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Nguyen KH, Alcantara CA, Glassman I, May N, Mundra A, Mukundan A, Urness B, Yoon S, Sakaki R, Dayal S, Chowdhury T, Harshavardhan S, Ramanathan V, Venketaraman V. Cutaneous Manifestations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A Literature Review. Pathogens 2023; 12:920. [PMID: 37513768 PMCID: PMC10385667 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is an ancient disease that humanity struggled with for centuries and continues to struggle with. The bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis often infects the lungs through respiratory transmission and manifests itself through various symptoms, including cutaneous infections. Cutaneous tuberculosis (CTB) comprises about 1% to 1.5% of all extrapulmonary manifestations and is often accompanied by polymorphous lesions, including papules, nodules, plaques, ulcers, gummas, and verrucous lesions. CTB is most commonly observed in low-income, HIV, and immunosuppressed populations, similar to intrapulmonary manifestations. The main pathogen for CTB is M. tuberculosis but less commonly with M. bovis and BCG vaccine, and the modes of transmission are largely classified into exogenous and endogenous CTB. Current treatment options for CTB include oral therapy of antibiotic medications such as rifampicin, streptomycin, ethambutol, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide, which is occasionally combined with surgical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin H Nguyen
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Cheldon Ann Alcantara
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Ira Glassman
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Nicole May
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Akaash Mundra
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Abinanda Mukundan
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Bianca Urness
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Sonyeol Yoon
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Roajhaan Sakaki
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Surbi Dayal
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Tanzila Chowdhury
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Shakila Harshavardhan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Tamil Nadu 625021, India
| | - Vadakupattu Ramanathan
- Department of Pathology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai 600031, India
| | - Vishwanath Venketaraman
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
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The master of masquerade: A case series of unusual presentations of cutaneous tuberculosis in the immunocompromised host. Indian J Tuberc 2021; 68:540-543. [PMID: 34752327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2021.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous tuberculosis is known for its varied presentations, especially in the setting of immunosuppression. Clinical manifestations can be modified by the site of involvement as well as the type of cutaneous tuberculosis in a particular patient. Although cutaneous tuberculosis only accounts for a small percentage (1-2%) of extrapulmonary cases, it is encountered fairly frequently in dermatology practice in an endemic country like India. These cases are being presented to highlight unusual presentations of well-known forms of cutaneous TB (TB gumma and erythema induratum of Bazin) and rare morphologies (panniculitis) in immunosuppressed individuals, thereby emphasizing the need for the dermatologist in a TB-endemic country to be constantly vigilant.
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