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Al-Hawary SIS, Jasim SA, Hjazi A, Ullah H, Bansal P, Deorari M, Sapaev IB, Ami AA, Mohmmed KH, Abosaoda MK. A new perspective on therapies involving B-cell depletion in autoimmune diseases. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:629. [PMID: 38717637 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09575-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
It has been rediscovered in the last fifteen years that B-cells play an active role in autoimmune etiology rather than just being spectators. The clinical success of B-cell depletion therapies (BCDTs) has contributed to this. BCDTs, including those that target CD20, CD19, and BAFF, were first developed to eradicate malignant B-cells. These days, they treat autoimmune conditions like multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Particular surprises have resulted from the use of BCDTs in autoimmune diseases. For example, even in cases where BCDT is used to treat the condition, its effects on antibody-secreting plasma cells and antibody levels are restricted, even though these cells are regarded to play a detrimental pathogenic role in autoimmune diseases. In this Review, we provide an update on our knowledge of the biology of B-cells, examine the outcomes of clinical studies employing BCDT for autoimmune reasons, talk about potential explanations for the drug's mode of action, and make predictions about future approaches to targeting B-cells other than depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ahmed Hjazi
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, 11942, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Himayat Ullah
- College of Medicine, Shaqra University, 15526, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Pooja Bansal
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetics, Jain (Deemed-to-Be) University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560069, India
- Department of Allied Healthcare and Sciences, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303012, India
| | - Mahamedha Deorari
- Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
| | - I B Sapaev
- Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers National Research University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
- Scientific Researcher, Western Caspian University, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Ahmed Ali Ami
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, Al-Nisour University College, Baghdad, Iraq
| | | | - Munther Kadhim Abosaoda
- College of Pharmacy, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
- College of Pharmacy, The Islamic University of Al Diwaniyah, Al Diwaniyah, Iraq
- College of Pharmacy, The Islamic University of Babylon, Hillah, Iraq
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Roshan HM, Valadan R, Hosseini SA, Ajami A. Specific antibodies to EBNA1 epitopes as risk factors for multiple sclerosis, a systematic review. J Neuroimmunol 2023; 383:578202. [PMID: 37751637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Seroprevalence of anti-EBV antibodies was found to be almost 100% and 90% for multiple sclerosis patients and normal people, respectively. Furthermore, anti EBNA1 antibody which is an indicator of past EBV infection has a higher titer in the serum of Persons with MS (pwMS) compared to the EBV-infected subjects without MS. Though, this difference in anti-EBNA1 antibody titer between pwMS and non-MS controls is not a reliable marker to be used for discriminating pwMS and non-MS individuals. Some Studies have revealed specific epitopes on EBNA1 as the target for anti-EBNA1 antibodies in pwMS. Measuring antibody response against such specific epitopes can help better discriminate pwMS and non-MS individuals. This systematic review aims to obtain conclusive data from the studies which have sought to identify and map such epitopes on EBNA1. Five databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, web of Science, Scopus, and Elsevier were searched for this purpose. Overall, 12 articles were finally included. Despite different articles describing not exactly the same epitopes, most of the epitopes described are within the amino acid sequence 385-420 of EBNA1. Among these epitopes, most of the epitopes have overlapping amino acid sequences with one another. The most highly overlapping sequence is RRPFF, which encompasses the amino acid 402 to 406 of EBNA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Mosayebzadeh Roshan
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Reza Valadan
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdollah Hosseini
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Ajami
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
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Nguyen V, Cheung A, Hendricks R, Peng K, Chung S. An Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Assay for Detecting Ocrelizumab Neutralizing Antibody. AAPS J 2023; 25:97. [PMID: 37783946 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-023-00858-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocrelizumab (OCREVUS®) is a humanized anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody approved for the treatment of adult patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS) and primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS). Here, we discuss the strategic and technical considerations needed to develop a robust antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)-based neutralizing antibody (NAb) assay to detect anti-ocrelizumab NAb in patients enrolled in the ocrelizumab registered clinical trials. The NAb detection assay consisted of a two-tier assay that included a screening assay and a confirmation assay. In the screening assay, patient samples were analyzed in the presence of ocrelizumab. Samples that tested positive in the screening assay were subsequently analyzed in the confirmatory assay where another anti-CD20 mAb, obinutuzumab, was replaced by ocrelizumab, to verify NAb specificity. Both assays utilized MEC-2 cells, a chronic B cell leukemia cell line, pre-labeled with calcein AM as the target cells, and natural killer (NK) cells engineered to stably express Fc gamma receptor IIIa_ F158 as effector cells. Both cell lines were prepared to be thaw-and-use cells. The NAb assay measures fluorescence from the calcein AM released into the assay media upon the lysis of target cells by ADCC in the presence of ocrelizumab or obinutuzumab. Our validated NAb assay showed a relative sensitivity of 743 ng/mL and can detect 1500 ng/mL of a surrogate positive control antibody in the presence of 1500 ng/mL ocrelizumab. This ADCC assay is the first reported NAb assay that directly measures target cell lysis by using thaw-and-use target and effector cells simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Nguyen
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA.
| | - Anthony Cheung
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Robert Hendricks
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Kun Peng
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Shan Chung
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
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Laurent SA, Strauli NB, Eggers EL, Wu H, Michel B, Demuth S, Palanichamy A, Wilson MR, Sirota M, Hernandez RD, Cree BAC, Herman AE, von Büdingen HC. Effect of Ocrelizumab on B- and T-Cell Receptor Repertoire Diversity in Patients With Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis From the Randomized Phase III OPERA Trial. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2023; 10:e200118. [PMID: 37094998 PMCID: PMC10136682 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The B cell-depleting anti-CD20 antibody ocrelizumab (OCR) effectively reduces MS disease activity and slows disability progression. Given the role of B cells as antigen-presenting cells, the primary goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of OCR on the T-cell receptor repertoire diversity. METHODS To examine whether OCR substantially alters the molecular diversity of the T-cell receptor repertoire, deep immune repertoire sequencing (RepSeq) of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell receptor β-chain variable regions was performed on longitudinal blood samples. The IgM and IgG heavy chain variable region repertoire was also analyzed to characterize the residual B-cell repertoire under OCR treatment. RESULTS Peripheral blood samples for RepSeq were obtained from 8 patients with relapsing MS enrolled in the OPERA I trial over a period of up to 39 months. Four patients each were treated with OCR or interferon β1-a during the double-blind period of OPERA I. All patients received OCR during the open-label extension. The diversity of the CD4+/CD8+ T-cell repertoires remained unaffected in OCR-treated patients. The expected OCR-associated B-cell depletion was mirrored by reduced B-cell receptor diversity in peripheral blood and a shift in immunoglobulin gene usage. Despite deep B-cell depletion, longitudinal persistence of clonally related B-cells was observed. DISCUSSION Our data illustrate that the diversity of CD4+/CD8+ T-cell receptor repertoires remained unaltered in OCR-treated patients with relapsing MS. Persistence of a highly diverse T-cell repertoire suggests that aspects of adaptive immunity remain intact despite extended anti-CD20 therapy. TRIAL REGISTRATION INFORMATION This is a substudy (BE29353) of the OPERA I (WA21092; NCT01247324) trial. Date of registration, November 23, 2010; first patient enrollment, August 31, 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Laurent
- From the Department of Neurology (S.A.L., E.L.E., H.W., B.M., S.D., A.P., M.R.W., B.A.C.C., H.-C.B.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program (N.B.S.); Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute and Department of Pediatrics (M.S.); Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (R.D.H.), University of California, San Francisco, CA; Department of Human Genetics (R.D.H.), McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; and OMNI Biomarker Development (A.E.H.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Nicolas B Strauli
- From the Department of Neurology (S.A.L., E.L.E., H.W., B.M., S.D., A.P., M.R.W., B.A.C.C., H.-C.B.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program (N.B.S.); Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute and Department of Pediatrics (M.S.); Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (R.D.H.), University of California, San Francisco, CA; Department of Human Genetics (R.D.H.), McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; and OMNI Biomarker Development (A.E.H.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Erica L Eggers
- From the Department of Neurology (S.A.L., E.L.E., H.W., B.M., S.D., A.P., M.R.W., B.A.C.C., H.-C.B.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program (N.B.S.); Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute and Department of Pediatrics (M.S.); Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (R.D.H.), University of California, San Francisco, CA; Department of Human Genetics (R.D.H.), McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; and OMNI Biomarker Development (A.E.H.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Hao Wu
- From the Department of Neurology (S.A.L., E.L.E., H.W., B.M., S.D., A.P., M.R.W., B.A.C.C., H.-C.B.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program (N.B.S.); Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute and Department of Pediatrics (M.S.); Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (R.D.H.), University of California, San Francisco, CA; Department of Human Genetics (R.D.H.), McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; and OMNI Biomarker Development (A.E.H.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Brady Michel
- From the Department of Neurology (S.A.L., E.L.E., H.W., B.M., S.D., A.P., M.R.W., B.A.C.C., H.-C.B.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program (N.B.S.); Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute and Department of Pediatrics (M.S.); Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (R.D.H.), University of California, San Francisco, CA; Department of Human Genetics (R.D.H.), McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; and OMNI Biomarker Development (A.E.H.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Stanislas Demuth
- From the Department of Neurology (S.A.L., E.L.E., H.W., B.M., S.D., A.P., M.R.W., B.A.C.C., H.-C.B.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program (N.B.S.); Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute and Department of Pediatrics (M.S.); Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (R.D.H.), University of California, San Francisco, CA; Department of Human Genetics (R.D.H.), McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; and OMNI Biomarker Development (A.E.H.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Arumugam Palanichamy
- From the Department of Neurology (S.A.L., E.L.E., H.W., B.M., S.D., A.P., M.R.W., B.A.C.C., H.-C.B.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program (N.B.S.); Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute and Department of Pediatrics (M.S.); Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (R.D.H.), University of California, San Francisco, CA; Department of Human Genetics (R.D.H.), McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; and OMNI Biomarker Development (A.E.H.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Michael R Wilson
- From the Department of Neurology (S.A.L., E.L.E., H.W., B.M., S.D., A.P., M.R.W., B.A.C.C., H.-C.B.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program (N.B.S.); Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute and Department of Pediatrics (M.S.); Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (R.D.H.), University of California, San Francisco, CA; Department of Human Genetics (R.D.H.), McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; and OMNI Biomarker Development (A.E.H.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Marina Sirota
- From the Department of Neurology (S.A.L., E.L.E., H.W., B.M., S.D., A.P., M.R.W., B.A.C.C., H.-C.B.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program (N.B.S.); Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute and Department of Pediatrics (M.S.); Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (R.D.H.), University of California, San Francisco, CA; Department of Human Genetics (R.D.H.), McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; and OMNI Biomarker Development (A.E.H.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Ryan D Hernandez
- From the Department of Neurology (S.A.L., E.L.E., H.W., B.M., S.D., A.P., M.R.W., B.A.C.C., H.-C.B.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program (N.B.S.); Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute and Department of Pediatrics (M.S.); Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (R.D.H.), University of California, San Francisco, CA; Department of Human Genetics (R.D.H.), McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; and OMNI Biomarker Development (A.E.H.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Bruce Anthony Campbell Cree
- From the Department of Neurology (S.A.L., E.L.E., H.W., B.M., S.D., A.P., M.R.W., B.A.C.C., H.-C.B.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program (N.B.S.); Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute and Department of Pediatrics (M.S.); Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (R.D.H.), University of California, San Francisco, CA; Department of Human Genetics (R.D.H.), McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; and OMNI Biomarker Development (A.E.H.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Ann E Herman
- From the Department of Neurology (S.A.L., E.L.E., H.W., B.M., S.D., A.P., M.R.W., B.A.C.C., H.-C.B.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program (N.B.S.); Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute and Department of Pediatrics (M.S.); Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (R.D.H.), University of California, San Francisco, CA; Department of Human Genetics (R.D.H.), McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; and OMNI Biomarker Development (A.E.H.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - H-Christian von Büdingen
- From the Department of Neurology (S.A.L., E.L.E., H.W., B.M., S.D., A.P., M.R.W., B.A.C.C., H.-C.B.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program (N.B.S.); Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute and Department of Pediatrics (M.S.); Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (R.D.H.), University of California, San Francisco, CA; Department of Human Genetics (R.D.H.), McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; and OMNI Biomarker Development (A.E.H.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA.
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Curran C, Vaitaitis G, Waid D, Volmer T, Alverez E, Wagner DH. Ocrevus reduces TH40 cells, a biomarker of systemic inflammation, in relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS) and in progressive multiple sclerosis (PMS). J Neuroimmunol 2023; 374:578008. [PMID: 36535240 PMCID: PMC9868100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2022.578008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Treating MS has been difficult. One successful drug is Ocrelizumab (anti-CD20), used for the chronic relapsing MS (RMS) and the progressive MS (PMS) forms. TH40 cells are pathogenic effector T cells that increase in percentage and numbers during chronic inflammation. Here we show that in the earliest MS course, clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), TH40 cells expand in number. In PMS TH40 cell numbers remain expanded demonstrating sustained chronic inflammation. In RMS TH40 cells were found in CSF and express CD20. Ocrelizumab reduced TH40 cells to healthy control levels in patients. During treatment inflammatory cytokine producing TH40 cells were decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Curran
- The Webb Waring Center and Department of Medicine, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Blvd, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Gisela Vaitaitis
- The Webb Waring Center and Department of Medicine, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Blvd, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Dan Waid
- The Webb Waring Center and Department of Medicine, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Blvd, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Timothy Volmer
- The Department of Neurology, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Blvd, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Enrique Alverez
- The Department of Neurology, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Blvd, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - David H Wagner
- The Webb Waring Center and Department of Medicine, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Blvd, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America.
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Lomakin YA, Zvyagin IV, Ovchinnikova LA, Kabilov MR, Staroverov DB, Mikelov A, Tupikin AE, Zakharova MY, Bykova NA, Mukhina VS, Favorov AV, Ivanova M, Simaniv T, Rubtsov YP, Chudakov DM, Zakharova MN, Illarioshkin SN, Belogurov AA, Gabibov AG. Deconvolution of B cell receptor repertoire in multiple sclerosis patients revealed a delay in tBreg maturation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:803229. [PMID: 36052064 PMCID: PMC9425031 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.803229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundB lymphocytes play a pivotal regulatory role in the development of the immune response. It was previously shown that deficiency in B regulatory cells (Bregs) or a decrease in their anti-inflammatory activity can lead to immunological dysfunctions. However, the exact mechanisms of Bregs development and functioning are only partially resolved. For instance, only a little is known about the structure of their B cell receptor (BCR) repertoires in autoimmune disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS), a severe neuroinflammatory disease with a yet unknown etiology. Here, we elucidate specific properties of B regulatory cells in MS.MethodsWe performed a prospective study of the transitional Breg (tBreg) subpopulations with the CD19+CD24highCD38high phenotype from MS patients and healthy donors by (i) measuring their content during two diverging courses of relapsing-remitting MS: benign multiple sclerosis (BMS) and highly active multiple sclerosis (HAMS); (ii) analyzing BCR repertoires of circulating B cells by high-throughput sequencing; and (iii) measuring the percentage of CD27+ cells in tBregs.ResultsThe tBregs from HAMS patients carry the heavy chain with a lower amount of hypermutations than tBregs from healthy donors. The percentage of transitional CD24highCD38high B cells is elevated, whereas the frequency of differentiated CD27+ cells in this transitional B cell subset was decreased in the MS patients as compared with healthy donors.ConclusionsImpaired maturation of regulatory B cells is associated with MS progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakov A. Lomakin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan V. Zvyagin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Moscow, Russia
| | - Leyla A. Ovchinnikova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Moscow, Russia
| | - Marsel R. Kabilov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Dmitriy B. Staroverov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Moscow, Russia
| | - Artem Mikelov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Moscow, Russia
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey E. Tupikin
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Maria Y. Zakharova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Moscow, Russia
- Department of Molecular Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezda A. Bykova
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems (Kharkevich Institute), Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Moscow, Russia
| | - Vera S. Mukhina
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems (Kharkevich Institute), Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Moscow, Russia
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander V. Favorov
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Moscow, Russia
- Quantitative Sciences Division, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Maria Ivanova
- Neuroinfection Department of the Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Taras Simaniv
- Neuroinfection Department of the Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yury P. Rubtsov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitriy M. Chudakov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Moscow, Russia
- Department of Molecular Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria N. Zakharova
- Neuroinfection Department of the Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Alexey A. Belogurov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia
- *Correspondence: Alexey A. Belogurov Jr., ; Alexander G. Gabibov,
| | - Alexander G. Gabibov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Moscow, Russia
- Department of Life Sciences, Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- *Correspondence: Alexey A. Belogurov Jr., ; Alexander G. Gabibov,
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7
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Hecker M, Fitzner B, Putscher E, Schwartz M, Winkelmann A, Meister S, Dudesek A, Koczan D, Lorenz P, Boxberger N, Zettl UK. Implication of genetic variants in primary microRNA processing sites in the risk of multiple sclerosis. EBioMedicine 2022; 80:104052. [PMID: 35561450 PMCID: PMC9111935 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system with a well-established genetic contribution to susceptibility. Over 200 genetic regions have been linked to the inherited risk of developing MS, but the disease-causing variants and their functional effects at the molecular level are still largely unresolved. We hypothesised that MS-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) affect the recognition and enzymatic cleavage of primary microRNAs (pri-miRNAs). Methods Our study focused on 11 pri-miRNAs (9 primate-specific) that are encoded in genetic risk loci for MS. The levels of mature miRNAs and potential isoforms (isomiRs) produced from those pri-miRNAs were measured in B cells obtained from the peripheral blood of 63 MS patients and 28 healthy controls. We tested for associations between SNP genotypes and miRNA expression in cis using quantitative trait locus (cis-miR-eQTL) analyses. Genetic effects on miRNA stem-loop processing efficiency were verified using luciferase reporter assays. Potential direct miRNA target genes were identified by transcriptome profiling and computational binding site assessment. Findings Mature miRNAs and isomiRs from hsa-mir-26a-2, hsa-mir-199a-1, hsa-mir-4304, hsa-mir-4423, hsa-mir-4464 and hsa-mir-4492 could be detected in all B-cell samples. When MS patient subgroups were compared with healthy controls, a significant differential expression was observed for miRNAs from the 5’ and 3’ strands of hsa-mir-26a-2 and hsa-mir-199a-1. The cis-miR-eQTL analyses and reporter assays pointed to a slightly more efficient Drosha-mediated processing of hsa-mir-199a-1 when the MS risk allele T of SNP rs1005039 is present. On the other hand, the MS risk allele A of SNP rs817478, which substitutes the first C in a CNNC sequence motif, was found to cause a markedly lower efficiency in the processing of hsa-mir-4423. Overexpression of hsa-mir-199a-1 inhibited the expression of 60 protein-coding genes, including IRAK2, MIF, TNFRSF12A and TRAF1. The only target gene identified for hsa-mir-4423 was TMEM47. Interpretation We found that MS-associated SNPs in sequence determinants of pri-miRNA processing can affect the expression of mature miRNAs. Our findings complement the existing literature on the dysregulation of miRNAs in MS. Further studies on the maturation and function of miRNAs in different cell types and tissues may help to gain a more detailed functional understanding of the genetic basis of MS. Funding This study was funded by the Rostock University Medical Center (FORUN program, grant: 889002), Sanofi Genzyme (grant: GZ-2016-11560) and Merck Serono GmbH (Darmstadt, Germany, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, CrossRef Funder ID: 10.13039/100009945, grant: 4501860307). NB was supported by the Stiftung der Deutschen Wirtschaft (sdw) and the FAZIT foundation. EP was supported by the Landesgraduiertenförderung Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.
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8
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Zeman D, Revendova K, Bunganic R, Ryzi M, Masarovicova P, Kusnierova P, Kotrlova V, Hradilek P, Stejskal D, Thon V. Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid cells by flow cytometry: Comparison to conventional cytology. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2022. [PMID: 35510294 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2022.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS This study compared the results obtained by basic immunophenotyping of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cells by flow cytometry (FC) to the results of conventional cytology and evaluated the possibility of detailed analyses of CSF B-cell subpopulations. METHODS Samples from 42 patients were examined by conventional cytology (native and/or pre-centrifuged CSF) and FC. The results from 15 patients without evidence of organic neurological disease were used to estimate reference ranges. RESULTS Pre-centrifugated CSF had significantly higher cell yield on the cytologic slide, but cell subpopulation percentages were altered; the percentage of lymphocytes was significantly higher and monocytes significantly lower compared to both native CSF slides and FC. The percentage of granulocytes was higher in FC compared to cytology. For leukocyte count, the following reference ranges were estimated for Fuchs-Rosenthal chamber (FR) counting and FC, respectively: leukocytes ≤4.7/μL and ≤2.5/μL, lymphocytes ≤4.1/μL and ≤1.8/μL, monocytes ≤1.2/μL and ≤0.9/μL, and granulocytes 0/μL and ≤0.2/μL. The following reference ranges were estimated for basic subpopulations: T-lymphocytes 84.1 - 100%, B lymphocytes 0.0 - 1.5%, NK cells 0.0 - 6.3%, NKT cells 0 - 9.5%, and CD3+CD4+/CD3+CD8+ 0.8 - 4.9. Using a volume of 1.2-2.4 mL, the number of B lymphocytes was too low (<20) in samples with ≤2.7 cells/μL in the FR. CONCLUSIONS Even normal CSF samples are amenable to basic mononuclear cell subpopulation analysis by FC. However, analysis of the B-cell subpopulations requires either a larger sample volume or selection of samples with ≥ 3 cells/μL.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Zeman
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Clinic of Neurology, University Hospital Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Kamila Revendova
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Clinic of Neurology, University Hospital Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Radovan Bunganic
- Clinic of Neurology, University Hospital Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Ryzi
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Masarovicova
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlina Kusnierova
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Vera Kotrlova
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Hradilek
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Clinic of Neurology, University Hospital Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - David Stejskal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Thon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Czech Republic.,RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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9
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Tout I, Miossec P. The role of B cells and their interactions with stromal cells in the context of inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2022; 21:103098. [PMID: 35417796 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between B cells and stromal cells have essential functions in immune cell development and responses. During chronic inflammation, the pro-inflammatory microenvironment leads to changes in stromal cells, which acquire a pathogenic phenotype specific to each organ and disease. B cells are recruited to the site of inflammation and interact with these pathogenic stromal cells contributing to the disease's severity. In addition to producing autoantibodies, B cells contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune inflammatory diseases by serving as professional antigen-presenting cells, producing cytokines, and through additional mechanisms. This review describes the role of B cells and their interactions with stromal cells in chronic inflammation, with a focus on human disease, using three selected autoimmune inflammatory diseases: rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis. Understanding B cells roles and their interaction with stromal cells will help develop new therapeutic options for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issam Tout
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Immunogenomics and Inflammation Research Unit, University of Lyon, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard Herriot Hospital, 5 Place d'Arsonval, 69437 Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Miossec
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Immunogenomics and Inflammation Research Unit, University of Lyon, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard Herriot Hospital, 5 Place d'Arsonval, 69437 Lyon, France.
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10
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Beyrampour-Basmenj H, Rahmati M, Moghamddam MP, Kalan ME, Alivand M, Aliyari-Serej Z, Nastarin P, Omrani M, Khodakarimi S, Ebrahimi-Kalan A. Association between miRNAs expression and multiple sclerosis pathogenesis: A novel therapeutic approach. GENE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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Prado C, Osorio-Barrios F, Falcón P, Espinoza A, Saez JJ, Yuseff MI, Pacheco R. Dopaminergic stimulation leads B-cell infiltration into the central nervous system upon autoimmunity. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:292. [PMID: 34920747 PMCID: PMC8680379 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02338-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence has shown dopamine as a major regulator of inflammation. Accordingly, dopaminergic regulation of immune cells plays an important role in the physiopathology of inflammatory disorders. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease involving a CD4+ T-cell-driven autoimmune response to central nervous system (CNS) derived antigens. Evidence from animal models has suggested that B cells play a fundamental role as antigen-presenting cells (APC) re-stimulating CD4+ T cells in the CNS as well as regulating T-cell response by mean of inflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokines. Here, we addressed the role of the dopamine receptor D3 (DRD3), which displays the highest affinity for dopamine, in B cells in animal models of MS. METHODS Mice harbouring Drd3-deficient or Drd3-sufficient B cells were generated by bone marrow transplantation into recipient mice devoid of B cells. In these mice, we compared the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by immunization with a myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-derived peptide (pMOG), a model that leads to CNS-autoimmunity irrespective of the APC-function of B cells, or by immunization with full-length human MOG protein (huMOG), a model in which antigen-specific activated B cells display a fundamental APC-function in the CNS. APC-function was assessed in vitro by pulsing B cells with huMOG-coated beads and then co-culturing with MOG-specific T cells. RESULTS Our data show that the selective Drd3 deficiency in B cells abolishes the disease development in the huMOG-induced EAE model. Mechanistic analysis indicates that although DRD3-signalling did not affect the APC-function of B cells, DRD3 favours the CNS-tropism in a subset of pro-inflammatory B cells in the huMOG-induced EAE model, an effect that was associated with higher CXCR3 expression. Conversely, the results show that the selective Drd3 deficiency in B cells exacerbates the disease severity in the pMOG-induced EAE model. Further analysis shows that DRD3-stimulation increased the expression of the CNS-homing molecule CD49d in a B-cell subset with anti-inflammatory features, thus attenuating EAE manifestation in the pMOG-induced EAE model. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that DRD3 in B cells exerts a dual role in CNS-autoimmunity, favouring CNS-tropism of pro-inflammatory B cells with APC-function and promoting CNS-homing of B cells with anti-inflammatory features. Thus, these results show DRD3-signalling in B cells as a critical regulator of CNS-autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Prado
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Centro Ciencia & Vida, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Avenida Zañartu #1482, Ñuñoa, 7780272, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Providencia, 7510156, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Osorio-Barrios
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Centro Ciencia & Vida, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Avenida Zañartu #1482, Ñuñoa, 7780272, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paulina Falcón
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Centro Ciencia & Vida, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Avenida Zañartu #1482, Ñuñoa, 7780272, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexandra Espinoza
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Centro Ciencia & Vida, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Avenida Zañartu #1482, Ñuñoa, 7780272, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan José Saez
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330025, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Isabel Yuseff
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330025, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Pacheco
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Centro Ciencia & Vida, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Avenida Zañartu #1482, Ñuñoa, 7780272, Santiago, Chile. .,Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Providencia, 7510156, Santiago, Chile.
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12
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Multiple sclerosis and drug discovery: A work of translation. EBioMedicine 2021; 68:103392. [PMID: 34044219 PMCID: PMC8245896 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is after trauma the most important neurological disease in young adults, affecting 1 per 1000 individuals. With currently available medications, most of these targeting the immune system, satisfactory results have been obtained in patients with relapsing MS, but these can have serious adverse effects. Moreover, despite some promising developments, such as with B cell targeting therapies or sphingosine-1-phosphate modulating drugs, there still is a high unmet need of safe drugs with broad efficacy in patients with progressive MS. Despite substantial investments and intensive preclinical research, the proportion of promising lead compounds that reaches the approved drug status remains disappointingly low. One cause lies in the poor predictive validity of MS animal models used in the translation of pathogenic mechanisms into safe and effective treatments for the patient. This disturbing situation has raised criticism against the relevance of animal models used in preclinical research and calls for improvement of these models. This publication presents a potentially useful strategy to enhance the predictive validity of MS animal models, namely, to analyze the causes of failure in forward translation (lab to clinic) via reverse translation (clinic to lab). Through this strategy new insights can be gained that can help generate more valid MS models.
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13
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Brand RM, Friedrich V, Diddens J, Pfaller M, Romana de Franchis F, Radbruch H, Hemmer B, Steiger K, Lehmann-Horn K. Anti-CD20 Depletes Meningeal B Cells but Does Not Halt the Formation of Meningeal Ectopic Lymphoid Tissue. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2021; 8:8/4/e1012. [PMID: 34021057 PMCID: PMC8143698 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000001012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether anti-CD20 B-cell-depleting monoclonal antibodies (ɑCD20 mAbs) inhibit the formation or retention of meningeal ectopic lymphoid tissue (mELT) in a murine model of multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS We used a spontaneous chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of mice with mutant T-cell and B-cell receptors specific for myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), which develop meningeal inflammatory infiltrates resembling those described in MS. ɑCD20 mAbs were administered in either a preventive or a treatment regimen. The extent and cellular composition of mELT was assessed by histology and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS ɑCD20 mAb, applied in a paradigm to either prevent or treat EAE, did not alter the disease course in either condition. However, ɑCD20 mAb depleted virtually all B cells from the meningeal compartment but failed to prevent the formation of mELT altogether. Because of the absence of B cells, mELT was less densely populated with immune cells and the cellular composition was changed, with increased neutrophil granulocytes. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that, in CNS autoimmune disease, meningeal inflammatory infiltrates may form and persist in the absence of B cells. Together with the finding that ɑCD20 mAb does not ameliorate spontaneous chronic EAE with mELT, our data suggest that mELT may have yet unknown capacities that are independent of B cells and contribute to CNS autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Margareta Brand
- From the Department of Neurology (R.M.B., V.F., J.D., M.P., F.R.F., K.L.-H.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Department of Neuropathology (H.R.), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Department of Neurology (B.H.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; and Comparative Experimental Pathology (CEP) (K.S.), Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Verena Friedrich
- From the Department of Neurology (R.M.B., V.F., J.D., M.P., F.R.F., K.L.-H.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Department of Neuropathology (H.R.), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Department of Neurology (B.H.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; and Comparative Experimental Pathology (CEP) (K.S.), Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Jolien Diddens
- From the Department of Neurology (R.M.B., V.F., J.D., M.P., F.R.F., K.L.-H.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Department of Neuropathology (H.R.), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Department of Neurology (B.H.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; and Comparative Experimental Pathology (CEP) (K.S.), Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Monika Pfaller
- From the Department of Neurology (R.M.B., V.F., J.D., M.P., F.R.F., K.L.-H.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Department of Neuropathology (H.R.), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Department of Neurology (B.H.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; and Comparative Experimental Pathology (CEP) (K.S.), Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Francesca Romana de Franchis
- From the Department of Neurology (R.M.B., V.F., J.D., M.P., F.R.F., K.L.-H.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Department of Neuropathology (H.R.), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Department of Neurology (B.H.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; and Comparative Experimental Pathology (CEP) (K.S.), Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Helena Radbruch
- From the Department of Neurology (R.M.B., V.F., J.D., M.P., F.R.F., K.L.-H.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Department of Neuropathology (H.R.), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Department of Neurology (B.H.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; and Comparative Experimental Pathology (CEP) (K.S.), Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hemmer
- From the Department of Neurology (R.M.B., V.F., J.D., M.P., F.R.F., K.L.-H.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Department of Neuropathology (H.R.), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Department of Neurology (B.H.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; and Comparative Experimental Pathology (CEP) (K.S.), Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Katja Steiger
- From the Department of Neurology (R.M.B., V.F., J.D., M.P., F.R.F., K.L.-H.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Department of Neuropathology (H.R.), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Department of Neurology (B.H.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; and Comparative Experimental Pathology (CEP) (K.S.), Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus Lehmann-Horn
- From the Department of Neurology (R.M.B., V.F., J.D., M.P., F.R.F., K.L.-H.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; Department of Neuropathology (H.R.), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Department of Neurology (B.H.), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany; and Comparative Experimental Pathology (CEP) (K.S.), Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany.
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14
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Libbey JE, Fujinami RS. Viral mouse models used to study multiple sclerosis: past and present. Arch Virol 2021; 166:1015-1033. [PMID: 33582855 PMCID: PMC7882042 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-04968-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Although the etiology of MS is unknown, genetics and environmental factors, such as infections, play a role. Viral infections of mice have been used as model systems to study this demyelinating disease of humans. Three viruses that have long been studied in this capacity are Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus, mouse hepatitis virus, and Semliki Forest virus. This review describes the viruses themselves, the infection process, the disease caused by infection and its accompanying pathology, and the model systems and their usefulness in studying MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Libbey
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - R S Fujinami
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
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15
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Cohen M, Giladi A, Raposo C, Zada M, Li B, Ruckh J, Deczkowska A, Mohar B, Shechter R, Lichtenstein RG, Amit I, Schwartz M. Meningeal lymphoid structures are activated under acute and chronic spinal cord pathologies. Life Sci Alliance 2020; 4:4/1/e202000907. [PMID: 33277355 PMCID: PMC7723261 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
We found that acute insult to the central nervous system induces the formation of lymphocyte aggregates reminiscent of tertiary lymphoid structures within the spinal cord meninges. Unlike draining CNS-cervical lymph nodes, meningeal lymphocytes are locally activated during neuro-inflammtion and neurodegeneration. Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are organized aggregates of B and T cells formed ectopically during different stages of life in response to inflammation, infection, or cancer. Here, we describe formation of structures reminiscent of TLS in the spinal cord meninges under several central nervous system (CNS) pathologies. After acute spinal cord injury, B and T lymphocytes locally aggregate within the meninges to form TLS-like structures, and continue to accumulate during the late phase of the response to the injury, with a negative impact on subsequent pathological conditions, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Using a chronic model of spinal cord pathology, the mSOD1 mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, we further showed by single-cell RNA-sequencing that a meningeal lymphocyte niche forms, with a unique organization and activation state, including accumulation of pre-B cells in the spinal cord meninges. Such a response was not found in the CNS-draining cervical lymph nodes. The present findings suggest that a special immune response develops in the meninges during various neurological pathologies in the CNS, a possible reflection of its immune privileged nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merav Cohen
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Amir Giladi
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Catarina Raposo
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mor Zada
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Baoguo Li
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Julia Ruckh
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Boaz Mohar
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ravid Shechter
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rachel G Lichtenstein
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Ido Amit
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michal Schwartz
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel .,Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
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16
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Misrielal C, Mauthe M, Reggiori F, Eggen BJL. Autophagy in Multiple Sclerosis: Two Sides of the Same Coin. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:603710. [PMID: 33328897 PMCID: PMC7714924 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.603710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex auto-immune disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) that involves a range of CNS and immune cells. MS is characterized by chronic neuroinflammation, demyelination, and neuronal loss, but the molecular causes of this disease remain poorly understood. One cellular process that could provide insight into MS pathophysiology and also be a possible therapeutic avenue, is autophagy. Autophagy is an intracellular degradative pathway essential to maintain cellular homeostasis, particularly in neurons as defects in autophagy lead to neurodegeneration. One of the functions of autophagy is to maintain cellular homeostasis by eliminating defective or superfluous proteins, complexes, and organelles, preventing the accumulation of potentially cytotoxic damage. Importantly, there is also an intimate and intricate interplay between autophagy and multiple aspects of both innate and adaptive immunity. Thus, autophagy is implicated in two of the main hallmarks of MS, neurodegeneration, and inflammation, making it especially important to understand how this pathway contributes to MS manifestation and progression. This review summarizes the current knowledge about autophagy in MS, in particular how it contributes to our understanding of MS pathology and its potential as a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chairi Misrielal
- Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Mario Mauthe
- Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Bart J L Eggen
- Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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't Hart BA. A Tolerogenic Role of Cathepsin G in a Primate Model of Multiple Sclerosis: Abrogation by Epstein-Barr Virus Infection. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2020; 68:21. [PMID: 32556812 PMCID: PMC7299916 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-020-00587-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Using a non-human primate model of the autoimmune neuroinflammatory disease multiple sclerosis (MS), we have unraveled the role of B cells in the making and breaking of immune tolerance against central nervous system myelin. It is discussed here that B cells prevent the activation of strongly pathogenic T cells present in the naïve repertoire, which are directed against the immunodominant myelin antigen MOG (myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein). Prevention occurs via destructive processing of a critical epitope (MOG34-56) through the lysosomal serine protease cathepsin G. This effective tolerance mechanism is abrogated when the B cells are infected with Epstein–Barr virus, a ubiquitous γ1-herpesvirus that entails the strongest non-genetic risk factor for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert A 't Hart
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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18
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Repopulation of T, B, and NK cells following alemtuzumab treatment in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:189. [PMID: 32539719 PMCID: PMC7296935 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01847-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize long-term repopulation of peripheral immune cells following alemtuzumab-induced lymphopenia in relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), with a focus on regulatory cell types, and to explore associations with clinical outcome measures. METHODS The project was designed as a multicenter add-on longitudinal mechanistic study for RRMS patients enrolled in CARE-MS II, CARE-MS II extension at the University of Southern California and Stanford University, and an investigator-initiated study conducted at the Universities of British Columbia and Chicago. Methods involved collection of blood at baseline, prior to alemtuzumab administration, and at months 5, 11, 17, 23, 36, and 48 post-treatment. T cell, B cell, and natural killer (NK) cell subsets, chemokine receptor expression in T cells, in vitro cytokine secretion patterns, and regulatory T cell (Treg) function were assessed. Clinical outcomes, including expanded disability status score (EDSS), relapses, conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures, and incidents of secondary autoimmunity were tracked. RESULTS Variable shifts in lymphocyte populations occurred over time in favor of CD4+ T cells, B cells, and NK cells with surface phenotypes characteristic of regulatory subsets, accompanied by reduced ratios of effector to regulatory cell types. Evidence of increased Treg competence was observed after each treatment course. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that express CXCR3 and CCR5 and CD8+ T cells that express CDR3 and CCR4 were also enriched after treatment, indicating heightened trafficking potential in activated T cells. Patterns of repopulation were not associated with measures of clinical efficacy or secondary autoimmunity, but exploratory analyses using a random generalized estimating equation (GEE) Poisson model provide preliminary evidence of associations between pro-inflammatory cell types and increased risk for gadolinium (Gd+) enhancing lesions, while regulatory subsets were associated with reduced risk. In addition, the risk for T2 lesions correlated with increases in CD3+CD8+CXCR3+ cells. CONCLUSIONS Lymphocyte repopulation after alemtuzumab treatment favors regulatory subsets in the T cell, B cell, and NK cell compartments. Clinical efficacy may reflect the sum of interactions among them, leading to control of potentially pathogenic effector cell types. Several immune measures were identified as possible biomarkers of lesion activity. Future studies are necessary to more precisely define regulatory and effector subsets and their contributions to clinical efficacy and risk for secondary autoimmunity in alemtuzumab-treated patients, and to reveal new insights into mechanisms of immunopathogenesis in MS. TRIAL REGISTRATION Parent trials for this study are registered with ClinicalTrials.gov: CARE-MS II: NCT00548405, CARE-MS II extension: NCT00930553 and ISS: NCT01307332.
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Abstract
Ocrelizumab ist ein monoklonaler Antikörper, der sich gegen das Differenzierungsantigen CD20 richtet und zu einer effektiven längerfristigen Depletion von Lymphozyten, insbesondere von B‑Zellen, führt. Unlängst publizierte Phase-3-Studien belegen, dass Ocrelizumab sowohl bei der Behandlung der schubförmigen als auch der primär progressiven Multiplen Sklerose (MS) wirksam ist. Darauf basierend wurde Ocrelizumab als erstes Medikament zur Behandlung der primär chronisch-progredienten MS zugelassen. Um diesen Durchbruch besser in den Kontext des heutigen MS-Therapiekanons einordnen zu können, lohnt sowohl ein Blick zurück auf die Entwicklung der antikörpervermittelten CD20-Depletion als auch auf die der Zulassung zugrunde liegenden Studien sowie deren Extensionsphasen. Diese Übersichtsarbeit diskutiert die verfügbaren Daten zur Wirksamkeit und Sicherheit der langfristigen B‑Zell-Depletion bei MS-Patienten und erörtert den aktuellen Kenntnisstand zur Rolle von B‑Lymphozyten in der Immunpathogenese der MS.
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20
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Boyko AN, Khachanova NV, Melnikov MV, Sivertseva SA, Evdoshenko EP, Spirin NN, Vasilyev AV, Rozenson OL. [New directions of immunocorrection in multiple sclerosis]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2020; 120:103-109. [PMID: 32307419 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2020120021103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a central nervous system disease with autoimmune and neurodegenerative mechanisms of development. This disease can lead to severe disability and neurological defects. Although its etiology and pathogenesis remain unclear, research data show that multiple sclerosis is a multifactorial disease, the development of which depends on environmental factors, as well as a genetic predisposition. The impact of these factors lead to the death of neural cells, accompanied by demyelination of nerves and neuronal dysfunction. Therapy of multiple sclerosis is based on the use of anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating substances, however, there are certain disadvantages associated with the constant use of these drugs and a possible change in dosage over time. This review discusses the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and the role of various subpopulations of immune cells in the development of diseases, as well as existing approaches to therapy. It is noted that immunoreconstitution therapy has advantages over immunomodulation and immunosuppression maintenance therapy for some patients. Thus, short courses of therapy provide more adequate treatment for patients and lower risks of adverse events associated with chronic immunosuppression. The review also discusses the data of clinical studies on the immunoreconstitution therapy drugs, such as alemtuzumab, ocrelizumab and cladribine. It is noted that nowadays the exact mechanisms underlying this type of therapy remain unclear. In this regard, further studies are needed to explain the therapeutic effects. It is assumed that patients with a high risk of multiple sclerosis progression are the optimal group of patients for the early use of selective immunoreconstitution therapy. Thus, immunoreconstitution therapy may be the treatment of choice for many patients with highle active multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Boyko
- Pirogov National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - N V Khachanova
- Pirogov National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - M V Melnikov
- Pirogov National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - S A Sivertseva
- Tyumen Regional Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Tyumen, Russia
| | - E P Evdoshenko
- Pavlov First State Medical University of St. Petersburg, St. Peterburg, Russia
| | - N N Spirin
- Yaroslavl' State Medical University, Yaroslavl, Russia
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21
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Abramova AA, Zakroyshchikova IV, Krotenkova IA, Kochergin IA, Zakharova MN. [Leptomeningeal B-cell follicles in multiple sclerosis: a role in the pathogenesis and prognostic value]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2020; 119:21-27. [PMID: 31934985 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro20191191021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
B-lymphocytes play an important role in the development and maintenance of the inflammatory process in multiple sclerosis. Recently special attention has been paid to cell formations that are found in the meninges in patients with multiple sclerosis - the so-called leptomeningeal follicle-like structures that contain not only B-lymphocytes, but also other immunocompetent cells, creating a special environment for clonal expansion, selection and further proliferation of B-lymphocytes. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain with gadolinium-based contrast agents reveals local subarachnoid space contrasting that corresponds to the accumulation of the contrast agent by large lymphoid follicles. This phenomenon is called leptomeningeal contrast enhancement and according to some literature data, its severity correlates with the rate of progression of the disease and functional disability. The review presents the available literature on leptomeningeal follicle-like B-cell structures, as well as prospects of using leptomeningeal contrast enhancement on MRI as a potential biomarker for predicting disease severity in patients with multiple sclerosis.
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22
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Migotto MA, Mardon K, Orian J, Weckbecker G, Kneuer R, Bhalla R, Reutens DC. Efficient Distribution of a Novel Zirconium-89 Labeled Anti-cd20 Antibody Following Subcutaneous and Intravenous Administration in Control and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis-Variant Mice. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2437. [PMID: 31681317 PMCID: PMC6813232 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the imaging and biodistribution of a novel zirconium-89 (89Zr)-labeled mouse anti-cd20 monoclonal antibody (mAb) in control and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice following subcutaneous (s. c.) and intravenous (i.v.) administration. Background: Anti-cd20-mediated B-cell depletion using mAbs is a promising therapy for multiple sclerosis. Recombinant human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (rhMOG)-induced EAE involves B-cell-mediated inflammation and demyelination in mice. Design/Methods: C57BL/6J mice (n = 39) were EAE-induced using rhMOG. On Day 14 post EAE induction, 89Zr-labeled-anti-cd20 mAb was injected in control and EAE mice in the right lower flank (s.c.) or tail vein (i.v.). Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging and gamma counting (ex vivo) were performed on Days 1, 3, and 7 to quantify tracer accumulation in the major organs, lymphatics, and central nervous system (CNS). A preliminary study was conducted in healthy mice to elucidate full and early kinetics of the tracer that were subsequently applied in the EAE and control mice study. Results:89Zr-labeled anti-cd20 mAb was effectively absorbed from s.c. and i.v. injection sites and distributed to all major organs in the EAE and control mice. There was a good correlation between in vivo PET/CT data and ex vivo quantification of biodistribution of the tracer. From gamma counting studies, initial tracer uptake within the lymphatic system was found to be higher in the draining lymph nodes (inguinal or subiliac and sciatic) following s.c. vs. i.v. administration; within the CNS a significantly higher tracer uptake was observed at 24 h in the cerebellum, cerebrum, and thoracic spinal cord (p < 0.05 for all) following s.c. vs. i.v. administration. Conclusions: The preclinical data suggest that initial tracer uptake was significantly higher in the draining lymph nodes (subiliac and sciatic) and parts of CNS (the cerebellum and cerebrum) when administered s.c. compared with i.v in EAE mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Anne Migotto
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Karine Mardon
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,National Imaging Facility, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Orian
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gisbert Weckbecker
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Kneuer
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rajiv Bhalla
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - David C Reutens
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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23
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Boyko AN, Davydovskaya MV, Khachanova NV, Zakharova MN, Spirin NN, Popova EV, Alifirova VM, Vlasov YV, Sivertseva SA, Khabirov FA, Shumilina MV, Evdoshenko EP. Clinical recommendations for the use of ocrelizumab in patients with multiple sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.14412/2074-2711-2019-3-16-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The paper presents a detailed algorithm for the treatment and follow-up of patients with recurrent multiple sclerosis and primary progressive multiple sclerosis in the use of ocrelizumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. N. Boyko
- N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia Federal Center for Cerebrovascular Disease and Stroke, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - M. V. Davydovskaya
- N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - N. V. Khachanova
- N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | | | - N. N. Spirin
- Yaroslavl State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - E. V. Popova
- City Clinical Hospital Twenty-Four, Moscow Healthcare Department
| | - V. M. Alifirova
- Siberian State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - Ya. V. Vlasov
- Samara State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | | | - F. A. Khabirov
- Republican Clinical and Diagnostic Center for Demyelinating Diseases, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Tatarstan
| | - M. V. Shumilina
- City Clinical Hospital Thirty-One, City Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment
| | - E. P. Evdoshenko
- City Clinical Hospital Thirty-One, City Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment
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24
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Wiendl H, Carraro M, Comi G, Izquierdo G, Kim HJ, Sharrack B, Tornatore C, Daizadeh N, Chung L, Jacobs AK, Hogan RJ, Wychowski LV, Van Wijmeersch B. Lymphocyte pharmacodynamics are not associated with autoimmunity or efficacy after alemtuzumab. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2019; 7:7/1/e635. [PMID: 31662412 PMCID: PMC6865853 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between peripheral blood lymphocyte pharmacodynamics and autoimmune adverse events (AEs) or return of disease activity in alemtuzumab-treated patients with relapsing-remitting MS. METHODS Patients received 2 alemtuzumab courses (12 mg/d IV; 5 days at baseline, 3 days 12 months later) in the 2-year Comparison of Alemtuzumab and Rebif Efficacy in Multiple Sclerosis studies (NCT00530348 and NCT00548405) and could then receive as-needed alemtuzumab or other disease-modifying therapy in a 4-year extension (NCT00930553). Lymphocytes were phenotyped quarterly over 2 years using fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Pharmacodynamic assessments included counts of total lymphocytes, CD3+ T cells, CD4+/CD8+ T cells (total/naive/memory/regulatory [Treg]), and CD19+ B cells (total/immature/mature/memory) and ratios of CD19+ (total/immature/mature/memory) to Treg (CD4+/CD8+) counts. Assessed autoimmune AEs included immune thrombocytopenia, nephropathies, and thyroid events. Efficacy assessments included relapses, 6-month confirmed disability worsening (CDW), and MRI disease activity. RESULTS Lymphocyte repopulation patterns, including ratios between distinct lymphocyte subsets (e.g., CD19+ to Treg cell count ratios), showed no significant differences over 2 years in patients developing/not developing autoimmune AEs, relapses, CDW, or MRI activity through 6 years following alemtuzumab. Lymphocyte kinetics were also unrelated to multiple autoimmune AEs or extreme clinical phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS Repopulation kinetics of the evaluated peripheral lymphocyte subsets did not predict autoimmune AE occurrence or disease activity, including return of disease activity after 2 alemtuzumab courses. Further study is needed to investigate potential antigen-level markers of treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Wiendl
- From the University of Münster (H.W.), Münster, Germany; Novant Health (M.C.), Charlotte, NC; University Vita-Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Milan, Italy; Virgen Macarena University Hospital (G.I.), Seville, Spain; Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center (H.J.K.), Goyang, South Korea; NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, University of Sheffield (B.S.), Sheffield, United Kingdom; Georgetown University Medical Center (C.T.), Washington, DC; Sanofi (N.D., L.C., A.K.J.), Cambridge, MA; Eloquent Scientific Solutions (R.J.H.), Sydney, NSW, Australia; Eloquent Scientific Solutions (L.V.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Rehabilitation & MS-Centre Overpelt (B.V.W.), BIOMED, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.
| | - Matthew Carraro
- From the University of Münster (H.W.), Münster, Germany; Novant Health (M.C.), Charlotte, NC; University Vita-Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Milan, Italy; Virgen Macarena University Hospital (G.I.), Seville, Spain; Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center (H.J.K.), Goyang, South Korea; NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, University of Sheffield (B.S.), Sheffield, United Kingdom; Georgetown University Medical Center (C.T.), Washington, DC; Sanofi (N.D., L.C., A.K.J.), Cambridge, MA; Eloquent Scientific Solutions (R.J.H.), Sydney, NSW, Australia; Eloquent Scientific Solutions (L.V.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Rehabilitation & MS-Centre Overpelt (B.V.W.), BIOMED, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Giancarlo Comi
- From the University of Münster (H.W.), Münster, Germany; Novant Health (M.C.), Charlotte, NC; University Vita-Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Milan, Italy; Virgen Macarena University Hospital (G.I.), Seville, Spain; Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center (H.J.K.), Goyang, South Korea; NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, University of Sheffield (B.S.), Sheffield, United Kingdom; Georgetown University Medical Center (C.T.), Washington, DC; Sanofi (N.D., L.C., A.K.J.), Cambridge, MA; Eloquent Scientific Solutions (R.J.H.), Sydney, NSW, Australia; Eloquent Scientific Solutions (L.V.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Rehabilitation & MS-Centre Overpelt (B.V.W.), BIOMED, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Guillermo Izquierdo
- From the University of Münster (H.W.), Münster, Germany; Novant Health (M.C.), Charlotte, NC; University Vita-Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Milan, Italy; Virgen Macarena University Hospital (G.I.), Seville, Spain; Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center (H.J.K.), Goyang, South Korea; NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, University of Sheffield (B.S.), Sheffield, United Kingdom; Georgetown University Medical Center (C.T.), Washington, DC; Sanofi (N.D., L.C., A.K.J.), Cambridge, MA; Eloquent Scientific Solutions (R.J.H.), Sydney, NSW, Australia; Eloquent Scientific Solutions (L.V.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Rehabilitation & MS-Centre Overpelt (B.V.W.), BIOMED, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Ho Jin Kim
- From the University of Münster (H.W.), Münster, Germany; Novant Health (M.C.), Charlotte, NC; University Vita-Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Milan, Italy; Virgen Macarena University Hospital (G.I.), Seville, Spain; Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center (H.J.K.), Goyang, South Korea; NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, University of Sheffield (B.S.), Sheffield, United Kingdom; Georgetown University Medical Center (C.T.), Washington, DC; Sanofi (N.D., L.C., A.K.J.), Cambridge, MA; Eloquent Scientific Solutions (R.J.H.), Sydney, NSW, Australia; Eloquent Scientific Solutions (L.V.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Rehabilitation & MS-Centre Overpelt (B.V.W.), BIOMED, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Basil Sharrack
- From the University of Münster (H.W.), Münster, Germany; Novant Health (M.C.), Charlotte, NC; University Vita-Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Milan, Italy; Virgen Macarena University Hospital (G.I.), Seville, Spain; Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center (H.J.K.), Goyang, South Korea; NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, University of Sheffield (B.S.), Sheffield, United Kingdom; Georgetown University Medical Center (C.T.), Washington, DC; Sanofi (N.D., L.C., A.K.J.), Cambridge, MA; Eloquent Scientific Solutions (R.J.H.), Sydney, NSW, Australia; Eloquent Scientific Solutions (L.V.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Rehabilitation & MS-Centre Overpelt (B.V.W.), BIOMED, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Carlo Tornatore
- From the University of Münster (H.W.), Münster, Germany; Novant Health (M.C.), Charlotte, NC; University Vita-Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Milan, Italy; Virgen Macarena University Hospital (G.I.), Seville, Spain; Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center (H.J.K.), Goyang, South Korea; NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, University of Sheffield (B.S.), Sheffield, United Kingdom; Georgetown University Medical Center (C.T.), Washington, DC; Sanofi (N.D., L.C., A.K.J.), Cambridge, MA; Eloquent Scientific Solutions (R.J.H.), Sydney, NSW, Australia; Eloquent Scientific Solutions (L.V.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Rehabilitation & MS-Centre Overpelt (B.V.W.), BIOMED, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Nadia Daizadeh
- From the University of Münster (H.W.), Münster, Germany; Novant Health (M.C.), Charlotte, NC; University Vita-Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Milan, Italy; Virgen Macarena University Hospital (G.I.), Seville, Spain; Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center (H.J.K.), Goyang, South Korea; NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, University of Sheffield (B.S.), Sheffield, United Kingdom; Georgetown University Medical Center (C.T.), Washington, DC; Sanofi (N.D., L.C., A.K.J.), Cambridge, MA; Eloquent Scientific Solutions (R.J.H.), Sydney, NSW, Australia; Eloquent Scientific Solutions (L.V.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Rehabilitation & MS-Centre Overpelt (B.V.W.), BIOMED, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Luke Chung
- From the University of Münster (H.W.), Münster, Germany; Novant Health (M.C.), Charlotte, NC; University Vita-Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Milan, Italy; Virgen Macarena University Hospital (G.I.), Seville, Spain; Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center (H.J.K.), Goyang, South Korea; NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, University of Sheffield (B.S.), Sheffield, United Kingdom; Georgetown University Medical Center (C.T.), Washington, DC; Sanofi (N.D., L.C., A.K.J.), Cambridge, MA; Eloquent Scientific Solutions (R.J.H.), Sydney, NSW, Australia; Eloquent Scientific Solutions (L.V.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Rehabilitation & MS-Centre Overpelt (B.V.W.), BIOMED, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Alan K Jacobs
- From the University of Münster (H.W.), Münster, Germany; Novant Health (M.C.), Charlotte, NC; University Vita-Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Milan, Italy; Virgen Macarena University Hospital (G.I.), Seville, Spain; Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center (H.J.K.), Goyang, South Korea; NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, University of Sheffield (B.S.), Sheffield, United Kingdom; Georgetown University Medical Center (C.T.), Washington, DC; Sanofi (N.D., L.C., A.K.J.), Cambridge, MA; Eloquent Scientific Solutions (R.J.H.), Sydney, NSW, Australia; Eloquent Scientific Solutions (L.V.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Rehabilitation & MS-Centre Overpelt (B.V.W.), BIOMED, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Richard J Hogan
- From the University of Münster (H.W.), Münster, Germany; Novant Health (M.C.), Charlotte, NC; University Vita-Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Milan, Italy; Virgen Macarena University Hospital (G.I.), Seville, Spain; Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center (H.J.K.), Goyang, South Korea; NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, University of Sheffield (B.S.), Sheffield, United Kingdom; Georgetown University Medical Center (C.T.), Washington, DC; Sanofi (N.D., L.C., A.K.J.), Cambridge, MA; Eloquent Scientific Solutions (R.J.H.), Sydney, NSW, Australia; Eloquent Scientific Solutions (L.V.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Rehabilitation & MS-Centre Overpelt (B.V.W.), BIOMED, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Linda V Wychowski
- From the University of Münster (H.W.), Münster, Germany; Novant Health (M.C.), Charlotte, NC; University Vita-Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Milan, Italy; Virgen Macarena University Hospital (G.I.), Seville, Spain; Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center (H.J.K.), Goyang, South Korea; NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, University of Sheffield (B.S.), Sheffield, United Kingdom; Georgetown University Medical Center (C.T.), Washington, DC; Sanofi (N.D., L.C., A.K.J.), Cambridge, MA; Eloquent Scientific Solutions (R.J.H.), Sydney, NSW, Australia; Eloquent Scientific Solutions (L.V.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Rehabilitation & MS-Centre Overpelt (B.V.W.), BIOMED, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Bart Van Wijmeersch
- From the University of Münster (H.W.), Münster, Germany; Novant Health (M.C.), Charlotte, NC; University Vita-Salute San Raffaele (G.C.), Milan, Italy; Virgen Macarena University Hospital (G.I.), Seville, Spain; Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center (H.J.K.), Goyang, South Korea; NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, University of Sheffield (B.S.), Sheffield, United Kingdom; Georgetown University Medical Center (C.T.), Washington, DC; Sanofi (N.D., L.C., A.K.J.), Cambridge, MA; Eloquent Scientific Solutions (R.J.H.), Sydney, NSW, Australia; Eloquent Scientific Solutions (L.V.W.), Philadelphia, PA; and Rehabilitation & MS-Centre Overpelt (B.V.W.), BIOMED, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
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Differential Diagnostics of Active Progressing Multiple Sclerosis Using a Fluorescent Biomarker with Resonance Energy Transfer. Bull Exp Biol Med 2019; 167:329-334. [PMID: 31346868 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-019-04520-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous data showed that myelin-reactive autoantibodies found in patients with multiple sclerosis and mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis recognize and hydrolyze various fragments of myelin basic protein (MBP). Moreover, antibody-mediated cleavage of the encephalithogenic fragment MBP81-103 flanked with two fluorescent proteins can serve as a new biomarker of multiple sclerosis. Here we describe creation of the next generation of this biomarker based on antibody-dependent degradation of a new chemically synthesized fluorescent substrate with resonance energy transfer that contains fluorophore Cy5 and quencher QXL680 separated by MBP81-99 protein (Cy5-MBP81-99-QXL680). This substrate is degraded during incubation with purified antibodies and B cells from patients with multiple sclerosis, but not healthy volunteers.
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't Hart BA. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the common marmoset: a translationally relevant model for the cause and course of multiple sclerosis. Primate Biol 2019; 6:17-58. [PMID: 32110715 PMCID: PMC7041540 DOI: 10.5194/pb-6-17-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging Western societies are facing an increasing prevalence of chronic
autoimmune-mediated inflammatory disorders (AIMIDs) for which treatments that are safe and effective are scarce. One of the
main reasons for this situation is the lack of animal models, which accurately replicate
clinical and pathological aspects of the human diseases. One important AIMID is the
neuroinflammatory disease multiple sclerosis (MS), for which the mouse experimental
autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model has been frequently used in preclinical
research. Despite some successes, there is a long list of experimental treatments that
have failed to reproduce promising effects observed in murine EAE models when they were
tested in the clinic. This frustrating situation indicates a wide validity gap between
mouse EAE and MS. This monography describes the development of an EAE model in nonhuman
primates, which may help to bridge the gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert A 't Hart
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, the Netherlands.,Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
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28
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Enduring Clinical Value of Copaxone® (Glatiramer Acetate) in Multiple Sclerosis after 20 Years of Use. Mult Scler Int 2019; 2019:7151685. [PMID: 30775037 PMCID: PMC6350531 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7151685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative demyelinating disease affecting the central nervous system. Glatiramer acetate (GA; Copaxone®) was the first disease-modifying treatment (DMT) for MS successfully tested in humans (1977) and was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in December 1996. Since then, there have been numerous developments in the MS field: advances in neuroimaging allowing more rapid and accurate diagnosis; the availability of a range of DMTs including immunosuppressant monoclonal antibodies and oral agents; a more holistic approach to treatment by multidisciplinary teams; and an improved awareness of the need to consider a patient's preferences and patient-reported outcomes such as quality of life. The use of GA has endured throughout these advances. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the important developments in the MS field during the 20 years since GA was approved and to review clinical data for GA in MS, with the aim of understanding the continued and widespread use of GA. Both drug-related (efficacy versus side-effect profile and monitoring requirements) and patient factors (preferences regarding mode of administration and possible pregnancy) will be explored.
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29
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Ge F, Lin H, Li Z, Chang T. Efficacy and safety of autologous hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurol Sci 2018; 40:479-487. [PMID: 30535563 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-018-3670-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autologous hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (AHSCT) has been utilized as a treatment option for multiple sclerosis (MS) since 1995. However, this procedure has not been widely implemented in clinical practice owing to its mortality risk. Here, we conduct a meta-analysis to evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of AHSCT in MS treatment, aiming to optimize the benefit/risk ratio of this therapeutic strategy. METHODS We searched the PubMed Web site and clinicaltrials.gov databases. The efficacy endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS) and disease activity-free survival. The safety outcomes were transplant-related mortality (TRM) and overall deaths. RESULTS Eighteen eligible studies with a total of 732 participants were enrolled. The PFS was 75% (95% CI, 0.69-0.81), and the estimate of disease activity-free survival was 61% with 48-month follow-up. Subgroups analysis showed that low- and intermediate-intensity regimens were associated with higher PFS 80%. Relapsing remitting MS (RRMS) benefited more from AHSCT than other MS subtypes with PFS 85%. Patients with Gd+ lesions at baseline MRI responded better to AHSCT with PFS 77%. The estimate of TRM was 1.34% (95% CI, 0.39-2.30), and the overall mortality was 3.58%. TRM was significantly higher in high-intensity regimen studies (3.13%) and in older studies (1.93%) performed before 2006. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis provides evidences that AHSCT can induce long-term remissions for MS patients with a high degree of safety. We indicate low- and intermediate-intensity regimens and RRMS patients with the presence of Gd+ lesions at baseline MRI can obtain the optimal benefit/risk ratio from AHSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Ge
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Lin
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuyi Li
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Chang
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China.
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30
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Regulatory B and T lymphocytes in multiple sclerosis: friends or foes? AUTOIMMUNITY HIGHLIGHTS 2018; 9:9. [PMID: 30415321 PMCID: PMC6230324 DOI: 10.1007/s13317-018-0109-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Current clinical experience with immunomodulatory agents and monoclonal antibodies in principle has established the benefit of depleting lymphocytic populations in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). B and T cells may exert multiple pro-inflammatory actions, but also possess regulatory functions making their role in RRMS pathogenesis much more complex. There is no clear correlation of Tregs and Bregs with clinical features of the disease. Herein, we discuss the emerging data on regulatory T and B cell subset distributions in MS and their roles in the pathophysiology of MS and its murine model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In addition, we summarize the immunomodulatory properties of certain MS therapeutic agents through their effect on such regulatory cell subsets and their relevance to clinical outcomes.
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31
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Negron A, Robinson RR, Stüve O, Forsthuber TG. The role of B cells in multiple sclerosis: Current and future therapies. Cell Immunol 2018; 339:10-23. [PMID: 31130183 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
While it was long held that T cells were the primary mediators of multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis, the beneficial effects observed in response to treatment with Rituximab (RTX), a monoclonal antibody (mAb) targeting CD20, shed light on a key contributor to MS that had been previously underappreciated: B cells. This has been reaffirmed by results from clinical trials testing the efficacy of subsequently developed B cell-depleting mAbs targeting CD20 as well as studies revisiting the effects of previous disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) on B cell subsets thought to modulate disease severity. In this review, we summarize current knowledge regarding the complex roles of B cells in MS pathogenesis and current and potential future B cell-directed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Negron
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Rachel R Robinson
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Olaf Stüve
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Neurology Section, VA North Texas Health Care System, Medical Service, Dallas, TX, USA
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32
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Rahmanzadeh R, Weber MS, Brück W, Navardi S, Sahraian MA. B cells in multiple sclerosis therapy-A comprehensive review. Acta Neurol Scand 2018; 137:544-556. [PMID: 29512131 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
For decades, B cells were ignored in multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis, and the disease was always regarded as a T cell-mediated disorder. Recent evidence shows that there is an antigen-driven B-cell response in the central nervous system of patients with MS, and memory B cells/plasma cells are detectable in MS lesions. The striking efficacy of B cell-depleting therapies in reducing the inflammatory activity of the disease highlights that B cells may play more pathogenetic roles than expected. B cells express several unique characteristic markers on their surface, for example, CD19, CD20 molecules, that provide selective targets for monoclonal antibodies. In this respect, several B cell-targeted therapies emerged, including anti-CD20 antibodies (rituximab, ocrelizumab, and ofatumumab), anti-CD19 antibody (inebilizumab), and agents targeting the BAFF/APRIL signaling pathway (atacicept, belimumab, and LY2127399). In this review, we discuss, in detail, the immunobiology of B cells and their protective and destructive roles in MS pathogenesis. In the second part, we list the completed and ongoing clinical trials investigating the safety and efficacy of B cell-related monoclonal antibodies in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Rahmanzadeh
- MS Research Center; Neuroscience Institute; Tehran University of Medical Science; Tehran Iran
| | - M. S. Weber
- Institute of Neuropathology; University Medical Center; Göttingen Germany
- Department of Neurology; University Medical Center; Göttingen Germany
| | - W. Brück
- Institute of Neuropathology; University Medical Center; Göttingen Germany
- Department of Neurology; University Medical Center; Göttingen Germany
| | - S. Navardi
- MS Research Center; Neuroscience Institute; Tehran University of Medical Science; Tehran Iran
| | - M. A. Sahraian
- MS Research Center; Neuroscience Institute; Tehran University of Medical Science; Tehran Iran
- Iranian Center for Neurological Research; Neuroscience Institute; Tehran University of Medical Science; Tehran Iran
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33
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Wang X, Liang KD, Zhang JA, Liu GB, Chen Z, Chen C, Zhuang ZG, Liu YQ, Luo HL, Li RX, Zheng BY, Xu JF. Increased B cell activating factor is associated with B cell class switching in patients with tuberculous pleural effusion. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:1704-1709. [PMID: 29845274 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell activating factor (BAFF), a member of the tumor necrosis factor family, is a key cytokine for B cell survival, a function that is essential for B cell maturation and memory. The expression levels of BAFF and its potential contribution to B cell maturation remain elusive in patients with tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE). The present study enrolled 40 healthy controls (HC) and 45 TPE patients, and investigated the levels of BAFF in the plasma and pleural effusion. Concomitantly, B cell subsets including naïve B cell (CD19+IgD+CD27‑), unswitched B cell (CD19+IgD+CD27+), switched B cell (CD19+IgD‑CD27+), total memory B cell (CD19+CD27+), plasma B cell (CD19+IgD‑CD38+CD27+) and transitional B cell (CD19+IgDdim CD38+) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and pleural fluid mononuclear cells (PFMCs) were assessed using multicolor flow cytometry. Finally, the associations between BAFF and each sub‑group of B cells in TPE patients were analyzed. Compared with HC cases, an increased BAFF level and elevated frequency of switched B cell were observed in the blood and pleural effusion from patients with TPE. The proportions of naïve B cell, plasma B cell and transitional B cell were lower in the PFMCs of TPE patients. Furthermore, a significant correlation was observed between the level of BAFF, and the proportion of switched B cell in the peripheral blood and pleural effusion of TPE patients. These findings indicated that the B cell profile may be different in the pleural effusion, and BAFF may activate switched B cells to enhance the humoral immune responses in patients with TPE. Further studies are required to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and determine the potential immunotherapy of the BAFF‑switched B cell axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Kui-Di Liang
- Department of Respiration, Dongguan 6th Hospital, Dongguan, Guangdong 523000, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Ai Zhang
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Gan-Bin Liu
- Department of Respiration, Dongguan 6th Hospital, Dongguan, Guangdong 523000, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Chen Chen
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Ze-Gang Zhuang
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Qing Liu
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Hou-Long Luo
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Rui Xi Li
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Bi-Ying Zheng
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Fa Xu
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
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34
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Gajofatto A, Turatti M. Investigational immunosuppressants in early-stage clinical trials for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2018; 27:273-286. [DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2018.1442437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Gajofatto
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Marco Turatti
- Neurology B Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
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35
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Baecher-Allan C, Kaskow BJ, Weiner HL. Multiple Sclerosis: Mechanisms and Immunotherapy. Neuron 2018; 97:742-768. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 432] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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36
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Shifting paradigms in multiple sclerosis: from disease-specific, through population-specific toward patient-specific. Curr Opin Neurol 2018; 29:354-61. [PMID: 27070218 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000000324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In recent years we notice paradigm shifts in the understanding of multiple sclerosis (MS), leading to important transition in the patients' management. This review discusses some of the recent findings and developments underlying the conceptual changes being translated from 'treating the disease' to 'treating the patient' with MS (PwMS). RECENT FINDINGS Applying advanced technologies combined with cross-disciplinary efforts in the fields of neuropathology, neuroimmunology, neurobiology, and neuroimaging, together with clinical neurology provided support for the notion that MS is not a single disease but rather a spectrum. Predictive markers of disease subtypes, disease activity and response to therapy are being developed; some already applied to practice, allowing informed management. In parallel, population-specific issues, some genetic-driven, others caused by environmental (sun-exposure, life-style, etc.), gender-related (hormones) and epigenetic factors, are being elucidated. Additionally, patient empowerment-based approaches, including integration of patient-reported outcome measures (PRO) as well as tools to enhance patients' adherence to medications, are being developed, some already provided as part of emerging mobile-health technologies. SUMMARY Developments in the MS field, elucidating disease subtypes and interpopulation diversities, together with integration of patient-centered approaches, allow transition toward precision medicine in MS clinical trials and patient care.
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37
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Angerer IC, Hecker M, Koczan D, Roch L, Friess J, Rüge A, Fitzner B, Boxberger N, Schröder I, Flechtner K, Thiesen HJ, Winkelmann A, Meister S, Zettl UK. Transcriptome profiling of peripheral blood immune cell populations in multiple sclerosis patients before and during treatment with a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulator. CNS Neurosci Ther 2018; 24:193-201. [PMID: 29314605 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Fingolimod is a sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor modulator approved for the treatment of the relapsing form of multiple sclerosis (MS). It prevents the egress of lymphocyte subpopulations from lymphoid tissues into the circulation. Here, we explored the broad effects of fingolimod on gene expression in different immune cell subsets. METHODS Utilizing 150 high-resolution microarrays from Affymetrix, we obtained the transcriptome profiles of 5 cell populations, which were separated from the peripheral blood of MS patients prior to and following oral administration of fingolimod. RESULTS After 3 months of treatment, significant transcriptome shifts were seen in CD4+ and CD8+ cells, which is mainly attributable to the selective homing of naive T cells and central memory T cells. Although the number of B cells was greatly reduced in the blood of fingolimod-treated MS patients, the analysis of differential expression in CD19+ cells identified only a small set of 42 genes, which indicated a slightly higher frequency of transitional B cells. The transcriptome signatures of CD14+ monocytes and CD56+ natural killer cells were not affected. CONCLUSION Our study corroborates changes in the composition of circulating immune cells in response to fingolimod and delineates the respective implications at the RNA level. Our data may be valuable for comparing the effects of novel S1P receptor modulating agents, which may be a therapeutic option for patients with secondary progressive MS as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines C Angerer
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroimmunology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Michael Hecker
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroimmunology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.,Steinbeis Transfer Center for Proteome Analysis, Rostock, Germany
| | - Dirk Koczan
- Steinbeis Transfer Center for Proteome Analysis, Rostock, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Luisa Roch
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroimmunology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jörg Friess
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroimmunology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Annelen Rüge
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroimmunology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Brit Fitzner
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroimmunology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.,Steinbeis Transfer Center for Proteome Analysis, Rostock, Germany
| | - Nina Boxberger
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroimmunology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ina Schröder
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroimmunology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Hans-Jürgen Thiesen
- Steinbeis Transfer Center for Proteome Analysis, Rostock, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander Winkelmann
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroimmunology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Stefanie Meister
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroimmunology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Uwe K Zettl
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroimmunology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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38
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Sokolov AV, Shmidt AA, Lomakin YA. B Cell Regulation in Autoimmune Diseases. Acta Naturae 2018; 10:11-22. [PMID: 30397522 PMCID: PMC6209408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-independent B cell effector functions play an important role in the development and suppression of the immune response. An extensive body of data on cytokine regulation of the immune response by B lymphocytes has been accumulated over the past fifteen years. In this review, we focused on the mechanisms of inflammatory response suppression by subpopulations of regulatory B cells in health and autoimmune pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. V. Sokolov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - A. A. Shmidt
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Y. A. Lomakin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia ,Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskay Str., 18, Kazan, 420008, Russia
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39
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't Hart BA, Dunham J, Faber BW, Laman JD, van Horssen J, Bauer J, Kap YS. A B Cell-Driven Autoimmune Pathway Leading to Pathological Hallmarks of Progressive Multiple Sclerosis in the Marmoset Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Model. Front Immunol 2017; 8:804. [PMID: 28744286 PMCID: PMC5504154 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The absence of pathological hallmarks of progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) in commonly used rodent models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) hinders the development of adequate treatments for progressive disease. Work reviewed here shows that such hallmarks are present in the EAE model in marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus). The minimal requirement for induction of progressive MS pathology is immunization with a synthetic peptide representing residues 34–56 from human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) formulated with a mineral oil [incomplete Freund’s adjuvant (IFA)]. Pathological aspects include demyelination of cortical gray matter with microglia activation, oxidative stress, and redistribution of iron. When the peptide is formulated in complete Freund’s adjuvant, which contains mycobacteria that relay strong activation signals to myeloid cells, oxidative damage pathways are strongly boosted leading to more intensive pathology. The proven absence of immune potentiating danger signals in the MOG34–56/IFA formulation implies that a narrow population of antigen-experienced T cells present in the monkey’s immune repertoire is activated. This novel pathway involves the interplay of lymphocryptovirus-infected B cells with MHC class Ib/Caja-E restricted CD8+ CD56+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert A 't Hart
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Center, Rijswijk, Netherlands.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jordon Dunham
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Center, Rijswijk, Netherlands.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Bart W Faber
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Center, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Jon D Laman
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen, Netherlands.,MS Center Noord-Nederland, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jack van Horssen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jan Bauer
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Brain Research Institute, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yolanda S Kap
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Center, Rijswijk, Netherlands
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40
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Morandi E, Jagessar SA, 't Hart BA, Gran B. EBV Infection Empowers Human B Cells for Autoimmunity: Role of Autophagy and Relevance to Multiple Sclerosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:435-448. [PMID: 28592428 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of B cell depletion therapy in multiple sclerosis indicates their central pathogenic role in disease pathogenesis. The B lymphotropic EBV is a major risk factor in multiple sclerosis, via as yet unclear mechanisms. We reported in a nonhuman primate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model that an EBV-related lymphocryptovirus enables B cells to protect a proteolysis-sensitive immunodominant myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) epitope (residues 40-48) against destructive processing. This facilitates its cross-presentation to autoaggressive cytotoxic MHC-E-restricted CD8+CD56+ T cells. The present study extends these observations to intact human B cells and identifies a key role of autophagy. EBV infection upregulated APC-related markers on B cells and activated the cross-presentation machinery. Although human MOG protein was degraded less in EBV-infected than in uninfected B cells, induction of cathepsin G activity by EBV led to total degradation of the immunodominant peptides MOG35-55 and MOG1-20 Inhibition of cathepsin G or citrullination of the arginine residue within an LC3-interacting region motif of immunodominant MOG peptides abrogated their degradation. Internalized MOG colocalized with autophagosomes, which can protect from destructive processing. In conclusion, EBV infection switches MOG processing in B cells from destructive to productive and facilitates cross-presentation of disease-relevant epitopes to CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Morandi
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - S Anwar Jagessar
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk 2288, the Netherlands
| | - Bert A 't Hart
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk 2288, the Netherlands.,Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700, the Netherlands; and
| | - Bruno Gran
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom; .,Department of Neurology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
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41
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Henrickson SE, Ruffner MA, Kwan M. Unintended Immunological Consequences of Biologic Therapy. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2017; 16:46. [PMID: 27324478 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-016-0624-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the understanding of immune dysregulation in autoimmune diseases have enabled the development of new monoclonal antibody-based drugs called biologics. Biologics have been used to target aberrant immune responses in many diseases, but patients with rheumatologic and other autoimmune diseases have benefited the most and improvements in outcomes have been significant. The use of biologics is not without hazard, however, as these agents block immune pathways adapted to protect the host. This has been borne out by increased rates of infections as well as induction of new autoimmune and hematologic adverse effects. As new drugs for the treatment of autoimmune conditions are entering the pipeline, it is incumbent on the practicing immunologist to understand the mechanism of these biologics and the implications of clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Henrickson
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3550 Market St. 3rd floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Melanie A Ruffner
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3550 Market St. 3rd floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Mildred Kwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 3300 Thurston, CB #7280, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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Mitkin NA, Muratova AM, Schwartz AM, Kuprash DV. The A Allele of the Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism rs630923 Creates a Binding Site for MEF2C Resulting in Reduced CXCR5 Promoter Activity in B-Cell Lymphoblastic Cell Lines. Front Immunol 2016; 7:515. [PMID: 27909439 PMCID: PMC5112242 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptor CXCR5 is highly expressed in B-cells and under normal conditions is involved in their migration to specific areas of secondary lymphoid organs. B-cells are known to play an important role in various autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS) where areas of demyelinating lesions attract B-cells by overexpressing CXCL13, the CXCR5 ligand. In this study, we aimed to determine the functional significance of single-nucleotide polymorphism rs630923 (A/C), which is located in cxcr5 gene promoter, and its common allele is associated with increased risk of MS. Using bioinformatics and pull-down assay in B-lymphoblastic cell lines, we showed that protective minor rs630923 "A" allele created functional binding site for MEF2C transcription factor. Elevated MEF2C expression in B-cells correlated with reduced activity of cxcr5 promoter containing rs630923 "A" allele. This effect that was fully neutralized by MEF2C-directed siRNA may mechanistically explain the protective role of the rs630923 minor allele in MS. Using site-directed mutagenesis of the cxcr5 gene promoter, we were unable to find any experimental evidence for the previously proposed role of NFκB transcription factors in rs630923-mediated CXCR5 promoter regulation. Thus, our results identify MEF2C as a possible mediator of protective function of the rs630923 "A" allele in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita A. Mitkin
- Laboratory of Intracellular Signaling in Health and Disease, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alisa M. Muratova
- Laboratory of Intracellular Signaling in Health and Disease, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Immunology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anton M. Schwartz
- Laboratory of Intracellular Signaling in Health and Disease, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry V. Kuprash
- Laboratory of Intracellular Signaling in Health and Disease, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Immunology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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Rodi M, Dimisianos N, de Lastic AL, Sakellaraki P, Deraos G, Matsoukas J, Papathanasopoulos P, Mouzaki A. Regulatory Cell Populations in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS) Patients: Effect of Disease Activity and Treatment Regimens. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091398. [PMID: 27571060 PMCID: PMC5037678 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) of autoimmune etiology that results from an imbalance between CNS-specific T effector cells and peripheral suppressive mechanisms mediated by regulatory cells (RC). In this research, we collected blood samples from 83 relapsing remitting MS (RRMS) patients and 45 healthy persons (HC), to assess the sizes of their RC populations, including CD4⁺CD25(high)Foxp3⁺ (nTregs), CD3⁺CD4⁺HLA(-)G⁺, CD3⁺CD8⁺CD28(-), CD3⁺CD56⁺, and CD56(bright) cells, and how RC are affected by disease activity (acute phase or remission) and types of treatment (methylprednisolone, interferon, or natalizumab). In addition, we isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and cultured them with peptides mapping to myelin antigens, to determine RC responsiveness to autoantigens. The results showed decreased levels of nTregs in patients in the acute phase ± methylprednisolone and in remission + natalizumab, but HC levels in patients in remission or receiving interferon. Patients + interferon had the highest levels of CD3⁺CD4⁺HLA(-)G⁺ and CD3⁺CD8⁺CD28(-) RC, and patients in the acute phase + methylprednisolone the lowest. Patients in remission had the highest levels of CD3⁺CD56⁺, and patients in remission + natalizumab the highest levels of CD56(bright) cells. Only nTregs responded to autoantigens in culture, regardless of disease activity or treatment. The highest suppressive activity was exhibited by nTregs from patients in remission. In conclusion, in RRMS disease activity and type of treatment affect different RC populations. nTregs respond to myelin antigens, indicating that it is possible to restore immunological tolerance through nTreg induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rodi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras GR-26500, Greece.
| | - Nikolaos Dimisianos
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine & University Hospital, University of Patras, Patras GR-26500, Greece.
| | - Anne-Lise de Lastic
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras GR-26500, Greece.
| | - Panagiota Sakellaraki
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras GR-26500, Greece.
| | - George Deraos
- Eldrug S.A., Pharmaceutical Company, Platani, Patras GR-26504, Greece.
| | - John Matsoukas
- Eldrug S.A., Pharmaceutical Company, Platani, Patras GR-26504, Greece.
| | - Panagiotis Papathanasopoulos
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine & University Hospital, University of Patras, Patras GR-26500, Greece.
| | - Athanasia Mouzaki
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras GR-26500, Greece.
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Huang Q, Xiao B, Ma X, Qu M, Li Y, Nagarkatti P, Nagarkatti M, Zhou J. MicroRNAs associated with the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 295-296:148-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Stepanov A, Belyy A, Kasheverov I, Rybinets A, Dronina M, Dyachenko I, Murashev A, Knorre V, Sakharov D, Ponomarenko N, Tsetlin V, Tonevitsky A, Deyev S, Belogurov A, Gabibov A. Development of a recombinant immunotoxin for the immunotherapy of autoreactive lymphocytes expressing MOG-specific BCRs. Biotechnol Lett 2016; 38:1173-80. [PMID: 27099070 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-016-2092-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is one of the major autoantigens in multiple sclerosis (MS), therefore selective depletion of autoreactive lymphocytes exposing MOG-specific B cell receptors (BCRs) would be beneficial in terms of MS treatment. RESULTS Using E. coli we generated an efficient protocol for the purification of the recombinant immunotoxin DT-MOG composed of the extracellular Ig-like domain of MOG fused in frame with the catalytic and translocation subunits of diphtheria toxin (DT, Corynebacterium diphtheriae) under native conditions with a final yield of 1.5 mg per liter of culture medium. Recombinant DT-MOG was recognized in vitro by MOG-reactive antibodies and has catalytic activity comparable with wild-type DT. CONCLUSION Enhanced pharmacokinetics (mean residence time in the bloodstream of 61 min) and minimized diminished nonspecific toxicity (LD50 = 1.76 mg/kg) of the DT-MOG makes it a potential candidate for the immunotherapy of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Stepanov
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 16/10, Moscow, Russia, 117997.,Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
| | - Alexander Belyy
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 16/10, Moscow, Russia, 117997.,Department of Bacterial Infections, Gamaleya Research Institute, Gamaleya Str., 18, Moscow, Russia, 123098
| | - Igor Kasheverov
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 16/10, Moscow, Russia, 117997
| | - Alexandra Rybinets
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 16/10, Moscow, Russia, 117997
| | - Maria Dronina
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 16/10, Moscow, Russia, 117997
| | - Igor Dyachenko
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 16/10, Moscow, Russia, 117997
| | - Arkady Murashev
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 16/10, Moscow, Russia, 117997
| | - Vera Knorre
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 16/10, Moscow, Russia, 117997
| | - Dmitry Sakharov
- SRC Bioclinicum, Ugreshskaya str 2/85, Moscow, Russia, 115088
| | - Natalya Ponomarenko
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 16/10, Moscow, Russia, 117997
| | - Victor Tsetlin
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 16/10, Moscow, Russia, 117997
| | | | - Sergey Deyev
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 16/10, Moscow, Russia, 117997
| | - Alexey Belogurov
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 16/10, Moscow, Russia, 117997.,Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
| | - Alexander Gabibov
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 16/10, Moscow, Russia, 117997. .,Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia.
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Hecker M, Fitzner B, Wendt M, Lorenz P, Flechtner K, Steinbeck F, Schröder I, Thiesen HJ, Zettl UK. High-Density Peptide Microarray Analysis of IgG Autoantibody Reactivities in Serum and Cerebrospinal Fluid of Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 15:1360-80. [PMID: 26831522 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.051664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrathecal immunoglobulin G (IgG) synthesis and oligoclonal IgG bands in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are hallmarks of multiple sclerosis (MS), but the antigen specificities remain enigmatic. Our study is the first investigating the autoantibody repertoire in paired serum and CSF samples from patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), primary progressive MS (PPMS), and other neurological diseases by the use of high-density peptide microarrays. Protein sequences of 45 presumed MS autoantigens (e.g.MOG, MBP, and MAG) were represented on the microarrays by overlapping 15mer peptides. IgG reactivities were screened against a total of 3991 peptides, including also selected viral epitopes. The measured antibody reactivities were highly individual but correlated for matched serum and CSF samples. We found 54 peptides to be recognized significantly more often by serum or CSF antibodies from MS patients compared with controls (pvalues <0.05). The results for RRMS and PPMS clearly overlapped. However, PPMS patients presented a broader peptide-antibody signature. The highest signals were detected for a peptide mapping to a region of the Epstein-Barr virus protein EBNA1 (amino acids 392-411), which is homologous to the N-terminal part of human crystallin alpha-B. Our data confirmed several known MS-associated antigens and epitopes, and they delivered additional potential linear epitopes, which await further validation. The peripheral and intrathecal humoral immune response in MS is polyspecific and includes antibodies that are also found in serum of patients with other diseases. Further studies are required to assess the pathogenic relevance of autoreactive and anti-EBNA1 antibodies as well as their combinatorial value as biomarkers for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hecker
- From the ‡University of Rostock, Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroimmunology, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany; §Steinbeis Transfer Center for Proteome Analysis, Schillingallee 70, 18057 Rostock, Germany;
| | - Brit Fitzner
- From the ‡University of Rostock, Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroimmunology, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany; §Steinbeis Transfer Center for Proteome Analysis, Schillingallee 70, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Matthias Wendt
- From the ‡University of Rostock, Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroimmunology, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Peter Lorenz
- ¶University of Rostock, Institute of Immunology, Schillingallee 70, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Kristin Flechtner
- ¶University of Rostock, Institute of Immunology, Schillingallee 70, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Felix Steinbeck
- ¶University of Rostock, Institute of Immunology, Schillingallee 70, 18057 Rostock, Germany; ‖Gesellschaft für Individualisierte Medizin mbH (IndyMED), Lessingstr. 17, 18055 Rostock, Germany
| | - Ina Schröder
- From the ‡University of Rostock, Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroimmunology, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Thiesen
- §Steinbeis Transfer Center for Proteome Analysis, Schillingallee 70, 18057 Rostock, Germany; ¶University of Rostock, Institute of Immunology, Schillingallee 70, 18057 Rostock, Germany; ‖Gesellschaft für Individualisierte Medizin mbH (IndyMED), Lessingstr. 17, 18055 Rostock, Germany
| | - Uwe Klaus Zettl
- From the ‡University of Rostock, Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroimmunology, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
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47
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Gasperi C, Stüve O, Hemmer B. B cell-directed therapies in multiple sclerosis. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2016; 6:37-47. [DOI: 10.2217/nmt.15.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory neurological disease of the CNS that goes along with demyelination and neurodegeneration. It is probably caused by an autoimmune response against the CNS, which emerges from the interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Although major progress has been made in the treatment of MS, it is still the leading cause for acquired nontraumatic neurological disability in young adults. Several therapeutic agents have been approved for the treatment of relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS), aiming at the reduction of relapses and a delay in disability progression. Three therapeutic monoclonal antibodies targeting CD20-positive B cells (rituximab, ocrelizumab and ofatumumab) were investigated in MRI-based Phase II and Phase III trials in RRMS, providing consistent evidence for a disease-ameliorating effect of B cell depleting therapies in MS. Here, we discuss the role of B cells and review current and future therapeutic approaches to target B cells in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Gasperi
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Olaf Stüve
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675 München, Germany
- Departments of Neurology & Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Bernhard Hemmer
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675 München, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), München, Germany
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49
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Fernández-Menéndez S, Fernández-Morán M, Fernández-Vega I, Pérez-Álvarez A, Villafani-Echazú J. Epstein-Barr virus and multiple sclerosis. From evidence to therapeutic strategies. J Neurol Sci 2016; 361:213-9. [PMID: 26810546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is caused by a complex interaction between genetic predisposition and environmental factors. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an environmental risk factor that is strongly related to multiple sclerosis (MS), since EBV seropositivity is linked to a significant risk of developing MS. EBV may be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease and it is possibly a prerequisite for the development of MS. EBV infection persists in B-cells during the lifetime of the host and can modulate their function. In addition, MS patients might have a deficient capacity to eliminate latent EBV infection in the central nervous system and this would promote the accumulation of infected B cells. Several mechanisms of pathogenesis, including a direct and indirect function of infected B cells, have been postulated in inflammation and neurodegeneration. A relationship between EBV and human endogenous retroviruses in the pathogenesis of MS has also been reported. If EBV is important in the pathogenesis of MS, different therapeutic strategies seem possible for MS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Fernández-Morán
- Department of Neuropaediatrics, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Iván Fernández-Vega
- Pathology department (Neuropathology division), Hospital Universitario Araba, Álava, Spain
| | - Angel Pérez-Álvarez
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
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