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Zhang C, Quan X, Lian W, Liu R, Wen Q, Chen X. Phenotypic characterization and genomic analysis of Limosilactobacillus fermentum phage. Curr Res Food Sci 2024; 8:100748. [PMID: 38764976 PMCID: PMC11098726 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2024.100748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Limosilactobacillus (L.) fermentum is widely utilized for its beneficial properties, but lysogenic phages can integrate into its genome and can be induced to enter the lysis cycle under certain conditions, thus accomplishing lysis of host cells, resulting in severe economic losses. In this study, a lysogenic phage, LFP03, was induced from L. fermentum IMAU 32510 by UV irradiation for 70 s. The electron microscopy showed that this phage belonged to Caudoviricetes class. Its genome size was 39,556 bp with a GC content of 46.08%, which includes 20 functional proteins. Compared with other L. fermentum phages, the genome of phage LFP03 exhibited deletions, inversions and translocations. Biological analysis showed that its optimal multiplicity of infection was 0.1, with a burst size of 133.5 ± 4.9 PFU/infective cell. Phage LFP03 was sensitive to temperature and pH value, with a survival rate of 48.98% at 50 °C. It could be completely inactivated under pH 2. The adsorption ability of this phage was minimally affected by temperature and pH value, with adsorption rates reaching 80% under all treated conditions. Divalent cations could accelerate phage adsorption, while chloramphenicol expressed little influence. This study might expand the related knowledge of L. fermentum phages, and provide some theoretical basis for improving the stability of related products and establishing phage control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 010018, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 010018, PR China
- Collaborative Innovative Center of Ministry of Education for Lactic Acid Bacteria and Fermented Dairy Products, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 010018, PR China
| | - Xingyu Quan
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 010018, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 010018, PR China
- Collaborative Innovative Center of Ministry of Education for Lactic Acid Bacteria and Fermented Dairy Products, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 010018, PR China
| | - Weiqi Lian
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 010018, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 010018, PR China
- Collaborative Innovative Center of Ministry of Education for Lactic Acid Bacteria and Fermented Dairy Products, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 010018, PR China
| | - Runze Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 010018, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 010018, PR China
- Collaborative Innovative Center of Ministry of Education for Lactic Acid Bacteria and Fermented Dairy Products, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 010018, PR China
| | - Qiannan Wen
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 010018, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 010018, PR China
- Collaborative Innovative Center of Ministry of Education for Lactic Acid Bacteria and Fermented Dairy Products, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 010018, PR China
| | - Xia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 010018, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 010018, PR China
- Collaborative Innovative Center of Ministry of Education for Lactic Acid Bacteria and Fermented Dairy Products, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 010018, PR China
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Lv R, Gao X, Zhang C, Lian W, Quan X, Guo S, Chen X. Characteristics and Whole-Genome Analysis of Limosilactobacillus fermentum Phage LFP02. Foods 2023; 12:2716. [PMID: 37509808 PMCID: PMC10379269 DOI: 10.3390/foods12142716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Limosilactobacillus fermentum is a bacterium widely used in food production, medicine, and industrial fermentation. However, fermentation could fail due to phage contamination. L. fermentum bacteriophage LFP02 can be induced from L. fermentum IMAU 32579 using mitomycin C. To better understand the characteristics of this phage, its physiological and genomic characteristics were evaluated. The results showed that its optimal multiplicity of infection was 0.01, and the burst size was 148.03 ± 2.65 pfu/infective center. Compared to temperature, pH had a more obvious influence on phage viability, although its adsorption capacity was not affected by the divalent cations (Ca2+ and Mg2+) or chloramphenicol. Its genome size was 43,789 bp and the GC content was 46.06%, including 53 functional proteins. Compared to other L. fermentum phages, phage LFP02 had chromosome deletion, insertion, and inversion, which demonstrated that it was a novel phage. This study could expand the knowledge of the biological characteristics of L. fermentum bacteriophages and provide some theoretical basis for bacteriophage prevention during fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Lv
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Can Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Weiqi Lian
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Xingyu Quan
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - She Guo
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Xia Chen
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
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BtuB-Dependent Infection of the T5-like Yersinia Phage ϕR2-01. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112171. [PMID: 34834977 PMCID: PMC8624392 DOI: 10.3390/v13112171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica is a food-borne Gram-negative pathogen responsible for several gastrointestinal disorders. Host-specific lytic bacteriophages have been increasingly used recently as an alternative or complementary treatment to combat bacterial infections, especially when antibiotics fail. Here, we describe the proteogenomic characterization and host receptor identification of the siphovirus vB_YenS_ϕR2-01 (in short, ϕR2-01) that infects strains of several Yersinia enterocolitica serotypes. The ϕR2-01 genome contains 154 predicted genes, 117 of which encode products that are homologous to those of Escherichia bacteriophage T5. The ϕR2-01 and T5 genomes are largely syntenic, with the major differences residing in areas encoding hypothetical ϕR2-01 proteins. Label-free mass-spectrometry-based proteomics confirmed the expression of 90 of the ϕR2-01 genes, with 88 of these being either phage particle structural or phage-particle-associated proteins. In vitro transposon-based host mutagenesis and ϕR2-01 adsorption experiments identified the outer membrane vitamin B12 receptor BtuB as the host receptor. This study provides a proteogenomic characterization of a T5-type bacteriophage and identifies specific Y. enterocolitica strains sensitive to infection with possible future applications of ϕR2-01 as a food biocontrol or phage therapy agent.
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Jin T, Yin J. Patterns of virus growth across the diversity of life. Integr Biol (Camb) 2021; 13:44-59. [PMID: 33616184 DOI: 10.1093/intbio/zyab001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Although viruses in their natural habitats add up to less than 10% of the biomass, they contribute more than 90% of the genome sequences [1]. These viral sequences or 'viromes' encode viruses that populate the Earth's oceans [2, 3] and terrestrial environments [4, 5], where their infections impact life across diverse ecological niches and scales [6, 7], including humans [8-10]. Most viruses have yet to be isolated and cultured [11-13], and surprisingly few efforts have explored what analysis of available data might reveal about their nature. Here, we compiled and analyzed seven decades of one-step growth and other data for viruses from six major families, including their infections of archaeal, bacterial and eukaryotic hosts [14-191]. We found that the use of host cell biomass for virus production was highest for archaea at 10%, followed by bacteria at 1% and eukarya at 0.01%, highlighting the degree to which viruses of archaea and bacteria exploit their host cells. For individual host cells, the yield of virus progeny spanned a relatively narrow range (10-1000 infectious particles per cell) compared with the million-fold difference in size between the smallest and largest cells. Furthermore, healthy and infected host cells were remarkably similar in the time they needed to multiply themselves or their virus progeny. Specifically, the doubling time of healthy cells and the delay time for virus release from infected cells were not only correlated (r = 0.71, p < 10-10, n = 101); they also spanned the same range from tens of minutes to about a week. These results have implications for better understanding the growth, spread and persistence of viruses in complex natural habitats that abound with diverse hosts, including humans and their associated microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Jin
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - John Yin
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
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Chen X, Guo J, Liu Y, Chai S, Ma R, Munguntsetseg B. Characterization and adsorption of a Lactobacillus plantarum virulent phage. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:3879-3886. [PMID: 30852005 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-16019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriophage infection of lactic acid bacteria is considered one of the biggest worldwide problems in the food industry. Bacteriophages may cause negative effects on the fermentation of various dairy-based products. A virulent bacteriophage was isolated from an abnormal fermentation liquid of Lactobacillus plantarum IMAU10120. The characterization and influence of temperature, pH, divalent cations, and chloramphenicol on the adsorption ability of this phage were evaluated. The results showed that this phage belonged to the Siphoviridae family. It exhibited a burst time of 135 min and a burst size of approximately 215 counts expressed per milliliter per infective center. No significant effect was shown to influence its viability and adsorption at 10 to 37°C. More than 90% of phages exhibited infectivity from pH 5 to 9. Divalent ions and chloramphenicol did not have a significant influence on the adsorption of this phage. The information obtained in this study will enrich the database of lactobacilli virulent phages and provide a basis of information for the control of phages in the food fermentation industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Chen
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, P. R. China.
| | - J Guo
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, P. R. China
| | - Y Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, P. R. China
| | - S Chai
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, P. R. China
| | - R Ma
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, P. R. China
| | - B Munguntsetseg
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, P. R. China
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Wong HC, Wang TY, Yang CW, Tang CT, Ying C, Wang CH, Chang WH. Characterization of a lytic vibriophage VP06 of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Res Microbiol 2018; 170:13-23. [PMID: 30077624 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a human enteropathogenic bacterium and is also pathogenic to shrimp and finfish. In a search for a biocontrol agent for V. parahaemolyticus and other pathogenic Vibrio species, a lytic phage VP06 was isolated from oyster using V. parahaemolyticus as the host. VP06 is a Siphoviridae phage with a polyhedral head and a long tail. The genome sequence of VP06 was 75,893 nucleotides in length and the G + C content was 49%; a total of 101 CDSs were identified in VP06, of which 39 exhibited functional domains/motifs. The genomic sequence of VP06 is similar to those of a lytic Vibrio vulnificus phage SSP002 and a temperate V. parahaemolyticus phage vB_VpaS_MAR10, although VP06 has distinct features in the CDS arrangement and 14 unique CDSs. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that VP06, SSP002 and vB_VpaS_MAR10 belong to a novel genus cluster of Siphoviridae phages. This phage lysed 28.1% of various Vibrio strains, and the efficiency of plating method revealed that VP06 was highly effective in lysing strains of Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio azureus, Vibrio harveyi and V. parahaemolyticus. The properties of VP06, including its broad range of hosts and resistance to environmental stresses, indicate that it may be a candidate biocontrol agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hin-Chung Wong
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Taipei, 111, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Tzu-Yun Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Taipei, 111, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Chu-Wen Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Taipei, 111, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Chung-Tao Tang
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Taipei, 111, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Chingwen Ying
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Taipei, 111, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Chun-Hsiung Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Wei-Hau Chang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan, ROC.
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Zaburlin D, Quiberoni A, Mercanti D. Changes in Environmental Conditions Modify Infection Kinetics of Dairy Phages. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2017; 9:270-276. [PMID: 28391509 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-017-9296-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Latent period, burst time, and burst size, kinetic parameters of phage infection characteristic of a given phage/host system, have been measured for a wide variety of lactic acid bacteria. However, most studies to date were conducted in optimal growth conditions of host bacteria and did not consider variations due to changes in external factors. In this work, we determined the effect of temperature, pH, and starvation on kinetic parameters of phages infecting Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Leuconostoc mesenteroides. For kinetics assessment, one-step growth curves were carried out in MRS broth at optimal conditions (control), lower temperature, pH 6.0 and 5.0 (MRS6 and MRS5, respectively), or in medium lacking carbon (MRSN) or nitrogen (MRSC) sources. Phage infection was progressively impaired as environmental conditions were modified from optimal. At lower temperature or pH, infection was delayed, as perceived by longer latent and burst times. Burst size, however, was lower, equal or higher than for controls, but this effect was highly dependent on the particular phage-host system studied. Phage infection was strongly inhibited in MRSC, but only mildly impaired in MRSN. Nevertheless, growth of all the bacterial strains tested was severely compromised by starvation, without significant differences between MRSC and MRSN, indicating that nitrogen compounds are specifically required for a successful phage infection, beyond their influence on bacterial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delfina Zaburlin
- Instituto de Lactología Industrial, (Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Andrea Quiberoni
- Instituto de Lactología Industrial, (Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Diego Mercanti
- Instituto de Lactología Industrial, (Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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Sunthornthummas S, Doi K, Rangsiruji A, Sarawaneeyaruk S, Pringsulaka O. Isolation and characterization of Lactobacillus paracasei LPC and phage ΦT25 from fermented milk. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Zhang X, Lan Y, Jiao W, Li Y, Tang L, Jiang Y, Cui W, Qiao X. Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Virulent Phage of Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2015; 7:333-341. [PMID: 26123178 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-015-9206-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A new virulent phage (Lcb) of Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393 was isolated from Chinese sauerkraut. It was specific to L. casei ATCC 393. Electron micrograph revealed that it had an icosahedral head (60.2 ± 0.8 nm in diameter) and a long tail (251 ± 2.6 nm). It belonged to the Siphoviridae family. The genome of phage Lcb was estimated to be approximately 40 kb and did not contain cohesive ends. One-step growth kinetics of its lytic development revealed latent and burst periods of 75 and 45 min, respectively, with a burst size of 16 PFU per infected cell. The phage was able to survive in a pH range between 4 and 11. However, a treatment of 70 °C for 30 min and 75% ethanol or isopropanol for 20 min was observed to inactivate phage Lcb thoroughly. The presence of both Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) showed a little influence on phage adsorption, but they were indispensable to gain complete lysis and improve plaque formation. The adsorption kinetics were similar on viable or nonviable cells, and high adsorption rates maintained between 10 and 37 °C. The highest adsorption rate was at 30 °C. This study increased the knowledge on phages of L. casei. The characterization of phage Lcb is helpful to establish a basis for adopting effective strategies to control phage attack in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary, College of Veterinary, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yu Lan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary, College of Veterinary, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Wenchao Jiao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary, College of Veterinary, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yijing Li
- Department of Preventive Veterinary, College of Veterinary, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Lijie Tang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary, College of Veterinary, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yanping Jiang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary, College of Veterinary, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Wen Cui
- Department of Preventive Veterinary, College of Veterinary, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xinyuan Qiao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary, College of Veterinary, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin, 150030, China.
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Genomic Diversity of Phages Infecting Probiotic Strains of Lactobacillus paracasei. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 82:95-105. [PMID: 26475105 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02723-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Strains of the Lactobacillus casei group have been extensively studied because some are used as probiotics in foods. Conversely, their phages have received much less attention. We analyzed the complete genome sequences of five L. paracasei temperate phages: CL1, CL2, iLp84, iLp1308, and iA2. Only phage iA2 could not replicate in an indicator strain. The genome lengths ranged from 34,155 bp (iA2) to 39,474 bp (CL1). Phages iA2 and iLp1308 (34,176 bp) possess the smallest genomes reported, thus far, for phages of the L. casei group. The GC contents of the five phage genomes ranged from 44.8 to 45.6%. As observed with many other phages, their genomes were organized as follows: genes coding for DNA packaging, morphogenesis, lysis, lysogeny, and replication. Phages CL1, CL2, and iLp1308 are highly related to each other. Phage iLp84 was also related to these three phages, but the similarities were limited to gene products involved in DNA packaging and structural proteins. Genomic fragments of phages CL1, CL2, iLp1308, and iLp84 were found in several genomes of L. casei strains. Prophage iA2 is unrelated to these four phages, but almost all of its genome was found in at least four L. casei strains. Overall, these phages are distinct from previously characterized Lactobacillus phages. Our results highlight the diversity of L. casei phages and indicate frequent DNA exchanges between phages and their hosts.
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