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Montenegro L, Costa I, Maltez L, Evaristo V, Dias IR, Martins C, Borges I, Morinha F, Pereira R, Neto N, Oliveira C, Martins-Bessa A. Unusual sex chromosomal DSD in a domestic Shorthair cat with a 37,X/38,XY mosaic karyotype. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:298. [PMID: 38971779 PMCID: PMC11227180 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04164-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex chromosome abnormalities associated with disorders of sexual development (DSD) are rarely described in cats, mainly due to the lack of chromossome studies that precisely reveal the condition. Genetic approaches are therefore required in order to detect sex chromossomes abnormalities as variations in the number and structure of chromosomes, or the presence of a second cell line as mosaicim or chimerism. CASE PRESENTATION A male Shorthair cryptorchid cat was presented with clinical signs of anorexia, tenesmus and hyperthermia. Ultrasonography revealed a fluid-filled structure, with approximately 1 cm in diameter, adjacent to the descending colon. Computed tomography evidenced a tubular structure, ventral to the descending colon and caudal to the bladder, which extended cranially, through two branches. Histopathological evaluation confirmed the presence of two atrophic uterine horns and one hypoplastic testicle with epididymis at the end of one of the uterine horns. The end of the other uterine horn was attached to a structure composed by a mass of adipocytes. Cytogenetic analysis revealed a mosaic 37,X/38,XY karyotype. The two cell lines were found in 15% and 85% of the lymphocytes, respectively. Genetic analysis confirmed the presence of SRY and ZFY genes in blood and hair bulbs, and revealed a marked reduction in SRY expression in the testicle. Additionally, this case presented exceptionally rare features, such as a Leydig' cell tumour and a chronic endometritis in both uterine horns. CONCLUSIONS Complete imaging workup, cytogenetic analysis and SRY gene expression should be systematically realized, in order to properly classify disorders of sexual development (DSD) in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Montenegro
- Veterinary Hospital Referência Veterinária Montenegro, Porto, 4000-395, Portugal
- Animal and Veterinary Research Center (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, 5000-801, Portugal
- AL4AnimalS-Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, UTAD, Vila Real, 5000-801, Portugal
| | - I Costa
- Veterinary Hospital Referência Veterinária Montenegro, Porto, 4000-395, Portugal
| | - L Maltez
- Animal and Veterinary Research Center (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, 5000-801, Portugal
- AL4AnimalS-Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, UTAD, Vila Real, 5000-801, Portugal
| | - V Evaristo
- Veterinary Hospital Referência Veterinária Montenegro, Porto, 4000-395, Portugal
| | - I R Dias
- Animal and Veterinary Research Center (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, 5000-801, Portugal
- AL4AnimalS-Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, UTAD, Vila Real, 5000-801, Portugal
| | - C Martins
- Canidelo Veterinary Clinic - OneVet Group, Vila Nova de Gaia, 4400-710, Portugal
| | - I Borges
- Cedivet, Lionessa Business Hub, Leça do Balio, 4465-671, Portugal
| | - F Morinha
- Morinha Lab- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Molecular Genetics, Vila Real, 5000-562, Portugal
| | - R Pereira
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Microscopy, ICBAS‑School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, 4050‑313, Portugal
- UMIB‑Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS‑UP/ ITR‑Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, University of Porto, Porto, 4050‑313, Portugal
| | - N Neto
- UMIB‑Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS‑UP/ ITR‑Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, University of Porto, Porto, 4050‑313, Portugal
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics, Department of Microscopy, ICBAS‑School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, 4050‑313, Portugal
| | - C Oliveira
- UMIB‑Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS‑UP/ ITR‑Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, University of Porto, Porto, 4050‑313, Portugal
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics, Department of Microscopy, ICBAS‑School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, 4050‑313, Portugal
| | - A Martins-Bessa
- Animal and Veterinary Research Center (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, 5000-801, Portugal.
- AL4AnimalS-Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, UTAD, Vila Real, 5000-801, Portugal.
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Albarella S, Lorenzi LD, Rossi E, Prisco F, Riccardi MG, Restucci B, Ciotola F, Parma P. Analysis of XX SRY-Negative Sex Reversal Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091667. [PMID: 32947906 PMCID: PMC7552623 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The study of XX SRY-negative sex reversal cases is of great interest because testicular tissue develops in these subjects in the absence of SRY gene, thus allowing us to deepen the knowledge of all the other genes involved in the development of testes and the structures related to the male reproductive apparatus. This paper reports the results of the study of four new canine disorders of sex development (DSDs) XX SRY-negative cases in which 11 copy number variations (CNVs) are observed, five of which are never described. Abstract Impaired fertility associated with disorders of sex development (DSDs) due to genetic causes in dogs are more and more frequently reported. Affected dogs are usually of specific breeds thus representing a cause of economic losses for breeders. The aim of this research is to report the clinical, cytogenetic and molecular genetic findings of four XX SRY-negative DSD dog cases. All the subjects showed a female aspect and the presence of an enlarged clitoris with a penis bone. Morphopathological analyses performed in three of the four cases showed the presence of testes in two cases and ovotestis in another. Conventional and R-banded cytogenetic techniques were applied showing that no chromosome abnormalities were involved in these DSDs. CGH arrays show the presence of 11 copy number variations (CNVs), one of which is a duplication of 458 Kb comprising the genomic region between base 17,503,928 and base 17,962,221 of chromosome 9 (CanFam3 genome assembly). This CNV, confirmed also by qPCR, includes the promoter region of SOX9 gene and could explain the observed phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Albarella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (F.P.); (B.R.); (F.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-2536502; Fax: +39-081-292981
| | - Lisa De Lorenzi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Milano University, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy; (L.D.L.); (P.P.)
| | - Elena Rossi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Pavia University, via Forlanini 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Francesco Prisco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (F.P.); (B.R.); (F.C.)
| | - Marita Georgia Riccardi
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, via Salute 2, 80055 Portici, Italy;
| | - Brunella Restucci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (F.P.); (B.R.); (F.C.)
| | - Francesca Ciotola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (F.P.); (B.R.); (F.C.)
| | - Pietro Parma
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Milano University, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy; (L.D.L.); (P.P.)
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Nowacka-Woszuk J, Szczerbal I, Stachowiak M, Szydlowski M, Nizanski W, Dzimira S, Maslak A, Payan-Carreira R, Wydooghe E, Nowak T, Switonski M. Association between polymorphisms in the SOX9 region and canine disorder of sex development (78,XX; SRY-negative) revisited in a multibreed case-control study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218565. [PMID: 31220175 PMCID: PMC6586338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular or ovotesticular disorders of sex development (DSD) in individuals with female karyotype (XX) lacking the SRY gene has been observed in several mammalian species, including dogs. A genetic background for this abnormality has been extensively sought, and the region harboring the SOX9 gene has often been considered key in canine DSD. Three types of polymorphism have been studied in this region to date: a) copy number variation (CNV) in a region about 400 kb upstream of SOX9, named CNVR1; b) duplication of SOX9; and c) insertion of a single G-nucleotide (rs852549625) approximately 2.2 Mb upstream of SOX9. The aim of this study was thus to comprehensively analyze these polymorphisms in a large multibreed case-control cohort containing 45 XX DSD dogs, representing 23 breeds. The control set contained 57 fertile females. Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) was used to study CNVR1 and the duplication of SOX9. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to visualize copy numbers on a cellular level. The Sanger sequencing approach was performed to analyze the region harboring the G-insertion. We confirmed that CNVR1 is highly polymorphic and that copy numbers varied between 0 and 7 in the case and control cohorts. Interestingly, the number of copies was significantly higher (P = 0.038) in XX DSD dogs (mean = 2.7) than in the control females (mean = 2.0) but not in all studied breeds. Duplication of the SOX9 gene was noted only in a single XX DSD dog (an American Bully), which had three copies of SOX9. Distribution of the G-nucleotide insertion was similar in the XX DSD (frequency 0.20) and control (frequency 0.14) cohorts. Concluding, our study showed that CNVR1, located upstream of SOX9, is associated with the XX DSD phenotype, though in a breed-specific manner. Duplication of the SOX9 gene is a rare cause of this disorder in dogs. Moreover, we did not observe any association of G-insertion with the DSD phenotype. We assume that the genetic background of XX DSD can be different in certain breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Nowacka-Woszuk
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Izabela Szczerbal
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Monika Stachowiak
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Maciej Szydlowski
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Wojciech Nizanski
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Stanislaw Dzimira
- Department of Pathology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Rita Payan-Carreira
- CECAV, Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Eline Wydooghe
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Clinic of Small Animal Reproduction, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Tomasz Nowak
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marek Switonski
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- * E-mail:
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Stachowiak M, Szczerbal I, Nowacka-Woszuk J, Jackowiak H, Sledzinski P, Iskrzak P, Dzimira S, Switonski M. Polymorphisms in the SOX9 region and testicular disorder of sex development (38,XX; SRY -negative) in pigs. Livest Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Baetens D, Mendonça BB, Verdin H, Cools M, De Baere E. Non-coding variation in disorders of sex development. Clin Genet 2017; 91:163-172. [PMID: 27801941 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Genetic studies in Disorders of Sex Development (DSD), representing a wide spectrum of developmental or functional conditions of the gonad, have mainly been oriented towards the coding genome. Application of genomic technologies, such as whole-exome sequencing, result in a molecular genetic diagnosis in ∼50% of cases with DSD. Many of the genes mutated in DSD encode transcription factors such as SRY, SOX9, NR5A1, and FOXL2, characterized by a strictly regulated spatiotemporal expression. Hence, it can be hypothesized that at least part of the missing genetic variation in DSD can be explained by non-coding mutations in regulatory elements that alter gene expression, either by reduced, mis- or overexpression of their target genes. In addition, structural variations such as translocations, deletions, duplications or inversions can affect the normal chromatin conformation by different mechanisms. Here, we review non-coding defects in human DSD phenotypes and in animal models. The wide variety of non-coding defects found in DSD emphasizes that the regulatory landscape of known and to be discovered DSD genes has to be taken into consideration when investigating the molecular pathogenesis of DSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Baetens
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - B B Mendonça
- Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular, LIM/42, Unidade de Adrenal, Disc. de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - H Verdin
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - M Cools
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital and Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - E De Baere
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Nowacka-Woszuk J, Szczerbal I, Pausch H, Hundi S, Hytönen MK, Grzemski A, Flisikowski K, Lohi H, Switonski M, Szydlowski M. Deep sequencing of a candidate region harboring theSOX9gene for the canine XX disorder of sex development. Anim Genet 2017; 48:330-337. [DOI: 10.1111/age.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Nowacka-Woszuk
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding; Poznan University of Life Sciences; Wolynska 33 60-637 Poznan Poland
| | - I. Szczerbal
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding; Poznan University of Life Sciences; Wolynska 33 60-637 Poznan Poland
| | - H. Pausch
- Chair of Animal Breeding; Technische Universitat Munchen; Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 1; D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan Germany
| | - S. Hundi
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences; University of Helsinki; Helsinki 00014 Finland
| | - M. K. Hytönen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences; University of Helsinki; Helsinki 00014 Finland
| | - A. Grzemski
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding; Poznan University of Life Sciences; Wolynska 33 60-637 Poznan Poland
| | - K. Flisikowski
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology; Technische Universitat Munchen; Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 1; D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan Germany
| | - H. Lohi
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences; University of Helsinki; Helsinki 00014 Finland
| | - M. Switonski
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding; Poznan University of Life Sciences; Wolynska 33 60-637 Poznan Poland
| | - M. Szydlowski
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding; Poznan University of Life Sciences; Wolynska 33 60-637 Poznan Poland
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Parma P, Veyrunes F, Pailhoux E. Sex Reversal in Non-Human Placental Mammals. Sex Dev 2016; 10:326-344. [PMID: 27529721 DOI: 10.1159/000448361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Gonads are very peculiar organs given their bipotential competence. Indeed, early differentiating genital ridges evolve into either of 2 very distinct organs: the testis or the ovary. Accumulating evidence now demonstrates that both genetic pathways must repress the other in order for the organs to differentiate properly, meaning that if this repression is disrupted or attenuated, the other pathway may completely or partially be expressed, leading to disorders of sex development. Among these disorders are the cases of XY male-to-female and XX female-to-male sex reversals as well as true hermaphrodites, in which there is a discrepancy between the chromosomal and gonadal sex. Here, we review known cases of XY and XX sex reversals described in mammals, focusing mostly on domestic animals where sex reversal pathologies occur and on wild species in which deviations from the usual XX/XY system have been documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Parma
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Milan University, Milan, Italy
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Szczerbal I, Nowacka-Woszuk J, Dzimira S, Atamaniuk W, Nizanski W, Switonski M. A Rare Case of Testicular Disorder of Sex Development in a Dog (78,XX; SRY-Negative) with Male External Genitalia and Detection of Copy Number Variation in the Region Upstream of the SOX9 Gene. Sex Dev 2016; 10:74-8. [DOI: 10.1159/000445464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Copy number variation in the region harboring SOX9 gene in dogs with testicular/ovotesticular disorder of sex development (78,XX; SRY-negative). Sci Rep 2015; 5:14696. [PMID: 26423656 PMCID: PMC4589768 DOI: 10.1038/srep14696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the disorder of sex development in dogs with female karyotype (XX DSD) is quite common, its molecular basis is still unclear. Among mutations underlying XX DSD in mammals are duplication of a long sequence upstream of the SOX9 gene (RevSex) and duplication of the SOX9 gene (also observed in dogs). We performed a comparative analysis of 16 XX DSD and 30 control female dogs, using FISH and MLPA approaches. Our study was focused on a region harboring SOX9 and a region orthologous to the human RevSex (CanRevSex), which was located by in silico analysis downstream of SOX9. Two highly polymorphic copy number variable regions (CNVRs): CNVR1 upstream of SOX9 and CNVR2 encompassing CanRevSex were identified. Although none of the detected copy number variants were specific to either affected or control animals, we observed that the average number of copies in CNVR1 was higher in XX DSD. No copy variation of SOX9 was observed. Our extensive studies have excluded duplication of SOX9 as the common cause of XX DSD in analyzed samples. However, it remains possible that the causative mutation is hidden in highly polymorphic CNVR1.
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