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Estrada CC, Cardona S, Guo Y, Revelo MP, D'Agati VD, Koganti S, Devaraj J, He JC, Heeger PS, Mallipattu SK. Endothelial-specific loss of Krüppel-Like Factor 4 triggers complement-mediated endothelial injury. Kidney Int 2022; 102:58-77. [PMID: 35483525 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2022.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) in the kidney represents the most severe manifestation of kidney microvascular endothelial injury. Despite the source of the inciting event, the diverse clinical forms of kidney TMA share dysregulation of endothelial cell transcripts and complement activation. Here, we show that endothelial-specific knockdown of Krüppel-Like Factor 4 (Klf4)ΔEC, an anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic zinc-finger transcription factor, increases the susceptibility to glomerular endothelial injury and microangiopathy in two genetic murine models that included endothelial nitric oxide synthase knockout mice and aged mice (52 weeks), as well as in a pharmacologic model of TMA using Shiga-toxin 2. In all models, Klf4ΔEC mice exhibit increased pro-thrombotic and pro-inflammatory transcripts, as well as increased complement factors C3 and C5b-9 deposition and histologic features consistent with subacute TMA. Interestingly, complement activation in Klf4ΔEC mice was accompanied by reduced expression of a key KLF4 transcriptional target and membrane bound complement regulatory gene, Cd55. To assess a potential mechanism by which KLF4 might regulate CD55 expression, we performed in silico chromatin immunoprecipitation enrichment analysis of the CD55 promotor and found KLF4 binding sites upstream from the CD55 transcription start site. Using patient-derived kidney biopsy specimens, we found glomerular expression of KLF4 and CD55 was reduced in patients with TMA as compared to control biopsies of the unaffected pole of patient kidneys removed due to kidney cancer. Thus, our data support that endothelial Klf4 is necessary for maintenance of a quiescent glomerular endothelial phenotype and its loss increases susceptibility to complement activation and induction of prothrombotic and pro-inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea C Estrada
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Renal Section, Northport Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, New York, USA
| | - Stephanie Cardona
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Yiqing Guo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Monica P Revelo
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Vivette D D'Agati
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Siva Koganti
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Jason Devaraj
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - John C He
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Peter S Heeger
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sandeep K Mallipattu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Renal Section, Northport Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, New York, USA.
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De Moudt S, Hendrickx JO, De Meyer GRY, Martinet W, Fransen P. Basal Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Tone in eNOS Knockout Mice Can Be Reversed by Cyclic Stretch and Is Independent of Age. Front Physiol 2022; 13:882527. [PMID: 35574444 PMCID: PMC9096105 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.882527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction and Aims: Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) knockout mice develop pronounced cardiovascular disease. In the present study, we describe the alterations in aortic physiology and biomechanics of eNOS knockout and C57Bl/6 control mice at 2–12 months of age, including a thorough physiological investigation of age and cyclic stretch-dependent VSMC contractility and aortic stiffness. Methods and Results: Peripheral blood pressure and aortic pulse wave velocity were measured in vivo, and aortic biomechanical studies and isometric contractions were investigated ex vivo. Age-dependent progression of aortic stiffness, peripheral hypertension, and aortic contractility in eNOS knockout mice was absent, attenuated, or similar to C57Bl/6 control mice. Voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC)-dependent calcium influx inversely affected isometric contraction and aortic stiffening by α1-adrenergic stimulation in eNOS knockout mice. Baseline aortic stiffness was selectively reduced in eNOS knockout mice after ex vivo cyclic stretch exposure in an amplitude-dependent manner, which prompted us to investigate cyclic stretch dependent regulation of aortic contractility and stiffness. Aortic stiffness, both in baseline conditions and after activation of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) contraction, was reduced with increasing cyclic stretch amplitude. This cyclic stretch dependency was attenuated with age, although aged eNOS knockout mice displayed better preservation of cyclic stretch-dependency compared to C57Bl/6 control mice. Store operated calcium entry-medicated aortic stiffening as induced by inhibiting sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase pumps with 10 µM CPA was most pronounced in the aorta of aged mice and at low cyclic stretch amplitude, but independent of eNOS. Basal aortic tonus and VSMC depolarization were highly dependent on eNOS, and were most pronounced at low cyclic stretch, with attenuation at increasing cyclic stretch amplitude. Conclusion: eNOS knockout mice display attenuated progression of arterial disease as compared to C57Bl/6 control mice. Basal VSMC tone in eNOS knockout mice could be reduced by ex vivo exposure to cyclic stretch through stretch-dependent regulation of cytosolic calcium. Both baseline and active aortic stiffness were highly dependent on cyclic stretch regulation, which was more pronounced in young versus aged mice. Other mediators of VSMC contraction and calcium handling were dependent on cyclic stretch mechanotransduction, but independent of eNOS.
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Nowańska K, Wiśnicki K, Kuriata-Kordek M, Krajewska M, Banasik M. The role of endothelin II type A receptor (ETAR) in transplant injury. Transpl Immunol 2021; 70:101505. [PMID: 34793957 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2021.101505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Antibody-mediated rejection is the leading cause of deterioration of graft function and graft loss after kidney transplantation. Recent studies have reported an increasing role of non-HLA antibodies in the humoral injury after kidney transplantation. We decided to present the influence of non-HLA antibodies - anti-endothelin II type A receptor (ETAR) on a transplanted kidney and characterize the significance of their receptor. RECENT FINDINGS The role of non-HLA antibodies is still uncertain. Many studies suggest that the presence of non-HLA antibodies, including anti-ETAR antibodies, is among the risk factors for antibody-mediated rejection, graft injury, and graft loss. The discovery of new antigen targets and antibodies, which participate in the humoral response, has provided a significantly better understanding of the mechanism of antibody-mediated rejection after organ transplantation. SUMMARY Endothelin and its receptors play an important role in physiology and pathophysiology after solid organ transplantation. ETAR and antibodies against ETAR may participate in humoral rejection and graft damage. The measurement of anti-ETAR antibodies may identify patients with an increased risk of rejection and even loss of a transplanted organ. Expression of ETAR detected in biopsy of transplant could become an additional tool used to better understand humoral activity. More research is needed to address many questions about non-HLA directed rejection and graft damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Nowańska
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Wiśnicki
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kuriata-Kordek
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Magdalena Krajewska
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mirosław Banasik
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland.
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Neder TH, Schrankl J, Fuchs MAA, Broeker KAE, Wagner C. Endothelin receptors in renal interstitial cells do not contribute to the development of fibrosis during experimental kidney disease. Pflugers Arch 2021; 473:1667-1683. [PMID: 34355294 PMCID: PMC8433107 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02604-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Renal interstitial fibrosis is characterized by the development of myofibroblasts, originating from resident renal and immigrating cells. Myofibroblast formation and extracellular matrix production during kidney damage are triggered by various factors. Among these, endothelins have been discussed as potential modulators of renal fibrosis. Utilizing mouse models of adenine nephropathy (AN) and unilateral ureter occlusion (UUO), this study aimed to investigate the contribution of endothelin signaling in stromal mesenchymal resident renal interstitial cells. We found in controls that adenine feeding and UUO caused marked upregulations of endothelin-1 (ET-1) gene expression in endothelial and in tubular cells and a strong upregulation of ETA-receptor (ETA-R) gene expression in interstitial and mesangial cells, while the gene expression of ETB-receptor (ETB-R) did not change. Conditional deletion of ETA-R and ETB-R gene expression in the FoxD1 stromal cell compartment which includes interstitial cells significantly reduced renal ETA-R gene expression and moderately lowered renal ETB-R gene expression. ET receptor (ET-R) deletion exerted no apparent effects on kidney development nor on kidney function. Adenine feeding and UUO led to similar increases in profibrotic and proinflammatory gene expression in control as well as in ETAflflETBflfl FoxD1Cre+ mice (ET-Ko). In summary, our findings suggest that adenine feeding and UUO activate endothelin signaling in interstitial cells which is due to upregulated ETA-R expression and enhanced renal ET-1 production Our data also suggest that the activation of endothelin signaling in interstitial cells has less impact for the development of experimentally induced fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Neder
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Julia Schrankl
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michaela A A Fuchs
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Katharina A E Broeker
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Wagner
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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Research Advances in the Mechanisms of Hyperuricemia-Induced Renal Injury. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:5817348. [PMID: 32685502 PMCID: PMC7336201 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5817348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Uric acid is the end product of purine metabolism in humans, and its excessive accumulation leads to hyperuricemia and urate crystal deposition in tissues including joints and kidneys. Hyperuricemia is considered an independent risk factor for cardiovascular and renal diseases. Although the symptoms of hyperuricemia-induced renal injury have long been known, the pathophysiological molecular mechanisms are not completely understood. In this review, we focus on the research advances in the mechanisms of hyperuricemia-caused renal injury, primarily on oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, renal fibrosis, and inflammation. Furthermore, we discuss the progress in hyperuricemia management.
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Duan C, Cao Z, Tang F, Jian Z, Liang C, Liu H, Xiao Y, Liu L, Ma R. miRNA-mRNA crosstalk in myocardial ischemia induced by calcified aortic valve stenosis. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 11:448-466. [PMID: 30651404 PMCID: PMC6366972 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Aortic valve stenosis is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in valvular heart disease in aged people. Both microRNA (miRNA) and mRNA are potential targets for the diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of myocardial ischemia induced by calcified aortic valve stenosis (CAVS), with unclear mechanisms. Here, 3 gene expression profiles of 47 male participants were applied to generate shared differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with significant major biological functions. Moreover, 20 hub genes were generated by a Weighted Genes Co-Expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) and were cross-linked to miRNA based on miRanda/miRwalk2 databases. Integrated miRNA/mRNA analysis identified several novel miRNAs and targeted genes as diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers or therapeutic targets in CAVS patients. In addition, the clinical data suggested that myocardial hypertrophy and myocardial ischemia in CAVS patients are likely associated with hub genes and the upstream regulatory miRNAs. Together, our data provide evidence that miRNAs and their targeted genes play an important role in the pathogenesis of myocardial hypertrophy and ischemia in patients with CAVS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Second Department of Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P. R. China.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P. R. China
| | - Zhezhe Cao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P. R. China
| | - Fuqin Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P. R. China
| | - Zhao Jian
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P. R. China
| | - Chunshui Liang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P. R. China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P. R. China
| | - Yingbin Xiao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P. R. China
| | - Liangming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Second Department of Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P. R. China
| | - Ruiyan Ma
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P. R. China
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Lu YP, Hasan AA, Zeng S, Hocher B. Plasma ET-1 Concentrations Are Elevated in Pregnant Women with Hypertension -Meta-Analysis of Clinical Studies. Kidney Blood Press Res 2017; 42:654-663. [PMID: 29212079 DOI: 10.1159/000482004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The ET system might be involved in the pathogenesis of hypertensive disorders during pregnancy. The objective is to analyse the impact of ET-1 in hypertensive pregnant women by a strict meta-analysis of published human clinical studies. METHODS Based on the principle of Cochrane systematic reviews, Cohort studies in PubMed (Medline), Google Scholar and China Biological Medicine Database (CBM-disc) designed to identify the role of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in the pathophysiology of gestational hypertension and preeclampsia were screened. Review Manager Version 5.0 (Rev-Man 5.0) was applied for statistical analysis. Mean difference and 95% confidence interval (CI) were shown in inverse variance (IV) fixed-effects model or IV random-effects model. RESULTS Sixteen published cohort studies including 1739 hypertensive cases and 409 controls were used in the meta-analysis. ET-1 plasma concentrations were higher in hypertensive pregnant women as compared to the controls (mean difference between groups: 19.02 [15.60~22.44], P < 0.00001,). These finding were driven by severity of hypertension and/or degree of proteinuria. CONCLUSION Plasma ET-1 concentrations are elevated in hypertensive disorders during human pregnancy. In particular women with preeclampsia (hypertensive pregnant women with proteinuria) have substantially elevated plasma ET-1 concentration as compared to pregnant women with normal blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ping Lu
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Nephrology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ahmed Abdallah Hasan
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Shufei Zeng
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Nephrology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Embryology, Medical School of the Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Berthold Hocher
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Embryology, Medical School of the Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Broderick T, Cusimano F, Carlson C, Tamura L. Acute Exercise Stimulates Carnitine Biosynthesis and OCTN2 Expression in Mouse Kidney. Kidney Blood Press Res 2017; 42:398-405. [DOI: 10.1159/000478737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Xu M, Lu YP, Hasan A, Hocher B. Plasma ET-1 Concentrations are Elevated in Patients with Hypertension – Meta-Analysis of Clinical Studies. Kidney Blood Press Res 2017; 42:304-313. [DOI: 10.1159/000477572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Tsuprykov O, Ando R, Reichetzeder C, von Websky K, Antonenko V, Sharkovska Y, Chaykovska L, Rahnenführer J, Hasan AA, Tammen H, Alter M, Klein T, Ueda S, Yamagishi SI, Okuda S, Hocher B. The dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitor linagliptin and the angiotensin II receptor blocker telmisartan show renal benefit by different pathways in rats with 5/6 nephrectomy. Kidney Int 2016; 89:1049-1061. [PMID: 27083282 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitors delay chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression in experimental diabetic nephropathy in a glucose-independent manner. Here we compared the effects of the DPP-4 inhibitor linagliptin versus telmisartan in preventing CKD progression in non-diabetic rats with 5/6 nephrectomy. Animals were allocated to 1 of 4 groups: sham operated plus placebo; 5/6 nephrectomy plus placebo; 5/6 nephrectomy plus linagliptin; and 5/6 nephrectomy plus telmisartan. Interstitial fibrosis was significantly decreased by 48% with linagliptin but a non-significant 24% with telmisartan versus placebo. The urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio was significantly decreased by 66% with linagliptin and 92% with telmisartan versus placebo. Blood pressure was significantly lowered by telmisartan, but it was not affected by linagliptin. As shown by mass spectrometry, the number of altered peptide signals for linagliptin in plasma was 552 and 320 in the kidney. For telmisartan, there were 108 peptide changes in plasma and 363 in the kidney versus placebo. Linagliptin up-regulated peptides derived from collagen type I, apolipoprotein C1, and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins A2/B1, a potential downstream target of atrial natriuretic peptide, whereas telmisartan up-regulated angiotensin II. A second study was conducted to confirm these findings in 5/6 nephrectomy wild-type and genetically deficient DPP-4 rats treated with linagliptin or placebo. Linagliptin therapy in wild-type rats was as effective as DPP-4 genetic deficiency in terms of albuminuria reduction. Thus, linagliptin showed comparable efficacy to telmisartan in preventing CKD progression in non-diabetic rats with 5/6 nephrectomy. However, the underlying pathways seem to be different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Tsuprykov
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ryotaro Ando
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan; Department of Pathophysiology and Therapeutics of Diabetic Vascular Complications, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Christoph Reichetzeder
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karoline von Websky
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Viktoriia Antonenko
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yuliya Sharkovska
- Institute of Vegetative Anatomy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lyubov Chaykovska
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Rahnenführer
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ahmed A Hasan
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Markus Alter
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Klein
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Seiji Ueda
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Sho-Ichi Yamagishi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Therapeutics of Diabetic Vascular Complications, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Seiya Okuda
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan; Department of Pathophysiology and Therapeutics of Diabetic Vascular Complications, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Berthold Hocher
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany; Institute for Laboratory Medicine, IFLB, Berlin, Germany; Department of Basic Medicine, Medical college of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.
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