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Carreón-Rodríguez OE, Gosset G, Escalante A, Bolívar F. Glucose Transport in Escherichia coli: From Basics to Transport Engineering. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1588. [PMID: 37375089 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is the best-known model for the biotechnological production of many biotechnological products, including housekeeping and heterologous primary and secondary metabolites and recombinant proteins, and is an efficient biofactory model to produce biofuels to nanomaterials. Glucose is the primary substrate used as the carbon source for laboratory and industrial cultivation of E. coli for production purposes. Efficient growth and associated production and yield of desired products depend on the efficient sugar transport capabilities, sugar catabolism through the central carbon catabolism, and the efficient carbon flux through specific biosynthetic pathways. The genome of E. coli MG1655 is 4,641,642 bp, corresponding to 4702 genes encoding 4328 proteins. The EcoCyc database describes 532 transport reactions, 480 transporters, and 97 proteins involved in sugar transport. Nevertheless, due to the high number of sugar transporters, E. coli uses preferentially few systems to grow in glucose as the sole carbon source. E. coli nonspecifically transports glucose from the extracellular medium into the periplasmic space through the outer membrane porins. Once in periplasmic space, glucose is transported into the cytoplasm by several systems, including the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system (PTS), the ATP-dependent cassette (ABC) transporters, and the major facilitator (MFS) superfamily proton symporters. In this contribution, we review the structures and mechanisms of the E. coli central glucose transport systems, including the regulatory circuits recruiting the specific use of these transport systems under specific growing conditions. Finally, we describe several successful examples of transport engineering, including introducing heterologous and non-sugar transport systems for producing several valuable metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofelia E Carreón-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Gosset
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Adelfo Escalante
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Francisco Bolívar
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico
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2
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The PTS
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-KdpDE-KdpFABC Pathway Contributes to Low Potassium Stress Adaptation and Competitive Nodulation of Sinorhizobium fredii. mBio 2022; 13:e0372121. [PMID: 35491828 PMCID: PMC9239096 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03721-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In all ecological niches, potassium is actively consumed by diverse prokaryotes and their interacting eukaryote hosts. It is only just emerging that potassium is a key player in host-pathogen interactions, and the role of potassium in mutualistic interactions remains largely unknown.
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3
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Heo JM, Kim HJ, Lee SJ. Efficient anaerobic consumption of D-xylose by E. coli BL21(DE3) via xylR adaptive mutation. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:332. [PMID: 34872501 PMCID: PMC8647362 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02395-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microorganisms can prioritize the uptake of different sugars depending on their metabolic needs and preferences. When both D-glucose and D-xylose are present in growth media, E. coli cells typically consume D-glucose first and then D-xylose. Similarly, when E. coli BL21(DE3) is provided with both D-glucose and D-xylose under anaerobic conditions, glucose is consumed first, whereas D-xylose is consumed very slowly. Results When BL21(DE3) was adaptively evolved via subculture, the consumption rate of D-xylose increased gradually. Strains JH001 and JH019, whose D-xylose consumption rate was faster, were isolated after subculture. Genome analysis of the JH001 and JH019 strains revealed that C91A (Q31K) and C740T (A247V) missense mutations in the xylR gene (which encodes the XylR transcriptional activator), respectively, controlled the expression of the xyl operon. RT-qPCR analyses demonstrated that the XylR mutation caused a 10.9-fold and 3.5-fold increase in the expression of the xylA (xylose isomerase) and xylF (xylose transporter) genes, respectively, in the adaptively evolved JH001 and JH019 strains. A C91A adaptive mutation was introduced into a new BL21(DE3) background via single-base genome editing, resulting in immediate and efficient D-xylose consumption. Conclusions Anaerobically-adapted BL21(DE3) cells were obtained through short-term adaptive evolution and xylR mutations responsible for faster D-xylose consumption were identified, which may aid in the improvement of microbial fermentation technology. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-021-02395-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Min Heo
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Kim
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jun Lee
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Allmann S, Wargnies M, Plazolles N, Cahoreau E, Biran M, Morand P, Pineda E, Kulyk H, Asencio C, Villafraz O, Rivière L, Tetaud E, Rotureau B, Mourier A, Portais JC, Bringaud F. Glycerol suppresses glucose consumption in trypanosomes through metabolic contest. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001359. [PMID: 34388147 PMCID: PMC8386887 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms must make the right choice for nutrient consumption to adapt to their changing environment. As a consequence, bacteria and yeasts have developed regulatory mechanisms involving nutrient sensing and signaling, known as "catabolite repression," allowing redirection of cell metabolism to maximize the consumption of an energy-efficient carbon source. Here, we report a new mechanism named "metabolic contest" for regulating the use of carbon sources without nutrient sensing and signaling. Trypanosoma brucei is a unicellular eukaryote transmitted by tsetse flies and causing human African trypanosomiasis, or sleeping sickness. We showed that, in contrast to most microorganisms, the insect stages of this parasite developed a preference for glycerol over glucose, with glucose consumption beginning after the depletion of glycerol present in the medium. This "metabolic contest" depends on the combination of 3 conditions: (i) the sequestration of both metabolic pathways in the same subcellular compartment, here in the peroxisomal-related organelles named glycosomes; (ii) the competition for the same substrate, here ATP, with the first enzymatic step of the glycerol and glucose metabolic pathways both being ATP-dependent (glycerol kinase and hexokinase, respectively); and (iii) an unbalanced activity between the competing enzymes, here the glycerol kinase activity being approximately 80-fold higher than the hexokinase activity. As predicted by our model, an approximately 50-fold down-regulation of the GK expression abolished the preference for glycerol over glucose, with glucose and glycerol being metabolized concomitantly. In theory, a metabolic contest could be found in any organism provided that the 3 conditions listed above are met.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Allmann
- Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux University, CNRS, Bordeaux, France
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, UMR 5536, Bordeaux University, CNRS, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marion Wargnies
- Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux University, CNRS, Bordeaux, France
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, UMR 5536, Bordeaux University, CNRS, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nicolas Plazolles
- Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux University, CNRS, Bordeaux, France
| | - Edern Cahoreau
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
- MetaToul–MetaboHUB, Toulouse, France
| | - Marc Biran
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, UMR 5536, Bordeaux University, CNRS, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pauline Morand
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, UMR 5536, Bordeaux University, CNRS, Bordeaux, France
| | - Erika Pineda
- Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux University, CNRS, Bordeaux, France
| | - Hanna Kulyk
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
- MetaToul–MetaboHUB, Toulouse, France
| | - Corinne Asencio
- Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux University, CNRS, Bordeaux, France
| | - Oriana Villafraz
- Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux University, CNRS, Bordeaux, France
| | - Loïc Rivière
- Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux University, CNRS, Bordeaux, France
| | - Emmanuel Tetaud
- Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux University, CNRS, Bordeaux, France
| | - Brice Rotureau
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Mourier
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics of the Cell (IBGC), CNRS, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Charles Portais
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
- MetaToul–MetaboHUB, Toulouse, France
- STROMALab, Université de Toulouse, INSERM U1031, EFS, INP-ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Frédéric Bringaud
- Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux University, CNRS, Bordeaux, France
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, UMR 5536, Bordeaux University, CNRS, Bordeaux, France
- * E-mail:
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Jeckelmann JM, Erni B. The mannose phosphotransferase system (Man-PTS) - Mannose transporter and receptor for bacteriocins and bacteriophages. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183412. [PMID: 32710850 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mannose transporters constitute a superfamily (Man-PTS) of the Phosphoenolpyruvate Carbohydrate Phosphotransferase System (PTS). The membrane complexes are homotrimers of protomers consisting of two subunits, IIC and IID. The two subunits without recognizable sequence similarity assume the same fold, and in the protomer are structurally related by a two fold pseudosymmetry axis parallel to membrane-plane (Liu et al. (2019) Cell Research 29 680). Two reentrant loops and two transmembrane helices of each subunit together form the N-terminal transport domain. Two three-helix bundles, one of each subunit, form the scaffold domain. The protomer is stabilized by a helix swap between these bundles. The two C-terminal helices of IIC mediate the interprotomer contacts. PTS occur in bacteria and archaea but not in eukaryotes. Man-PTS are abundant in Gram-positive bacteria living on carbohydrate rich mucosal surfaces. A subgroup of IICIID complexes serve as receptors for class IIa bacteriocins and as channel for the penetration of bacteriophage lambda DNA across the inner membrane. Some Man-PTS are associated with host-pathogen and -symbiont processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Jeckelmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Bernhard Erni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Aboulwafa M, Zhang Z, Saier MH. Protein-Protein Interactions in the Cytoplasmic Membrane of Escherichia coli: Influence of the Overexpression of Diverse Transporter-Encoding Genes on the Activities of PTS Sugar Uptake Systems. Microb Physiol 2020; 30:36-49. [PMID: 32998150 DOI: 10.1159/000510257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The prokaryotic phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP):sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS) concomitantly transports and phosphorylates its substrate sugars. In a recent publication, we provided evidence that protein-protein interactions of the fructose-specific integral membrane transporter (FruAB) with other PTS sugar group translocators regulate the activities of the latter systems in vivo and sometimes in vitro. In this communication, we examine the consequences of the overexpression of several different transport systems on the activities of selected PTS and non-PTS permeases. We report that high levels of these transport systems enhance the in vivo activities of several other systems in a fairly specific fashion. Thus, (1) overexpression of ptsG (glucose porter) selectively enhanced mannitol, N-acetylglucosamine, and 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) uptake rates; (2) overexpression of mtlA (mannitol porter) promoted methyl α-glucoside (αMG) and 2DG uptake; (3) manYZ (but not manY alone) (mannose porter) overexpression enhanced αMG uptake; (4) galP (galactose porter) overexpression enhanced mannitol and αMG uptake; and (5) ansP (asparagine porter) overexpression preferentially enhanced αMG and 2DG uptake, all presumably as a result of direct protein-protein interactions. Thus, it appears that high level production of several integral membrane permeases enhances sugar uptake rates, with the PtsG and ManXYZ systems being most consistently stimulated, but the MtlA and NagE systems being more selectively stimulated and to a lesser extent. Neither enhanced expression nor in vitro PEP-dependent phosphorylation activities of the target PTS systems were appreciably affected. The results are consistent with the suggestion that integral membrane transport proteins form an interacting network in vivo with physiological consequences, dependent on specific transporters and their concentrations in the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Aboulwafa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Zhongge Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Milton H Saier
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA,
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7
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Aboulwafa M, Zhang Z, Saier MH. Protein:Protein interactions in the cytoplasmic membrane apparently influencing sugar transport and phosphorylation activities of the e. coli phosphotransferase system. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219332. [PMID: 31751341 PMCID: PMC6872149 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The multicomponent phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)-dependent sugar-transporting phosphotransferase system (PTS) in Escherichia coli takes up sugar substrates from the medium and concomitantly phosphorylates them, releasing sugar phosphates into the cytoplasm. We have recently provided evidence that many of the integral membrane PTS permeases interact with the fructose PTS (FruA/FruB) [1]. However, the biochemical and physiological significance of this finding was not known. We have carried out molecular genetic/biochemical/physiological studies that show that interactions of the fructose PTS often enhance, but sometimes inhibit the activities of other PTS transporters many fold, depending on the target PTS system under study. Thus, the glucose (Glc), mannose (Man), mannitol (Mtl) and N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) permeases exhibit enhanced in vivo sugar transport and sometimes in vitro PEP-dependent sugar phosphorylation activities while the galactitol (Gat) and trehalose (Tre) systems show inhibited activities. This is observed when the fructose system is induced to high levels and prevented when the fruA/fruB genes are deleted. Overexpression of the fruA and/or fruB genes in the absence of fructose induction during growth also enhances the rates of uptake of other hexoses. The β-galactosidase activities of man, mtl, and gat-lacZ transcriptional fusions and the sugar-specific transphosphorylation activities of these enzyme transporters were not affected either by frustose induction or by fruAB overexpression, showing that the rates of synthesis of the target PTS permeases were not altered. We thus suggest that specific protein-protein interactions within the cytoplasmic membrane regulate transport in vivo (and sometimes the PEP-dependent phosphorylation activities in vitro) of PTS permeases in a physiologically meaningful way that may help to provide a hierarchy of preferred PTS sugars. These observations appear to be applicable in principle to other types of transport systems as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Aboulwafa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Zhongge Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Milton H. Saier
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Schoenenberger B, Kind S, Meier R, Eggert T, Obkircher M, Wohlgemuth R. Efficient biocatalytic synthesis of D-tagatose 1,6-diphosphate by LacC-catalysed phosphorylation of D-tagatose 6-phosphate. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2019.1634694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Roland Wohlgemuth
- Sigma-Aldrich/Merck KGaA, Buchs, Switzerland
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Technical University Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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9
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Martins GB, Giacomelli G, Goldbeck O, Seibold GM, Bramkamp M. Substrate-dependent cluster density dynamics of Corynebacterium glutamicum phosphotransferase system permeases. Mol Microbiol 2019; 111:1335-1354. [PMID: 30748039 PMCID: PMC6850760 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Many bacteria take up carbohydrates by membrane‐integral sugar specific phosphoenolpyruvate‐dependent carbohydrate:phosphotransferase systems (PTS). Although the PTS is centrally involved in regulation of carbon metabolism in different bacteria, little is known about localization and putative oligomerization of the permease subunits (EII). Here, we analyzed localization of the fructose specific PtsF and the glucose specific PtsG transporters, as well as the general components EI and HPr from Corynebacterium glutamicum using widefield and single molecule localization microscopy. PtsF and PtsG form membrane embedded clusters that localize in a punctate pattern. Size, number and fluorescence of the membrane clusters change upon presence or absence of the transported substrate, and a direct influence of EI and HPr was not observed. In presence of the transport substrate, EII clusters significantly increased in size. Photo‐activated localization microscopy data revealed that, in presence of different carbon sources, the number of EII proteins per cluster remains the same, however, the density of these clusters reduces. Our work reveals a simple mechanism for efficient membrane occupancy regulation. Clusters of PTS EII transporters are densely packed in absence of a suitable substrate. In presence of a transported substrate, the EII proteins in individual clusters occupy larger membrane areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Benevides Martins
- Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Straße 2-4, Planegg-Martinsried, 82152, Germany
| | - Giacomo Giacomelli
- Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Straße 2-4, Planegg-Martinsried, 82152, Germany
| | - Oliver Goldbeck
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Gerd M Seibold
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Marc Bramkamp
- Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Straße 2-4, Planegg-Martinsried, 82152, Germany
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10
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Crigler J, Bannerman-Akwei L, Cole AE, Eiteman MA, Altman E. Glucose can be transported and utilized in Escherichia coli by an altered or overproduced N-acetylglucosamine phosphotransferase system (PTS). Microbiology (Reading) 2018; 164:163-172. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Crigler
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA
| | - Laude Bannerman-Akwei
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA
- Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Ashley E. Cole
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA
| | - Mark A. Eiteman
- Biochemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Elliot Altman
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA
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11
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Acebrón I, Plaza-Vinuesa L, de Las Rivas B, Muñoz R, Cumella J, Sánchez-Sancho F, Mancheño JM. Structural basis of the substrate specificity and instability in solution of a glycosidase from Lactobacillus plantarum. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2017; 1865:1227-1236. [PMID: 28734976 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Statistics from structural genomics initiatives reveal that around 50-55% of the expressed, non-membrane proteins cannot be purified and therefore structurally characterized due to solubility problems, which emphasized protein solubility as one of the most serious concerns in structural biology projects. Lactobacillus plantarum CECT 748T produces an aggregation-prone glycosidase (LpBgl) that we crystallized previously. However, this result could not be reproduced due to protein instability and therefore further high-resolution structural analyses of LpBgl were impeded. The obtained crystals of LpBgl diffracted up to 2.48Å resolution and permitted to solve the structure of the enzyme. Analysis of the active site revealed a pocket for phosphate-binding with an uncommon architecture, where a phosphate molecule is tightly bound suggesting the recognition of 6-phosphoryl sugars. In agreement with this observation, we showed that LpBgl exhibited 6-phospho-β-glucosidase activity. Combination of structural and mass spectrometry results revealed the formation of dimethyl arsenic adducts on the solvent exposed cysteine residues Cys211 and Cys292. Remarkably, the double mutant Cys211Ser/Cys292Ser resulted stable in solution at high concentrations indicating that the marginal solubility of LpBgl can be ascribed specifically to these two cysteine residues. The 2.30Å crystal structure of this double mutant showed no disorder around the newly incorporated serine residues and also loop rearrangements within the phosphate-binding site. Notably, LpBgl could be prepared at high yield by proteolytic digestion of the fusion protein LSLt-LpBgl, which raises important questions about potential hysteretic processes upon its initial production as an enzyme fused to a solubility enhancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Acebrón
- Department of Crystallography and Structural Biology, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Serrano 119, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Plaza-Vinuesa
- Laboratory of Bacterial Biotechnology, Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca de Las Rivas
- Laboratory of Bacterial Biotechnology, Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosario Muñoz
- Laboratory of Bacterial Biotechnology, Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - J Cumella
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - F Sánchez-Sancho
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Miguel Mancheño
- Department of Crystallography and Structural Biology, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Serrano 119, E-28006 Madrid, Spain.
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12
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Galinier A, Deutscher J. Sophisticated Regulation of Transcriptional Factors by the Bacterial Phosphoenolpyruvate: Sugar Phosphotransferase System. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:773-789. [PMID: 28202392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS) is a carbohydrate transport and phosphorylation system present in bacteria of all different phyla and in archaea. It is usually composed of three proteins or protein complexes, enzyme I, HPr, and enzyme II, which are phosphorylated at histidine or cysteine residues. However, in many bacteria, HPr can also be phosphorylated at a serine residue. The PTS not only functions as a carbohydrate transporter but also regulates numerous cellular processes either by phosphorylating its target proteins or by interacting with them in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. The target proteins can be catabolic enzymes, transporters, and signal transduction proteins but are most frequently transcriptional regulators. In this review, we will describe how PTS components interact with or phosphorylate proteins to regulate directly or indirectly the activity of transcriptional repressors, activators, or antiterminators. We will briefly summarize the well-studied mechanism of carbon catabolite repression in firmicutes, where the transcriptional regulator catabolite control protein A needs to interact with seryl-phosphorylated HPr in order to be functional. We will present new results related to transcriptional activators and antiterminators containing specific PTS regulation domains, which are the phosphorylation targets for three different types of PTS components. Moreover, we will discuss how the phosphorylation level of the PTS components precisely regulates the activity of target transcriptional regulators or antiterminators, with or without PTS regulation domain, and how the availability of PTS substrates and thus the metabolic status of the cell are connected with various cellular processes, such as biofilm formation or virulence of certain pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Galinier
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, UPR 9043, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, IMM, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France.
| | - Josef Deutscher
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR8261 (affiliated with the Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne, Paris Cité), Expression Génétique Microbienne, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 75005 Paris, France.
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