was more often present in patients with biliary inflammatory diseases, especially intrahepatic biliary lithiasis. The NBNC HCC group was older and had a higher proportion of dyslipidemia, obesity, cirrhosis, and AFP levels.

Conclusion

Our data revealed that most of the NBNC PLC patients were ICC. Female patients with biliary inflammatory diseases and higher CA199 levels had an increased risk of ICC, and patients with metabolic risk factors and elevated AFP levels were more likely to develop HCC. Additional research should be performed to verify this finding.

Isolated Hepatitis B Core Antibody Positivity and Long-Term Liver-Related Mortality in Korea: A Cohort Study

INTRODUCTION

Whether isolated hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc) positivity is a risk factor for long-term liver-related outcomes in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-endemic areas remains unclear. We aimed to investigate liver-related and liver cancer mortality of isolated anti-HBc positivity in Korean adults.

METHODS

A cohort study comprised 609,299 Korean adults who underwent hepatitis B serologic markers, as a part of health examination. Liver-related and liver cancer mortality were determined using the National Death Records.

RESULTS

During a median follow-up of 9.0 years (interquartile range, 5.5-13.7 years), 554 liver-related deaths were identified (liver-related mortality, 9.6 cases per 10 5 person-years). The prevalence of isolated anti-HBc positivity was 3.8% (n = 23,399) and was age-dependent. After adjustment for age, sex, and other confounders, hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for liver-related mortality in isolated anti-HBc-positive and hepatitis B surface antigen-positive subjects compared with HBV-unexposed subjects were 1.69 (1.22-2.33) and 27.02 (21.45-34.04), respectively. These associations were pronounced in the analyses using liver cancer mortality as an outcome. Among isolated anti-HBc-positive patients, the risks of liver-related and liver cancer mortality were significantly higher in those with high fibrosis-4 scores compared with patients unexposed to HBV with the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) of 15.59 (9.21-26.37) and 72.66 (36.96-142.86), respectively.

DISCUSSION

In this cohort of Korean adults, isolated anti-HBc positivity was associated with an increased risk of liver-related and liver cancer mortality, especially when accompanied by a high fibrosis score. Isolated anti-HBc positivity may be an independent risk factor for liver-related outcomes, especially in high-endemic areas.

Non-B, Non-C Hepatocellular Carcinoma in an HBV- and HCV-Endemic Area: A Community-Based Prospective Longitudinal Study

A large community cohort of adults who participated in a health screening program from 2003 to 2013 were prospectively analyzed for the risk factors of non-B, non-C (NBNC) hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The serostatus of hepatitis B and C of 52,642 participants was linked to the mortality and cancer registration data of the Health and Welfare Data Science Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan. During a median follow-up of 6 years, 35 of the 43,545 participants who were negative for both HBsAg and anti-HCV antibody developed HCC. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that old age (hazard ratio, 95% CI: 1.058, 1.019−1.098, p = 0.003); male sex (2.446, 1.200−4.985, p = 0.014); high aspartate aminotransferase levels (6.816, 2.945−15.779, p < 0.001); fibrosis index based on four factor score (1.262, 1.154−1.381, p < 0.001); blood sugar (1.009, 1.002−1.015, p = 0.006); and alpha-fetoprotein ≥15 ng/mL (143.938, 43.094−480.760, p < 0.001) were independent risk factors for HCC. By contrast, triglyceride >150 mg/dL was associated with a decreased risk of HCC (0.216, 0.074−0.625, p = 0.005). This prospective community-based study provided insights into the potential HCC risk factors which may shed some light in HCC prevention and screening.

Effects of Positive Hepatitis B Core Antibody and Metabolic Disorders in Hepatocellular Carcinoma in an Endemic Area of Hepatitis B Virus

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

This retrospective study aimed to investigate the impact of positive hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc) and metabolic disorders on clinical characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients in an HBV-endemic area.

METHODS

A total of 1950 consecutive patients newly diagnosed with HCC between 2002 and 2015 were included. Patient records were reviewed. We compared non-viral and non-alcoholic HCC patients with other etiological groups for HCC. In addition, we compared HCC patients with negative hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and positive anti-HBc to those with negative HBsAg and negative anti-HBc, and to those with HBV.

RESULTS

The prevalence of non-viral and non-alcoholic HCC increased from 7% in 2002-2011 to 12% in 2012-2015. The proportion of non-viral and non-alcoholic HCC gradually increased with age. Patients with non-viral and non-alcoholic HCC exhibited higher rates of metabolic disorders and preserved liver function. The rate of anti-HBc positivity was similarly high in all HCC etiological groups. The clinical features of HCC patients with negative HBsAg and positive anti-HBc were similar to those with negative HBsAg and negative anti-HBc, but significantly different from those with HBV HCC. Regarding tumor characteristics, patients in the non-viral and non-alcoholic HCC group had more advanced stages of tumors (mUICC stage III-V and BCLC stage C/D). There was no significant difference in overall survival among the patient groups. The presence of anti-HBc did not affect patient survival.

CONCLUSION

Patients with non-viral and non-alcoholic HCC had a relatively high prevalence of metabolic disorders and preserved liver function. However, they had advanced tumor stage compared to patients from other etiological groups. Anti-HBc positivity did not affect the clinical characteristics or prognosis of non-HBV HCC patients in this study.

Early Fibrosis but Late Tumor Stage and Worse Outcomes in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients Without Hepatitis B or Hepatitis C

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

The features of non-viral, nonalcohol hepatocellular carcinoma (NBNC-HCC) remain elusive. The aim of this study was to investigate this clinical characteristics and overall survival of NBNC-HCC compared to hepatitis B- (HBV-HCC) and hepatitis C-related (HCV-HCC) HCC.

METHODS

We analyzed the etiologies, fibrosis stages, clinical data, and outcomes of newly diagnosed patients with HCC.

RESULTS

A total of 1777 HCC patients were recruited, including 332 patients with NBNC-HCC, 682 patients with HBV-HCC, 680 patients with HCV-HCC, and 83 patients with HBV/HCV HCC. Patients with NBNC-HCC were older (69.9 ± 11.9 years). Patients with NBNC-HCC exhibited a higher prevalence of diabetes (43.9%) compared to the HBV-HCC (27.1%, p < 0.05) and HCV-HCC (30.2%, p < 0.05) groups. Compared to patients from the viral-related HCC groups, patients with NBNC-HCC exhibited a significantly lower fibrosis stage. NBNC-HCC patients exhibited a higher proportion of Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) classification stage C and stage D compared to patients from the HBV-HCC and HCV-HCC groups. With a mean of 2.33 ± 2.31 years of follow-up, the median survival of patients with NBNC-HCC was 1.75 (95% CI 1.33-2.17) years, which was significantly lower than that of patients with HBV-HCC (p = 0.041) and HCV-HCC (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with NBNC-HCC have a higher risk of diabetes than patients with HCC of viral etiologies. Although patients with NBNC-HCC exhibited a milder fibrosis stage, their more advanced HCC stages and worse overall survival should be taken into consideration in clinical care.

Role of cellular, molecular and tumor microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma: Possible targets and future directions in the regorafenib era

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains as one of the major causes of cancer-related mortality, despite the recent development of new therapeutic options. Regorafenib, an oral multikinase inhibitor, is the first systemic therapy that has a survival benefit for patients with advanced HCC that have a poor response to sorafenib. Even though regorafenib has been approved by the FDA, the clinical trial for regorafenib treatment does not show significant improvement in overall survival. The impaired efficacy of regorafenib caused by various resistance mechanisms, including epithelial-mesenchymal transitions, inflammation, angiogenesis, hypoxia, oxidative stress, fibrosis and autophagy, still needs to be resolved. In this review, we provide insight on regorafenib microenvironmental, molecular and cellular mechanisms and interactions in HCC treatment. The aim of this review is to help physicians select patients that would obtain the maximal benefits from regorafenib in HCC therapy.

Potential etiology, prevalence of cirrhosis, and mode of detection among patients with non-B non-C hepatocellular carcinoma in Korea

BACKGROUND/AIMS

We systematically evaluated the clinical characteristics, prevalence of cirrhosis, and mode of detection in virus-unrelated (non-B non-C, NBNC) hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients in Korea.

METHODS

A total of 447 consecutive treatment-naïve NBNC-HCC adult patients who were registered at the Samsung Medical Center HCC registry in Korea from 2010 to 2013 were analyzed. NBNC was defined as negative hepatitis B surface antigen and negative anti-hepatitis C virus antibody. Presence of cirrhosis was determined based on histological, radiological, endoscopic, and serologic results. Mode of detection was classified as either under surveillance, incidental, or symptomatic.

RESULTS

Heavy alcohol use was the most common potential etiology in NBNCHCC (NBNC-A, alcohol) (59.7%). Ten patients had other identifiable causes (NBNC-O, other identifiable cause) such as autoimmune hepatitis. The rest (38.0%) had no-identifiable cause (NBNC-NA-NO, non-alcohol, no-other identifiable cause). In NBNC-NA-NO group, 83.5% (96/115) of patients with available hepatitis B core immunoglobulin G antibody (HBcIgG) showed HBcIgG positivity, and 80.6% (137/170) had metabolic risk factors (diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and/ or dyslipidemia). Cirrhosis was present in 90.0%, 70.4%, and 60.0% of NBNC-O, NBNC-A, and NBNC-NA-NO patients, respectively. The proportion of patients diagnosed under surveillance was 25.5% across all patients, with specific proportions being 80.0%, 27.7%, and 18.8% for NBNC-O, NBNC-A, and NBNC-NA-NO, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Among NBNC-HCC patients, heavy alcohol use or any other identifiable cause was not found in 38.0%. These NBNC-NA-NO HCC patients showed a high prevalence of HBcIgG positivity and metabolic risk factors, suggesting that prior hepatitis B virus infection and metabolic risk factors may be major contributing factors in the hepatocarcinogenesis in NBNC-NA-NO patients.

Comparison of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients with Cryptogenic Versus Hepatitis B Etiology: A Study of 1079 Cases Over 3 Decades

BACKGROUND

Traditionally in Asia, hepatitis B (HBV) accounts for the majority of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but increasingly, non-viral or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) etiology may play a more prominent role with current socioeconomic changes. There remains a paucity in data comparing NASH-HCC to HBV-related HCC. In this study, we explored the differences in clinical characteristics between HBV- and cryptogenic-related HCC.

METHODS

Patients with HCC seen in the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Singapore General Hospital were enrolled in an ongoing database since 1980. Patients with HCC attributed to HBV or cryptogenic etiology were identified. Comparison of clinical characteristics was performed between the two groups.

RESULTS

There were 916 HBV-HCC patients and 163 cryptogenic HCC patients, accounting for 70.9% and 12.6% of the total HCC cases (1292 patients), respectively. Out of the total cohort enrolled from 1980 to 2005, the ratio of cryptogenic to HBV patients was 1:6.7, while from 2006 to the current year, the ratio of cryptogenic to HBV patients has increased significantly to 1:3.9. Relative to patients with HBV, cryptogenic HCC patients were older (67.6 vs. 59.4 years old; p < 0.001), had lower proportion of male patients (69.9% vs. 83.8%; p < 0.001), and had higher incidence of smoking (32.2% vs. 25.8%; p = 0.008). HBV group had higher alanine transaminase (60.9 ± 85.7 U/L vs. 48.0 ± 52.1 U/L; p = 0.003), hemoglobin (12.7 ± 2.28 g/dL vs. 12.0 ± 2.46 g/dL, p < 0.001), albumin (32.9 ± 6.8 g/L vs. 31.3 ± 7.7 g/L; p = 0.007), and prothrombin time (13.2 ± 2.95 s vs. 12.7 ± 2.01 s, p = 0.023), as compared to the cryptogenic group. Cryptogenic HCC patients presented more frequently with unifocal HCC (55.2% vs. 46.5%; p = 0.002). There was no difference in the proportions of patients receiving surgical resection in both groups (23.5% in HBV group vs. 17.9% in cryptogenic group; p = 0.202). Cox regression analysis revealed no survival difference between cryptogenic-related HCC and HBV-related HCC (p = 0.367).

CONCLUSION

Temporal trends suggest that HCC attributed to HBV is on the decline, while cryptogenic- or NASH-related HCC is an emerging clinical entity. A paradigm shift in approach to screening, surveillance, and management of HCC may be required in view of the changing landscape of HCC epidemiology into an increasing non-viral etiology.

Long-Term Prognostic Factors after Hepatic Resection for Hepatitis C Virus-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma, with a Special Reference to Viral Status

BACKGROUND

Although studies have reported on long-term (10-year) survival after hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), they did not focus on patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related HCC, and the contribution of antiviral therapy to long-term survival (especially ≥15 years) has not been adequately examined. We investigated the long-term outcome after hepatic resection for HCV-related HCC, including the effects of interferon (IFN) therapy, and the changes in prognostic factors according to postoperative duration.

METHODS

The data of 207 patients who underwent hepatic resection for HCV-related HCC between January 1992 and December 2001 were retrospectively reviewed. We investigated the disease-free and overall survival rates after surgery and analyzed the prognostic factors at 5, 10, and 15 years postoperatively.

RESULTS

The proportion of patients who survived at 5, 10, and 15 years after hepatic resection was 52% (n = 107), 18% (n = 38), and 9% (n = 19). The overall survival rate was significantly higher in patients who achieved sustained virological response (SVR) with IFN therapy than in those without SVR. Tumor-related factors such as multiple tumor, microscopic vascular invasion, and a high indocyanine green retention rate at 15 min (ICGR15) were unfavorable prognostic factors for 5-year survival. Conversely, a low ICGR15 and SVR were favorable prognostic factors at 10 years, and SVR alone was a favorable prognostic factor at 15 years postoperatively; no tumor-related factors were prognostic factors at 10 and 15 years postoperatively.

CONCLUSION

The prognostic factors varied according to the duration after hepatic resection for HCV-related HCC. Tumor-related factors were unfavorable prognostic factors in the early postoperative period, whereas SVR and good liver function were favorable prognostic factors at 10 and 15 years postoperatively. Achievement of SVR with IFN therapy is essential for long-term (≥15 years) survival after hepatic resection for HCV-related HCC.

Noncirrhotic hepatocellular carcinoma: etiology and occult hepatitis B virus infection in a hepatitis B virus-endemic area

BACKGROUND

Although hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) usually develops in cirrhotic livers, a minority of cases occur in noncirrhotic livers (NCLs). We investigated etiology, clinicopathological features, and occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (OBI) in patients with NCL HCC in an HBV-endemic area.

METHODS

A total of 710 patients who underwent resection or transplantation for HCC at the National Cancer Center (NCC), Korea, were enrolled. HCC and fibrosis stage were diagnosed pathologically.

RESULTS

A total of 178 patients (25%) did not have cirrhosis (NCL group). The main cause of HCC was HBV infection (77.2%), followed by cryptogenic disease (11.0%). The prevalence of NCL was 19.2%, 32.5%, 50.0%, and 48.7% among patients with HBV, hepatitis C virus (HCV), alcoholic, and cryptogenic disease, respectively (p < 0.05); corresponding nonfibrosis rates were 8.1%, 0%, 19.0%, and 24.3%, respectively. The NCL group was significantly older, with a larger tumor size, smaller tumor number, lower tumor stage, and more frequent non-HBV etiology. Among non-HBV HCC cases, 130 (80.2%) had antibodies against HBV core (HBc) and 55 (38.5%) had OBI. OBI-positive rates of 0%, 31.8%, and 52.6% were detected among HCV, alcoholic, and cryptogenic HCC cases, respectively. OBI did not correlate with advanced fibrosis. The NCL and liver cirrhosis (LC) groups did not differ in median overall survival.

CONCLUSION

Regardless of etiology, a significant number of HCC patients, including half of nonviral cases, did not have LC. Half of cryptogenic HCC cases had OBI. This study promotes an understanding of fibrosis and OBI among patients with HCC in an HBV-endemic area.

Significant symptoms alleviation and tumor volume reduction after combined simultaneously integrated inner-escalated boost and volumetric-modulated arc radiotherapy in a patient with unresectable bulky hepatocellular carcinoma: A care-compliant case report

BACKGROUND

Clinically, elderly patients with unresectable bulky hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are difficult to manage, especially in those with co-infections of hepatitis B and C virus. Herein, we reported such a case treated with radiotherapy (RT) by using combined simultaneously integrated inner-escalated boost and volumetric-modulated arc radiotherapy (SIEB-VMAT). After RT, significant symptoms alleviation and durable tumor control were observed.

CASE SUMMARY

At presentation, an 85-year-old male patient complained abdominal distention/pain, poor appetite, and swelling over bilateral lower limbs for 1 month. On physical examination, a jaundice pattern was noted. Laboratory studies showed impaired liver and renal function. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) revealed a 12.5-cm bulky tumor over the caudate lobe of the liver. Biopsy was done, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was reported histopathologically. As a result, AJCC stage IIIA (cT3aN0M0) and BCLC stage C were classified. Surgery, radiofrequency ablation (RFA), trans-catheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE), and sorafenib were not recommended because of his old age, central bulky tumor, and a bleeding tendency. Thus, RT with SIEB-VMAT technique was given alternatively. RT was delivered in 26 fractions, with dose gradience as follows: 39 Gy on the outer Plan Target Volume (PTV), 52 Gy in the middle PTV, and 57.2 Gy in the inner PTV. Unexpectedly, cyproheptadine (a newly recognized potential anti-HCC agent) was retrospectively found to be prescribed for alleviating skin itching and allergic rhinitis since the last 2 weeks of the RT course (2 mg by mouth Q12h for 24 months).After RT, significant symptoms alleviation and tumor volume reduction were observed for 32 months till multiple bone metastases. Before and after RT, a large tumor volume reduction rate of 88.7% was observed (from 608.4 c.c. to 68.7 c.c.). No severe treatment toxicity was noted during and after RT. The patient died due to aspiration pneumonia with septic shock at 4 months after bone metastases identified.

CONCLUSIONS

SIEB-VMAT physically demonstrated double benefits of intratumor dose escalation and extra-tumor dose attenuation. Significant tumor regression and symptoms alleviation were observed in this elderly patient with unresectable bulky HCC. Further prospective randomized trials are encouraged to demarcate effective size of SIEB-VMAT with or without cyproheptadine.