Class II Analphoid Chromosome in a Child with Aberrant Chromosome 7: A Rare Cytogenetic Association

Molecular characterization of a rare analphoid supernumerary marker chromosome derived from 7q35 → qter: a case report

Background

Analphoid supernumerary marker chromosomes (aSMC) constitute one of the smallest groups of SMC, and are characterized by a centromeric constriction but no detectable alpha-satellite DNA. These marker chromosomes cannot be properly identified by conventional banding techniques alone, and molecular cytogenetic methods are necessary for a detailed characterization. Analphoid SMC derived from chromosome 7 are extremely rare, with only five cases reported so far.

Case presentation

In this work we report an aSMC involving the terminal long arm of chromosome 7 in a 10-year-old boy with multiple dysmorphic features and severe development delay. Cytogenetic analysis revealed a mosaic karyotype with the presence of an extra SMC, de novo, in 20% of lymphocytes and 73% of fibroblast cells. Next, we performed FISH analysis with multiple DNA probes and cCGH analysis. This identified the origin of the SMC as an analphoid marker resulting of invdup rearrangement of 7q35-qter region.

Affimetrix CytoScan HD array analysis redefined the aSMC as a 15.42 Mb gain at 7q35-q36.3 (minimum tetraplicated region-chr7: 143,594,973-159,119,707; GRCh37/hg19) of maternal origin that encloses 67 OMIM genes, 16 of which associated to disease. Uniparental disomy of chromosome 7 (UPD 7) has been excluded.

Conclusions

We report the first patient with an aSMC(7) derived from the terminal 7q region who has been molecularly and clinically full characterized. The use of SNParray in the characterization of SMC reveals to be a powerful tool, giving information not only about copy number variation but also about loss-of-heterozygosity and parental origin. We conclude that an integrated genome-wide copy number variation analysis, if possible associated to FISH and gene expression studies, could facilitate in the future the difficult task of establishing accurate genotype-phenotype correlations and help to improve genetic counselling.

Characterization of a de novo Supernumerary Neocentric Ring Chromosome Derived from Chromosome 7

Supernumerary ring chromosomes (SRC) are usually derived from regions adjacent to the centromere. Their identification may be challenging, particularly in case of low mosaicism. Here, we report on a patient who was referred for major in utero growth retardation, severe developmental delay, facial dysmorphism, cleft palate, and hypospadias. The karyotype showed a small SRC in mosaic. The combination of FISH, M-FISH and array-CGH was necessary for a complete characterization of this SRC. M-FISH revealed that the SRC originated from chromosome 7. Array-CGH performed with a 400K oligonucleotide array showed a gain in region 7q22.1q31.1 present in low mosaic. This result was confirmed by FISH using BAC probes specific for chromosome 7. The SRC was a neocentric ring derived from 7q22.1q31.1 and was found in only 8% of the cells. This is the first patient carrying a mosaic neocentric SRC derived from the long arm of chromosome 7. Our study emphasizes the need to combine different techniques and to use adapted bioinformatic tools for low-mosaicism marker identification. It also contributes to the delineation of the partial trisomy 7q phenotype.