Variability of Findings in Drug-Induced Immune Haemolytic Anaemia: Experience over 20 Years in a Single Centre

Penicillin Allergy: Mechanisms, Diagnosis, and Management

Allergy to penicillin can occur via any of the 4 types of Gel-Coombs hypersensitivity reactions, producing distinct clinical histories and physical examination findings. Treatments include penicillin discontinuation, and depending on the type of reaction, epinephrine, antihistamines, and/or glucocorticoids. Most beta-lactams may be safely used in penicillin-allergic patients, with the possible exception of first-generation and second-generation cephalosporins. Penicillin testing includes skin testing, patch testing, and graded challenge. The selection of the type of testing depends on the clinical setting, equipment availability, and type of hypersensitivity reaction. Desensitization may be used in some cases where treatment with penicillins is essential.

Ceftriaxone-Induced Hemolytic Anemia: A Rare and Fatal Reaction

Ceftriaxone, a regularly used antibiotic for broad-spectrum coverage, is a rare cause of hemolytic anemia. Patients may present with truncal pain, nausea, vomiting, and an acute drop in hemoglobin within 48 hours of administration. Prompt recognition and initiation of treatment are essential. We describe a case of a 65-year-old woman being treated for osteomyelitis who developed hemolytic anemia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and multi-system organ failure after being de-escalated from cefepime to ceftriaxone.

Ceftriaxone-induced severe hemolytic anemia, renal calculi, and cholecystolithiasis in a 3-year-old child: a case report and literature review

Ceftriaxone is widely used in pediatric outpatient care for its efficacy against respiratory and digestive system infections, yet its increasing association with severe immune hemolytic reactions requires heightened vigilance from pediatricians. This report details a rare and severe case of ceftriaxone-induced severe immune hemolytic anemia (IHA), hemolytic crisis, myocardial injury, liver injury, renal calculi, and cholecystolithiasis in a previously healthy 3-year-old child. The child, treated for bronchitis, experienced sudden pallor, limb stiffness, and altered consciousness following the fifth day of ceftriaxone infusion, with hemoglobin (Hb) levels precipitously dropping to 21 g/L. Immediate cessation of ceftriaxone and the administration of oxygen therapy, blood transfusion, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), and corticosteroids led to a gradual recovery. Despite initial improvements, the patient's condition necessitated extensive hospital care due to complications including myocardial injury, liver injury, renal calculi, and cholecystolithiasis. After a 12-day hospital stay and a 3-month follow-up, the child showed complete normalization of Hb and liver function and resolution of calculi. In children, ceftriaxone infusion may trigger severe, potentially fatal, hemolytic reactions. Pediatricians must promptly recognize symptoms such as pallor, limb stiffness, and unresponsiveness, indicative of ceftriaxone-induced severe IHA, and immediately discontinue the drug. Effective management includes timely blood transfusion, respiratory support, IVIG administration, and corticosteroids when necessary, along with rigorous vital signs monitoring. Continued vigilance is imperative, even after cessation of ceftriaxone, to promptly address any residual adverse effects.

Determination of Medicago orbicularis Antioxidant, Antihemolytic, and Anti-Cancerous Activities and Its Augmentation of Cisplatin-Induced Cytotoxicity in A549 Lung Cancer Cells

The anti-lung cancer properties of the plant Medicago orbicularis have not been explored yet. Therefore, we identified its phytochemical composition and investigated the antioxidant, anti-hemolytic, and anti-cancerous properties of extracts of this plant in A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells. The results show that all parts of M. orbicularis (stems, leaves, and fruits) exhibit remarkable hemolytic activities and modest antioxidant capacity. In addition, all extracts showed a dose-dependent anti-cancerous cytotoxic activity against A549 cells, with fruit extracts being the most potent. This cytotoxic effect could be related, at least partly, to the induction of apoptosis, where M. orbicularis fruit extracts reduced the ratio of anti-apoptotic BCL-2/pro-apoptotic BAX, thereby promoting cellular death. Furthermore, the use of M. orbicularis, in combination with a conventional chemotherapeutic agent, cisplatin, was assessed. Indeed, the combination of cisplatin and M. orbicularis fruit extracts was more cytotoxic and induced more aggregation of A549 cells than either treatment alone. GC-MS analysis and total polyphenol and flavonoid content determination indicated that M. orbicularis is rich in compounds that have anti-cancerous effects. We propose M. orbicularis as a potential source of anti-cancerous agents to manage the progression of lung cancer and its resistance to therapy.

[In macrohematuria, medication history also needs to be considered : Penicillin-induced immune hemolysis: a case report and review of literature]

BACKGROUND

Drug-mediated immune hemolysis is a rare but potentially life-threatening condition. Based on a case of penicillin-induced immune hemolysis, a structured literature review of case reports and studies on penicillin-mediated Drug-Induced Immune Hemolytic Anemia (DIIHA) was carried out.

CASE REPORT

A 28-year-old male patient presented to the emergency department with gross hematuria and non-specific abdominal complaints. The patient had a 10-day history of respiratory infection with bacterial tonsillitis, treated orally with penicillin V on an outpatient basis. Laboratory diagnostics detected pathologically altered direct and indirect hemolysis parameters. After stopping the medication, the patient's condition could be stabilized.

CONCLUSION

Diagnosis of penicillin-mediated immune hemolysis requires structured cooperation between clinic and laboratory, as clinical and serological findings may be highly variable with the risk of misdiagnosis. Due to the rarity of the disease, this case report is intended to raise awareness with respect to the triad of abrupt drop in hemoglobin levels in connection with drug therapy and in combination with a strongly positive direct Coombs test.

Piperacillin-tazobactam induced immune hemolytic anemia led to increased renal impairment and eventual death from multiple organ failure in a patient with hypertensive nephropathy: case report and literature review

BACKGROUND

Piperacillin is one of the most common drugs that cause drug-induced immune hemolytic anemia, but a complete description of the serological features and course of the disease is rare. This study completely describes the serological characteristics and course of a patient with hypertensive nephropathy who developed drug-induced immune hemolytic anemia and worsened renal function during repeated administration of piperacillin-tazobactam.

CASE PRESENTATION

A 79-year-old male patient with hypertensive nephropathy who developed severe hemolytic anemia and worsened renal function during intravenous piperacillin-tazobactam anti-infective treatment due to lung infection. Serological tests showed that the result of the direct antiglobulin test for anti-IgG was positive (4 +) and anti-C3d was negative, and the irregular red blood cell antibody screening test was negative. Plasma samples collected at different times from 2 days before to 12 days after the discontinuation of piperacillin-tazobactam administration were incubated with piperacillin solution and red blood cells of O-type healthy blood donors at 37 °C, IgG piperacillin-dependent antibodies were detected, and the highest titer was 128. However, no tazobactam-dependent antibody was detected in any plasma samples. Therefore, the patient was diagnosed with piperacillin-induced immune hemolytic anemia. Although blood transfusion and continuous renal replacement therapy were given, the patient died of multiple organ failure 15 days after the administration of piperacillin-tazobactam was stopped.

CONCLUSION

This is the first complete description of the disease course and serological changes of piperacillin-induced immune hemolytic anemia, which is bound to help deepen the understanding of drug-induced immune hemolytic anemia and draw profound lessons from it.

Vancomycin-Induced Hemolytic Anemia

Drug-induced hemolytic anemia is rare and can occur either by an immune-mediated mechanism or a non-immune-mediated mechanism. The drugs most frequently associated with immune-mediated hemolysis are penicillins and cephalosporins. It is usually difficult to distinguish drug-induced hemolysis from other more common causes of hemolysis; therefore, a high index of clinical suspicion is required to make the diagnosis. In this case report, we present a case of vancomycin-induced immune hemolytic anemia in a 75-year-old patient who developed hemolytic anemia after starting vancomycin for joint infection. Hematological parameters improved after the discontinuation of vancomycin. Mechanism and management of drug-induced immune hemolytic anemia are also reviewed in this report.

The First-Reported Case of Drug-Induced Hemolytic Anemia by Piperacillin-Tazobactam in a Premature Neonate: A Case Report and Literature Review

Drugs can have a wide array of effects on hematological cells, including red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets. Drug-induced hemolytic anemia (DIHA) can be explained by three different pathophysiological mechanisms. We present a case of a premature neonate born at 34 weeks gestation who was admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). He developed respiratory difficulty with mottled skin and was suspected to have bacterial sepsis due to necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). The patient was eventually started on a broad-spectrum antibiotic, piperacillin-tazobactam. On day eight, the patient started developing jaundice and his hemoglobin level dropped from 12.1 to 8.2 mg/dL. His direct antiglobulin test (DAT) was strongly positive. The patient was suspected to have DIHA. Piperacillin-tazobactam is a commonly used antibiotic for neonatal sepsis, but its potential to cause DIHA in neonates is not well-established. Our case highlights the importance of considering piperacillin-tazobactam as an unrecognized contributor to neonatal jaundice and a potential cause of DIHA in neonates. Further research is needed to explore the extent of its involvement in this condition. Physicians should be cautious when administering this drug to neonates and be aware of the possibility of hemolysis and jaundice.

Penicillin Allergy

Allergy to penicillin can occur via any of the 4 types of Gel-Coombs hypersensitivity reactions, producing distinct clinical histories and physical examination findings. Treatments include penicillin discontinuation, and depending on the type of reaction, epinephrine, antihistamines, and/or glucocorticoids. Most beta-lactams may be safely used in penicillin-allergic patients, with the possible exception of first-generation and second-generation cephalosporins. Penicillin testing includes skin testing, patch testing, and graded challenge. The selection of the type of testing depends on the clinical setting, equipment availability, and type of hypersensitivity reaction. Desensitization may be used in some cases where treatment with penicillins is essential.

Furosemide-induced haemolytic anaemia in an extreme elderly patient

Furosemide, a loop diuretic, is commonly used to treat fluid overload symptoms and heart failure. Drug-induced immune haemolytic anaemia is an unusual drug-adverse event. Furosemide-induced haemolysis is even rarer. This case report presents a 91-year-old male who developed acute haemolytic anaemia 3 days after initiating furosemide to treat myocardial infarction complicated with acute decompensated heart failure. He had increased lactate dehydrogenase and unconjugated bilirubin with undetectable haptoglobin, which indicated the destruction of red blood cells. Other causes for haemolytic anaemia, including hereditary, microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia, and paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria, were also excluded. He improved with drug cessation and a short course of glucocorticoids. This report aims to raise awareness of this rare complication caused by commonly prescribed drugs. Despite a negative result of a direct antiglobulin test, physicians must remain suspicious of drug-induced immune haemolytic anaemia in unclear cases of haemolysis.

Successful Treatment with Brigatinib after Alectinib-Induced Hemolytic Anemia in Patients with Metastatic Lung Adenocarcinoma-A Case Series

Alectinib is a second-generation anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor used in the treatment of advanced ALK-rearrangement positive non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Many tolerable adverse events were reported with the use of Alectinib; nevertheless, hemolytic anemia was not mentioned in the safety analysis. In this case, series, we report four cases of Alectinib-induced oxidative hemolytic anemia and discuss different etiologic hypotheses on the underlying mechanism of such overlooked adverse event of the drug. Furthermore, we draw attention to the successful treatment with Brigatinib, an alternative second-generation ALK-inhibitor without recurrence of hemolytic anemia in three of our four cases, suggesting a probable class effect.

A Repeat Case of Cefotetan-Induced Hemolytic Anemia in a Surgical Patient

Drug-induced hemolytic anemia is a rare hematologic condition in which the immune system creates antibodies against red blood cell antigens in response to a medication exposure. This condition is commonly triggered by antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and certain chemotherapies. Here, we describe a patient who experienced a repeat episode of drug-induced hemolytic anemia related to prophylactic cefotetan given before surgery. This case is important for increasing awareness of cephalosporin-induced hemolytic anemia, illustrating the significance of early detection and treatment of the condition, and highlighting the need for careful review of medication history in the surgical setting.

Cytomegalovirus-Induced Coombs-Positive Hemolysis or Drug-Induced Hemolysis in an Immunocompetent Young Adult

Coombs-positive hemolytic anemia induced by cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a rare phenomenon, often not life-threatening in immunocompetent young adults. To date, the pathogenesis of CMV-induced severe hemolysis is still unknown.

Here, we discuss a case of a 22-year-old male without significant past medical history who presented with severe hemolytic anemia that required four units of packed red blood cells. Urinalysis showed microscopic hematuria but urine culture and drug screen reported normal findings. Hemoccult result at the bedside was negative. Abdominal ultrasound and computed tomography (CT) imaging all resulted in normal findings except for splenomegaly measured 18 cm. Hematology was consulted which showed a positive direct Coombs antibody test with 3+ IgG and 3+ complement. Peripheral blood smear showed no evidence of schistocytes or occasional teardrop cells but showed toxic granulations and neutrophils indicating an underlying infection. The patient had a bone marrow biopsy which showed erythroid hyperplasia with a slight increase in sideroblast cells; but revealed no evidence of lymphoma, leukemia, or dysplasia. Infectious workup reported negative findings for HIV and hepatitis panel. However, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) IgM antibodies to viral capsid antigen (VCA) was reported with a value of greater than 160 U/mL. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA detected high titers with 481269 IU/mL. The patient initially received intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy for five days, antiviral medication for seven days, and high dose therapeutic corticosteroids resulting in stabilization of his blood hemoglobin (Hb) level.

Infections commonly underlie secondary autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), or it can also be a result of therapy that further exacerbates the course of AIHA. Possible CMV manifestations inducing severe hemolytic anemia in immunocompetent individuals have received inadequate attention. CMV serology studies are not collected regularly in patients with hemolysis, so the incidence of this disorder might be under-reported. Thus, clinicians should take initiative to consider an underlying infection in the differential diagnosis of hemolytic anemia before opting for invasive procedures such as bone marrow biopsy. Randomized control trials are needed for a conclusive treatment specific to hemolytic anemia induced by CMV.

An Uncommon Incidence of Drug-Induced Immune Hemolytic Anemia Secondary to Ceftriaxone

A 69-year-old female with a history of psoriatic arthritis was diagnosed with septic arthritis and started on broad-spectrum antibiotics. She underwent left hip excisional debridement of her prosthetic hip joint which grew group B Streptococcus (S. agalactiae). She was switched to IV ceftriaxone 2 g daily and her hemoglobin decreased to 5.4 g/dL on day 11. Peripheral blood smear showed normochromic normocytic anemia and thrombocytopenia without the presence of schistocytes. Increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), decreased haptoglobin and hemoglobin, and positive direct Coombs test (DCT) led to a presumptive diagnosis of drug-induced immune hemolytic anemia (DIIHA). As a result, she was switched from ceftriaxone to IV ertapenem 500 mg every 24 hours and oral prednisone 60 mg for four days during the initial phase. Her hemoglobin, LDH, and haptoglobin trended towards normal limits, further supporting the diagnosis of DIIHA secondary to ceftriaxone.

Beta-Lactams Toxicity in the Intensive Care Unit: An Underestimated Collateral Damage?

Beta-lactams are the most commonly prescribed antimicrobials in intensive care unit (ICU) settings and remain one of the safest antimicrobials prescribed. However, the misdiagnosis of beta-lactam-related adverse events may alter ICU patient management and impact clinical outcomes. To describe the clinical manifestations, risk factors and beta-lactam-induced neurological and renal adverse effects in the ICU setting, we performed a comprehensive literature review via an electronic search on PubMed up to April 2021 to provide updated clinical data. Beta-lactam neurotoxicity occurs in 10-15% of ICU patients and may be responsible for a large panel of clinical manifestations, ranging from confusion, encephalopathy and hallucinations to myoclonus, convulsions and non-convulsive status epilepticus. Renal impairment, underlying brain abnormalities and advanced age have been recognized as the main risk factors for neurotoxicity. In ICU patients, trough concentrations above 22 mg/L for cefepime, 64 mg/L for meropenem, 125 mg/L for flucloxacillin and 360 mg/L for piperacillin (used without tazobactam) are associated with neurotoxicity in 50% of patients. Even though renal complications (especially severe complications, such as acute interstitial nephritis, renal damage associated with drug induced hemolytic anemia and renal obstruction by crystallization) remain rare, there is compelling evidence of increased nephrotoxicity using well-known nephrotoxic drugs such as vancomycin combined with beta-lactams. Treatment mainly relies on the discontinuation of the offending drug but in the near future, antimicrobial optimal dosing regimens should be defined, not only based on pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) targets associated with clinical and microbiological efficacy, but also on PK/toxicodynamic targets. The use of dosing software may help to achieve these goals.

A renewed understanding of anti-human globulin reagents: interference constraints using an optimization method in pretransfusion compatibility tests

Anti‐human globulin (AHG) reagents are widely applied in pretransfusion compatibility tests. The accuracy of detection with AHG reagents is mainly affected by irregular antibodies or cold agglutinins in blood samples, which are related to the human complement system. Although much has been written about various types and applications of AHG reagents, their characteristics, interference factors and optimal selection in pretransfusion compatibility tests still need to be further clarified. Here, we review clinical practice and basic studies that describe each AHG reagent, summarize the advantages and disadvantages of using different AHG reagents in the presence of cold agglutinins or complement‐fixing antibodies, explore the potential mechanisms by which the complement system influences detection with AHG reagents and address the question of how to optimally select AHG reagents for clinically significant antibody detection.

Diclofenac-Induced Immune Hemolytic Anemia: A Case Report and Review of Literature

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are widely used for pain management. Most frequently, adverse reactions affect the gastrointestinal tract and hematological side effects usually relate to the gastrointestinal manifestations. Drug-induced immune hemolytic anemia is a rare and frequently underdiagnosed complication that is associated with poor outcomes including organ failure and even death.

A 76-year-old female patient was treated with intramuscular diclofenac, thiocolchicoside, and diazepam for low back pain. Five days following diclofenac exposure, the patient was admitted to the Emergency Department with complaints of asthenia, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Hemolysis and a positive direct antiglobulin test were detected on laboratory testing. Further causes of hemolytic anemia were excluded and a diagnosis of diclofenac-induced immune hemolytic anemia was established. Glucocorticoid therapy initiated on admission and drug eviction led to complete recovery. Long-term follow-up showed no recurrence of anemia.

Here, we present the unusual case of a successful recovery of a 76-year-old patient with diclofenac-induced immune hemolytic anemia, a rare but immediate life-threatening condition of a frequently used drug in clinical practice.

Association of positive direct antiglobulin test (DAT) with nonreactive eluate and drug-induced immune hemolytic anemia (DIHA)

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Drug-induced immune hemolytic anemia is a rare condition that occurs primarily because of drug-induced antibodies, either dependent or independent and positive direct antiglobulin test. Our aim was to evaluate the association of positive DAT with nonreactive eluate and DIHA.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

From 2014-2018, we evaluated 159 patients who presented positive DAT with a nonreactive eluate. Laboratory and clinical analyses were performed including HIV, HBV and HCV testing. All patients were exposed to the following drugs: Dipyrone in 63.5 %, Furosemide in 28.9 %, Metoclopramide in 34.6 % and Ondansetron in 41.5 %.

RESULTS

Results of DAT showed IgG in 125 (78.4 %) patients and C3d in 24 (15.1 %) with reactions varying from 1+ to 4+. HIV test was positive in 10 (16.1 %) patients, HBV was positive in 3 (4.7 %) and HCV was positive in, 1 (1.5 %). There was no clinical significance when the parameters of hemoglobin, hematocrit, reticulocytes and LDH were evaluated, only a slight increase in bilirubin, especially, in patients with positive DAT reacting 3+/4+ due to IgG and C3d sensitization. Clinical evaluations showed that all patients were asymptomatic.

CONCLUSIONS

The association of drugs with positive DAT can be a challenge to transfusion services and immunohematology reference laboratories. There was no evidence of any case of severe hemolysis with clinical repercussion through the clinical and laboratory findings analyzed with the drugs associated with positive DAT. Dipyrone and Furosemide have already been associated with DIHA but there are no studies reporting the association of Metoclopramide and Ondansetron with DIHA.

Acute and fatal cephalosporin-induced autoimmune haemolytic anaemia

We report the case of an 82-year old male patient admitted in our medical intensive care unit for diffuse skin lesions, 3 days after the onset of ceftriaxone for bilateral pneumonia without microbiological documentation. The patient concomitantly exhibited diffuse skin lesions compatible with livedo and neurological and haemodynamic failure. Biological analysis revealed acute haemolytic anaemia. Warming of patient, red blood-cells transfusion and high-doses corticosteroids were initiated and ceftriaxone was stopped. Despite these therapeutics, the patient exhibited multiple organ failure and died. The main suspected triggering factor of this acute and fatal haemolytic anaemia was ceftriaxone administration considering: (i) the delay between cephalosporin administration and symptoms; (ii) the worsening of livedo and acrocyanosis a few hours after meningeal ceftriaxone doses; and (iii) fatal evolution. Cephalosporin-induced autoimmune haemolytic anaemia is a rare and serious cause of livedo that should be suspected in patients exhibiting livedo and acute haemolytic anaemia within hours/days following cephalosporin administration.

No Evidence for Ceftobiprole-Induced Immune Hemolytic Anemia in Three Phase 3 Clinical Trials

Purpose

Drug-induced immune hemolytic anemia (DIIHA) is a rare but serious adverse event associated with a number of drugs, including second- and third-generation cephalosporins. A positive direct antiglobulin test (DAT) is a reliable finding in DIIHA, but positive results without evidence of hemolysis can occur, particularly in hospitalized patients. There have been no reports of hemolytic anemia in four previous Phase 3 trials or from post-marketing surveillance of the advanced-generation, broad-spectrum cephalosporin, ceftobiprole. The aim of this analysis was to review the incidence of positive DAT results and any evidence of hemolytic anemia from three recent Phase 3 trials of ceftobiprole.

Patients and Methods

Patients were enrolled in three Phase 3 randomized controlled trials: 94 pediatric patients with pneumonia received ceftobiprole in the BPR-PIP-002 trial; 335 adults with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections received ceftobiprole in the TARGET trial; and 201 adults with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia have been randomized 1:1 to ceftobiprole or daptomycin ± aztreonam in the ongoing ERADICATE trial. In all three trials, DAT results were obtained at baseline, and follow-up tests were performed either at the test of cure (TOC) visit (BPR-PIP-002), end-of-treatment (EOT) visit (TARGET), or both EOT and post-treatment Day 70 visits (ERADICATE).

Results

In the BPR-PIP-002 trial, five patients (all ceftobiprole treated) had a documented negative DAT result at baseline followed by a positive result at the TOC visit. One patient in the ongoing, blinded ERADICATE trial had a positive DAT result at both baseline and EOT. Results from other laboratory investigations showed no evidence of hemolytic anemia in these patients. No positive DAT results were reported in the TARGET trial.

Conclusion

No evidence of hemolytic anemia associated with ceftobiprole was observed in either adults or children across several indications in this analysis of three large Phase 3 trials.

Rifampin-Induced Acute Intravascular Hemolysis Leading to Heme Pigment-Related Kidney Injury

Rifampin-induced acute kidney injury is very rare. Most cases of acute renal injury from rifampin use are related to acute tubular necrosis and acute interstitial nephritis. In this case report, we detail a unique presentation of rifampin-associated acute intravascular hemolysis and subsequent tubular injury in a tuberculosis patient. The patient had presented to the hospital with acute kidney injury and oliguria from intravascular volume depletion secondary to intractable vomiting. The patient had stopped taking his antituberculosis medications two weeks before hospitalization. At the time of hospital admission, his antituberculosis regimen of rifampin and isoniazid was reinstituted. Within four days of initiation of rifampin, he developed acute hemolytic anemia. His kidney biopsy revealed hemoglobin pigment deposition in the kidney tubules. Rifampin was discontinued, and he received a total of eight hemodialysis treatments spanning over 17 days. Subsequently, after discontinuing rifampin, his anemia and oliguria resolved with renal function markedly improved to near normal baseline levels. This case report also offers a review of known mechanisms of rifampin-induced acute hemolysis and acute renal failure, along with a discussion of contemporary literature.

Ceftriaxone-Induced Immune Hemolytic Anemia

Ceftriaxone is a commonly used antibiotic in hospitals for the treatment of pneumonia, urinary tract infection, bacteremia, meningitis, skin, and soft tissue infection. It can be associated with common allergic reactions like skin rash, itching, and, rarely, angioedema. Ceftriaxone-induced immune hemolytic anemia (IHA) is a rare and potentially fatal complication if not identified and managed in time. We report a case of ceftriaxone-induced IHA in a young woman.

Hematologic adverse effects induced by piperacillin-tazobactam: a systematic review of case reports

Background Piperacillin/tazobactam, a semisynthetic antibiotic, is widely used to treat polymicrobial infections. Its hematologic adverse reactions are rare and the severity can be mild to life-threatening. To our knowledge, there has not been a publication reviewing hematologic abnormalities attributable to piperacillin/tazobactam. Aim of the review To evaluate the characteristic, clinical identification, mechanism and treatment of the hematologic toxicity caused by piperacillin/tazobactam. Method A search of Medline and Embase electronic databases was performed for case reports of adverse reactions of hematologic system related to piperacillin/tazobactam from inception to December 2018. Statistical analysis of demographic, clinical features, laboratory Indexes and treatments was performed using Microsoft EXCEL 2007. Results Fifty-nine references were obtained involving 62 patients. The adverse drug reactions were mainly hemolytic anemia (25, 40.3%), thrombocytopenia (23, 37.1%), and neutropenia (12, 19.4%), which might be accompanied by some typical symptoms. Hemolytic anemia or thrombocytopenia was generally believed to be immune-mediated and often appeared within 10 days, and neutropenia was thought to be related to bone marrow suppression and usually occurred 2 weeks after the initiation of piperacillin/tazobactam. Most patients improved or recovered within a week with treatment or not, and fewer high-quality evidence-based treatments were identified. Conclusion Although part of the patients have clinical symptom, the hematologic adverse drug reactions of piperacillin/tazobactam are easily overlooked or misdiagnosed. Take special caution for patients with prolonged piperacillin/tazobactam treatment or specific disease, and prompt recognition and treatment of the adverse drug reactions are essential and can hasten recovery regardless of the type of side reactions.

Ceftriaxone-Induced Hemolytic Anemia: A Rare Case Report

INTRODUCTION

Drug-induced immune hemolytic anemia (DIIHA) is a rare complication of any drug therapy, which if not recognized early can be fatal. It is usually underdiagnosed. Ceftriaxone is a commonly used antibiotic in routine practice and is one of the most common drugs to cause DIIHA.

CASE PRESENTATION

We report a case of ceftriaxone-induced immune hemolytic anemia in a 62-year-old woman who had a negative result of a direct antiglobulin test.

DISCUSSION

A review of the literature highlights the salient features of DIIHA and underscores the importance of keeping the suspicion of DIIHA high in the relevant clinical settings because ceftriaxone has been associated with particularly severe outcomes of DIIHA. In cases of unclear hemolysis and despite a negative result of a direct antiglobulin test, the treating physician must keep suspicion of DIIHA high and meticulously look for the possible culprit drugs. Treatment with suspected drugs must be stopped promptly to prevent severe complications and fatal outcomes.

A Case of Warm Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia and a Pulmonary Embolus in a Patient Treated with Triple Therapy

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) can be caused by a variety of etiologies. AIHA is associated with the development of coagulopathy, leading to potentially fatal pulmonary emboli. Here, we present a case of a 66-year-old female with a past medical history of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and gastritis treated with triple therapy that developed warm AIHA. The patient later succumbed to a suspected pulmonary embolus.

The first reported case of drug-induced hemolytic anemia caused by dimethyl fumarate in a patient with multiple sclerosis

BACKGROUND

Drug-induced hemolytic anemia is a rare and potentially fatal complication of drug treatment. Specific laboratory tests are crucial to confirm the diagnosis.

CASE REPORT

A 38-year-old woman on treatment with dimethyl fumarate for multiple sclerosis presented with a 7-day history of weakness and fatigue. Laboratory tests revealed profound hemolytic anemia with hemoglobin levels of 4.7 g/dL (reference, 12.5-16.0), decreased haptoglobin, increased reticulocyte count, and increased indirect bilirubin. A first direct antiglobulin test was negative. The patient was started on prednisone 1 mg/kg/day, and dimethyl fumarate was withdrawn. A blood sample was drawn on Day 7 and sent to a reference laboratory. A direct antiglobulin test performed 7 days later was positive. Furthermore, an indirect antiglobulin test was positive only in the presence of the drug.

RESULTS

The patient did not receive a blood transfusion, recovered clinically during the following days, and was discharged on Day 7. On Day 36, the patient's RBCs had normalized. She was changed to another disease-modifying treatment for her multiple sclerosis, and at 10-month follow-up she remained stable without any notable adverse effects.

CONCLUSION

This case describes the first report of a dimethyl fumarate-induced hemolytic anemia. Laboratory results should always be interpreted within the clinical context. Specific laboratory expertise is often needed, given the complexity of the field.

Ceftriaxone-induced hemolytic anemia with severe renal failure: a case report and review of literature

Background

Drug induced immune hemolytic anemia (DIIHA) is a rare complication and often underdiagnosed. DIIHA is frequently associated with a bad outcome, including organ failure and even death. For the last decades, ceftriaxone has been one of the most common drugs causing DIIHA, and ceftriaxone-induced immune hemolytic anemia (IHA) has especially been reported to cause severe complications and fatal outcomes.

Case presentation

A 76-year-old male patient was treated with ceftriaxone for cholangitis. Short time after antibiotic exposure the patient was referred to intensive care unit due to cardiopulmonary instability. Hemolysis was observed on laboratory testing and the patient developed severe renal failure with a need for hemodialysis for 2 weeks. Medical history revealed that the patient had been previously exposed to ceftriaxone less than 3 weeks before with subsequent hemolytic reaction. Further causes for hemolytic anemia were excluded and drug-induced immune hemolytic (DIIHA) anemia to ceftriaxone could be confirmed.

Conclusions

The case demonstrates the severity of ceftriaxone-induced immune hemolytic anemia, a rare, but immediately life-threatening condition of a frequently used antibiotic in clinical practice. Early and correct diagnosis of DIIHA is crucial, as immediate withdrawal of the causative drug is essential for the patient prognosis. Thus, awareness for this complication must be raised among treating physicians.

Ceftriaxone-Induced Hemolytic Anemia in a Jehovah's Witness

BACKGROUND Drug-induced immune hemolytic anemia (DIIHA) is a rare condition that may result from the administration of an antibiotic, most notably the cephalosporin class, commonly used in both the adult and pediatric populations. A delay in recognition by a provider may lead to continuation of the offending agent and possibly result in fatal outcomes. CASE REPORT We report the case of a 65-year-old woman on ceftriaxone infusions after being diagnosed with acute mitral valve endocarditis 3 weeks prior, which presented with severe anemia and bilateral transient vision loss. Being a Jehovah's Witness, the patient refused blood product transfusions and was managed with alternative therapies. The etiology of the symptoms was suspected to be a hemolytic anemia directly related to her ceftriaxone infusions. CONCLUSIONS This report demonstrates the importance of close vigilance while prescribing drugs known to cause hemolytic anemia. Although rare, drug-induced immune hemolytic anemia caused by ceftriaxone may be a potentially fatal condition, but with early recognition and withdrawal of the offending agent, successful treatment may ensue. Serological tests should be utilized to obtain a definitive diagnosis.

Anemia for the Primary Care Physician

Anemia denotes a reduced red blood cell (RBC) mass from any cause. The causes of anemia are numerous and due to decreased (or abnormal) erythropoesis, shortened RBC life span, or blood loss. The most common etiology of anemia is iron deficiency. A judicious work up of anemia includes evaluating the reticulocyte count and peripheral smear. The severity of illness of a patient with anemia is determined by the degree of anemia and the seriousness of the underlying disorder. Management of patients with hereditary and hemolytic anemias should involve a hematologist.

Piperacillin-induced mild haemolytic anaemia in a 44-year-old patient with cystic fibrosis

Piperacillin-tazobactam is an antipseudomonal antibiotic frequently used in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) to treat pulmonary exacerbations. Drug-induced immune haemolytic anaemia is a rare complication during treatment with piperacillin. So far, piperacillin-induced immune haemolytic anaemia (PIHA) is regarded as an acute and severe haemolytic anaemia resulting into life-threatening events. Here we report on a patient with mild PIHA, which did not result in any clinical symptoms or necessity for treatment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of PIHA without an acute severe haemolytic anaemia. Further research is needed to clarify if this case is a solitary clinical manifestation of PIHA or if mild clinical courses of PIHA might be under-reported. Cases of PIHA have been largely reported in patients with CF. This unequal distribution maybe due to the frequent administration of piperacillin for pulmonary exacerbation in patients with CF or due to CF-related cofactors of yet unknown aetiology.

Development of Hemolytic Anemia in a Nivolumab-Treated Patient with Refractory Metastatic Squamous Cell Skin Cancer and Chronic Lymphatic Leukemia

Management of patients with metastatic squamous cell skin cancer, refractory to initial therapy with standard chemotherapy and radiation protocols, remains difficult with poor overall prognosis and limited therapeutic options. Recently, promising response rates with nivolumab, a programmed death receptor-1-blocking antibody, in squamous cancer of the head and neck have been demonstrated. Considering the similar histological patterns of squamous cell cancer of the skin and squamous cell cancer of the head and neck, we assumed that nivolumab could also be effective in our patients with refractory metastatic squamous cell cancer of the skin. So far, there have been no clinical data on the therapeutic efficacy of nivolumab in squamous cell skin cancer. We here present a case of a patient with metastatic squamous cell skin cancer refractory to previous therapies, who showed a good response to nivolumab over a period of 5 months, but developed a serious hemolytic crisis under nivolumab treatment after eight applications.