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Peces R, Peces C, Espinosa L, Mena R, Blanco C, Tenorio-Castaño J, Lapunzina P, Nevado J. A Spanish Family with Gordon Syndrome Due to a Variant in the Acidic Motif of WNK1. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1878. [PMID: 37895227 PMCID: PMC10606608 DOI: 10.3390/genes14101878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Gordon syndrome (GS) or familial hyperkalemic hypertension is caused by pathogenic variants in the genes WNK1, WNK4, KLHL3, and CUL3. Patients presented with hypertension, hyperkalemia despite average glomerular filtration rate, hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, and suppressed plasma renin (PR) activity with normal plasma aldosterone (PA) and sometimes failure to thrive. GS is a heterogeneous genetic syndrome, ranging from severe cases in childhood to mild and sometimes asymptomatic cases in mid-adulthood. (2) Methods: We report here a sizeable Spanish family of six patients (four adults and two children) with GS. (3) Results: They carry a novel heterozygous missense variant in exon 7 of WNK1 (p.Glu630Gly). The clinical presentation in the four adults consisted of hypertension (superimposed pre-eclampsia in two cases), hyperkalemia, short stature with low body weight, and isolated hyperkalemia in both children. All patients also presented mild hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis and low PR activity with normal PA levels. Abnormal laboratory findings and hypertension were normalized by dietary salt restriction and low doses of thiazide or indapamide retard. (4) Conclusions: This is the first Spanish family with GS with a novel heterozygous missense variant in WNK1 (p.Glu630Gly) in the region containing the highly conserved acidic motif, which is showing a relatively mild phenotype, and adults diagnosed in mild adulthood. These data support the importance of missense variants in the WNK1 acidic domain in electrolyte balance/metabolism. In addition, findings in this family also suggest that indapamide retard or thiazide may be an adequate long-standing treatment for GS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Peces
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Universidad Autónoma, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Peces
- Area de Tecnología de la Información, SESCAM, 45003 Toledo, Spain;
| | - Laura Espinosa
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Universidad Autónoma, 28046 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Rocío Mena
- INGEMM, Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPAZ, 28046 Madrid, Spain; (R.M.); (C.B.); (J.T.-C.); (P.L.)
| | - Carolina Blanco
- INGEMM, Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPAZ, 28046 Madrid, Spain; (R.M.); (C.B.); (J.T.-C.); (P.L.)
| | - Jair Tenorio-Castaño
- INGEMM, Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPAZ, 28046 Madrid, Spain; (R.M.); (C.B.); (J.T.-C.); (P.L.)
- ITHACA, European Research Network, La Paz University Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain
- Network for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Lapunzina
- INGEMM, Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPAZ, 28046 Madrid, Spain; (R.M.); (C.B.); (J.T.-C.); (P.L.)
- ITHACA, European Research Network, La Paz University Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain
- Network for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Julián Nevado
- INGEMM, Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPAZ, 28046 Madrid, Spain; (R.M.); (C.B.); (J.T.-C.); (P.L.)
- ITHACA, European Research Network, La Paz University Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain
- Network for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), 28046 Madrid, Spain
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Liu X, Xie Y, Tang J, Zhong J, Zeng D, Lan D. Aldosterone defects in infants and young children with hyperkalemia: A single center retrospective study. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1092388. [PMID: 36726778 PMCID: PMC9885047 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1092388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hyperkalemia is a rare but severe condition in young children and usually discovered as a result of hemolysis of the blood samples taken. However, patients with defects in either aldosterone biosynthesis or function can also present with hyperkalemia- as well hyponatremia-associated, and metabolic acidosis. It is a challenge to make an accurate diagnosis of these clinical conditions. We conducted this study to investigate the clinical and genetic features of aldosterone signaling defects associated hyperkalemia in young children. METHOD A retrospective review was conducted at the pediatric department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University from 2012 to 2022. RESULTS 47 patients with hyperkalemia were enrolled, of which 80.9% (n = 38) were diagnosed with primary hypoaldosteronism, including congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency (n = 32), isolated hypoaldosteronism (n = 1) due to CYP11B2 gene mutation and Xp21 contiguous gene deletion syndrome (n = 1). Additionally, 4 patients were clinically-diagnosed with primary adrenal insufficiency. Nine patients were confirmed with aldosterone resistance, of which one child was diagnosed with pseudohypoaldosteronism (PHA) type 1 with a mutation in the NR3C2 gene and 3 children were identified with PHA type 2 due to novel mutations in either the CUL3 or KLHL3 genes. Five patients had PHA type 3 because of pathologies of either the urinary or intestinal tracts. CONCLUSIONS The etiologies of infants with hyperkalemia associated with aldosterone defects were mostly due to primary hypoaldosteronism. An elevated plasma aldosterone level may be a useful biomarker for the diagnosis an aldosterone functional defect in patients presented with hyperkalemia. However, a normal plasma aldosterone level does rule out an aldosterone defect in either its biosynthesis or function, especially in young infants. Molecular genetic analyses can greatly help to clarify the complexity of disorders and can be used to confirm the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yanshu Xie
- Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jing Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jingzi Zhong
- Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Dan Zeng
- Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Dan Lan
- Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Kelch-like protein 3 in human disease and therapy. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:9813-9824. [PMID: 35585379 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07487-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Kelch-like protein 3 (KLHL3) is a substrate adaptor of Cullin3-RING ubiquitin ligase (CRL3), and KLHL3-CUL3 complex plays a vital role in the ubiquitination of specific substrates. Mutations and abnormal post-translational modifications of KLHL3-CUL3 affect substrate ubiquitination and may related to the pathogenesis of Gordon syndrome (GS), Primary Hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), Diabetes Mellitus (DM), Congenital Heart Disease (CHD), Pre-eclampsia (PE) and even cancers. Therefore, it is essential to understand the function and molecular mechanisms of KLHL3-CUL3 for the treatment of related diseases. In this review, we summary the structure and function of KLHL3-CUL3, the effect of KLHL3-CUL3 mutations and aberrant modifications in GS, PHPT, DM, CHD and PE. Moreover, we noted a possible role of KLHL3-CUL3 in carcinogenesis and provided ideas for targeting KLHL3-CUL3 for related disease treatment.
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Zhang R, Zhang S, Luo Y, Li M, Wen X, Cai X, Han X, Ji L. A case report of pseudohypoaldosteronism type II with a homozygous KLHL3 variant accompanied by hyperthyroidism. BMC Endocr Disord 2021; 21:103. [PMID: 34022862 PMCID: PMC8141237 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-021-00767-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHAII), also called Gordon syndrome, is a rare hereditary disease caused by variants in the WNK1, WNK4, KLHL3 and CUL3 genes. The combination of PHAII with hyperthyroidism and secondary hyperparathyroidism has not been reported previously. CASE PRESENTATION A 54-year-old female with recently diagnosed Graves' disease presented hyperkalemia, hypertension, hypercalciuria, elevated levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and normal renal function. PHAII was established based on the finding of a homozygous variant (c.328 A > G, T110A) in the KLHL3 gene. Low-dose thiazide diuretics normalized her potassium, calcium and PTH. CONCLUSIONS PHAII caused by a KLHL3 variant can affect adults later in life. This diagnosis should be considered in patients with hypertension, consistent hyperkalemia, and normal eGFR and can be corrected by thiazides. The patient also had hyperthyroidism and secondary hyperparathyroidism. The latter was also corrected by thiazide treatment. The hyperthyroidism was assumed to be unrelated to PHAII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital, No 11, Xizhimen Nan Street, Xicheng District, 100044, Beijing, China
| | - Simin Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital, No 11, Xizhimen Nan Street, Xicheng District, 100044, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Luo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital, No 11, Xizhimen Nan Street, Xicheng District, 100044, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital, No 11, Xizhimen Nan Street, Xicheng District, 100044, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital, No 11, Xizhimen Nan Street, Xicheng District, 100044, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoling Cai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital, No 11, Xizhimen Nan Street, Xicheng District, 100044, Beijing, China
| | - Xueyao Han
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital, No 11, Xizhimen Nan Street, Xicheng District, 100044, Beijing, China.
| | - Linong Ji
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital, No 11, Xizhimen Nan Street, Xicheng District, 100044, Beijing, China
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20-HETE downregulates Na/K-ATPase α1 expression via the ubiquitination pathway. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2020; 152:106503. [PMID: 33199266 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2020.106503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we found that 20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) reduced Na/K-ATPase α1 expression via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. The ubiquitination level of Na/K-ATPase α1 protein was increased in 20-HETE-treated mouse cortical collecting duct cells and the kidney tissues of CYP4F2 transgenic mice. We also demonstrated that 20-HETE-induced high level phosphorylation of Na/K-ATPase α1 was necessary for its ubiquitination.The protein kinase C inhibitor sotrastaurin significantly reduced the phosphorylation of Na/K-ATPase α1 and increased the expression of Na/K-ATPase α1 although 20-HETE stimulus being applied at the same time. Moreover, high level of 20-HETE increased the expression and neddylation of Cullin3,which is an important ubiquitin E3 ligase in kidney. MLN4924, an inhibitor of NEDD8-activating enzyme, inhibited neddylation of Cullin3 and reversed the reduction of Na/K-ATPase α1 expression caused by 20-HETE. Thus, 20-HETE downregulates Na/K-ATPase α1 via the ubiquitination pathway, and phosphorylation of Na/K-ATPase α1 is a prerequisite to ubiquitination. Additionally, 20-HETE regulates Cullin3 expression via neddylation.
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Hypertension Accompanied by Hyperaldosteronism, Hyperkalemia, and Hyperchloremic Acidosis: A Case Report and Literature Review. Case Rep Endocrinol 2020; 2020:1635413. [PMID: 32774943 PMCID: PMC7396012 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1635413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study reported on a 24-year-old woman who complained of a paroxysmal headache for six months and elevated blood pressure for four months. Laboratory examination revealed increased serum potassium and chloride levels, metabolic acidosis, suppressed renin activity, and increased plasma aldosterone concentration. Whole-exome sequencing revealed a heterozygous mutation in exon 11 of the KLHL3 gene: c.1298G > A. After treatment with low-dose hydrochlorothiazide, her clinical problems were controlled. This patient is the first case of Gordon syndrome (GS) within the Chinese population caused by a heterozygous KLHL3 mutation. A systematic review of the published literature identified 27 patients with GS caused by a KLHL3 mutation. These patients had a mean age of 28.2 ± 22.0 years; 74.1% presented with hypertension, 76.9% with hyperkalemia, and 59.1% with metabolic acidosis. The patients also had varying levels of plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentrations.
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Mayan H, Farfel Z, Karlish SJD. Renal Mg handling, FXYD2 and the central role of the Na,K-ATPase. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13843. [PMID: 30175537 PMCID: PMC6119663 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This article examines the central role of Na,K-ATPase (α1β1FXYD2) in renal Mg handling, especially in distal convoluted tubule (DCT), the segment responsible for final regulation of Mg balance. By considering effects of Na,K-ATPase on intracellular Na and K concentrations, and driving forces for Mg transport, we propose a consistent rationale explaining basal Mg reabsorption in DCT and altered Mg reabsorption in some human diseases. FXYD2 (γ subunit) is a regulatory subunit that adapts functional properties of Na,K-ATPase to cellular requirements. Mutations in FXYD2 (G41R), and transcription factors (HNF-1B and PCBD1) that affect FXYD2 expression are associated with hypomagnesemia with hypermagnesuria. These mutations result in impaired interactions of FXYD2 with Na,K-ATPase. Renal Mg wasting implies that Na,K-ATPase is inhibited, but in vitro studies show that FXYD2 itself inhibits Na,K-ATPase activity, raising K0.5 Na. However, FXYD2 also stabilizes the protein by amplifying specific interactions with phosphatidylserine and cholesterol within the membrane. Renal Mg wasting associated with impaired Na,K-ATPase/FXYD2 interactions is explained simply by destabilization and inactivation of Na,K-ATPase. We consider also the role of the Na,K-ATPase in Mg (and Ca) handling in Gitelman syndrome and Familial hyperkalemia and hypertension (FHHt). Renal Mg handling serves as a convenient marker for Na,K-ATPase activity in DCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haim Mayan
- Department of Medicine ESheba Medical CenterRamat GanIsrael
- Laboratory of Biochemical PharmacologySheba Medical CenterRamat GanIsrael
- Sackler School of MedicineTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Zvi Farfel
- Department of Medicine ESheba Medical CenterRamat GanIsrael
- Laboratory of Biochemical PharmacologySheba Medical CenterRamat GanIsrael
- Sackler School of MedicineTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
- Department of Biomolecular SciencesWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovothIsrael
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